| 违约金的类型构造 |
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| 引用本文： | 姚明斌.违约金的类型构造[J].法学研究,2015(4):147-163. |
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| 作者姓名： | 姚明斌 |
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| 作者单位： | 华东政法大学 |
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| 基金项目： | 本文系作者主持的国家社科基金青年项目“违约金条款类型化规制研究”(15CFX059)、中国博士后科学基金面上资助一等项目(2015M570352)和上海市教委、上海市教育发展基金会“晨光计划”项目(14CG53)的阶段性成果. |
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| 摘 要： | 违约金规则以任意性规范为主,其中既包含一个法定模范类型,也允许当事人另作约定形成意定类型.这一规范逻辑决定了违约金类型构造的必要性.当前主流学说的构造方案符合该规范逻辑,理论出发点亦卓具贡献,但囿于标准单一且未重视类型要素在利益衡量上的强度差异,在司法实践中仍不乏疑义.考察德国法上区分违约金和损害赔偿概括计算条款的判例、学说与立法演进,可提炼更为丰富的类型要素并作强度分析,形成违约金的类型谱系.以之为背景定位中国法的法定模范类型和各种意定类型,就能全面厘清各类型的规范适用问题.不同类型承载了不同的自治意思,通过类型构造把握各种类型,可以确保规范适用时尽可能地尊重私法自治.
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| 关 键 词： | 违约金 法定模范类型 意定类型 类型要素 类型谱系 |
Typological Composition of Agreed Payment for Breach of Contract |
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| Yao Mingbin.Typological Composition of Agreed Payment for Breach of Contract[J].Chinese Journal of Law,2015(4):147-163. |
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| Authors: | Yao Mingbin |
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| Abstract: | Legal rules on agreed payment for breach of contract mainly consist of default rules, which provide with a legal model type of payment while at the same time allow parties to stipulate their own types of payment. Because of this normative logic of default rules, it is necessary to carry out research on the composition of various types of agreed payment for breach of contract. The current mainstream theory on the composition of types of agreed payment for breach of contract in China, with its significant starting point, provides devices consistent with normative logic. However, it has the disadvantages of working on the foundation of a single criterion and failing to pay sufficient attention to the differences in the intensity of element of type in the balance of interest, leading to deficiency in practical effect. More elements of type with significance to distinction in law can be synopsized from the analysis of the cases and doctrine of and legislation on division between contractual penalty (Vertragsstrafe) and lump-sum of damages (Schadensersatzpauschalierung) in German civil law. By exploring different possibilities of stipulation against this background, we will be able to analyze the dimension of intensity of these elements and form a spectrum of type. Finally, locating the legal model type in Chinese contract law and various possible stipulated types in the spectrum will enable use to clarify the problems relating to the application of norms of different types. Since different types imply different intentions of stipulation, the composition of types of agreed payment for breach of contract would ensure utmost respect for private autonomy in the application of norms. |
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| Keywords: | agreed payment for breach of contract legal model type stipulated type element of type spectrum of type |
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