论律师媒体宣传的规则

辩护律师的言论自由问题有自己的特殊性,国际人权规则和一些典型国家的立法规范都对律师的言论自由都有一定的限制。联合国《关于律师作用的基本原则》要求律师在行使言论自由权时“遵照法律和公认准则以及按照律师的职业道德行事”。各国都并不一律禁止律师发表庭外言论,但限制律师发表对实体公正有损害的言论、禁止律师发布虚假信息。但律师可以发表对审判公正没有实际损害的言论、与程序性信息有关的言论、消除他人言论的负面影响的回应性言论。我国应当借鉴上述规则,修订《律师执业行为规范（试行）》第一百六十三条,在规定禁止律师发布“可能被合理地认为损害司法公正的言论”的同时,通过安全港规则、回应权规则、真实性规则将其具体化。     

论合同解除权的行使

合同解除权产生的情形因约定和法定解除权的不同而不同。合同解除权的行使只需由解除权人单方通知对方即可,无须征得对方同意,也无须通过人民法院或仲裁机构。合同立法既赋予合同一方的解除权,又赋予合同另一方的异议权。合同解除权行使的法律后果是合同解除,但合同解除对合同双方还会引发很多的问题。     

Regulatory enforcement in the presence of a court system

The responsibilities of a regulatory agency involved in the law enforcement process vary considerably. In this paper we consider three different legal procedures in the process of law enforcement: First, we assume that the regulatory agency is in charge of the detection of offenses. Conviction takes place via court trial. Second, we assume that the regulatory agency has the power to fine an individual if there is some evidence that he did not comply with the law. An individual who has been fined by the agency has the right to lodge an appeal. If he makes use of this right, the question whether or not he complied with the law will be reconsidered. Here we discuss two different legal procedures: The case is decided by court, and the regulatory agency is required to provide sufficient evidence for its decision. Or, the agency reconsiders its decision and decides whether or not to press charges in court. We formalize these three legal procedures in a game-theoretic context and analyze the implications of the procedural regulations on the decision of a potential offender to behave illegally.     

刑事自由裁量权基本问题

刑事自由裁量权是指在刑事法适用过程中,涉及刑事法适用的官方人员在所适用的刑事法规则内容允许的范围内,有权在可以采取的多种行为中作出选择。刑事自由裁量权具有绝对性,同时也具有相对性。绝对性是指裁量行为是任意的,不受限制。相对性是指刑事自由裁量权仅仅是一种弱式自由裁量权。行使刑事自由裁量权的主体涉及公安人员、检察官和法官。公安人员和检察官行使的自由裁量权主要是依据刑事诉讼法的程序性权力。法官行使的自由裁量权除程序性权力之外,主要是依据刑法的实体性权力。     

荣誉权——一个巴别塔式的谬误?——“Right to Honour”的比较法考察

《民法通则》关于荣誉权的规定受1961年《苏联民事立法纲要》第7条的影响。但从作为人格权理论源头的罗马法的actio iniuriarum,到对人格利益保护持不同态度的法国法和德国法,以及深受德国法影响的前苏联法,均将honour作为人的主观自我认知。Honour强调了人在自我认知上的差异性。在当代,honour这种差异性人格利益逐渐让位于强调平等性的人格尊严(dignity)。在大陆法系法律语言环境中,honour从不是以"荣誉称号"为内容的人格利益,《民法通则》关于荣誉权的规定缺乏比较法基础。     

The Role Of Legal Consciousness and Public Opinion in Fixing Punishment

The Principles of Criminal Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics provide that the court shall designate punishment for a guilty person within the limits provided in the article of the law stipulating responsibility for the crime committed, taking into account the nature and degree of social danger of the crime committed, the personality of the guilty individual and the circumstances of the case, ameliorating or exacerbating responsibility, being guided therein by a socialist legal consciousness (Art. 32).     

驳台湾“公投制宪“的理论依据

台湾当局主张"公投制宪",援引的理论依据主要是国际法上的民族自决原则,但从法理上分析,其"公投制宪"是不符合这一国际法原则的,是对国际法上国家主权原则的挑衅.     

民法典恢复“可变更合同”规则之必要性——围绕“重大误解”与“显失公平”案件的实证分析

因重大误解订立的合同或合同显失公平的情形,是否允许当事人请求变更或法院依职权变更,在《民法总则》生效的背景下仍然具有探讨空间。在实践层面,适用可变更合同规则的案例具有一定比重;价值层面,变更权背后反映了多种价值间的折衷权衡;在社会效用层面,可变更合同规则在某些案件中可以取得更好的社会效果。在"变更废弃"的背景下,虽然可以通过"解释先于撤销"和"部分撤销"规则、情事变更原则和减价条款发挥部分替代作用,然而诸种替代解释方案均有局限,不能完全替代可变更合同规则的制度功能。在我国民法典尚未编纂完成之际,《民法总则》尚有修改余地,应抓住机会恢复变更合同的规定。     

论共有的法律适用——以《物权法》为视角

物权法中的共有是指不动产或者动产的所有权共有,仅为狭义的共有。广义的共有尚包括所有权以外的财产权共有和准共有。将共有作狭义和广义区分,才能更好地衔接《物权法》与《民法通则》及《民通意见》中有关共有规定的关系。共有类型没有约定或者约定不明确时,应推定为按份共有。按份共有人约定不得分割共有物,而共有物经占份额2/3以上的共有人同意而被处分时,其他共有人有转让自己所持份额的权利。共有物分割请求权应视具体情形来确定其权利性质是请求权还是形成权。     

论执行时效制度之理解误区及其矫正

执行时效是指执行依据所载的债权人之私法上请求权的消灭时效,而不应当是指公法上强制执行申请权的存续期限。债权人申请执行时,法院不应主动审查、适用执行时效。执行时效届满后,债务人作出同意履行的意思表示的,应发生时效抗辩权之放弃的法律后果,故法院仍可就债务人为强制执行。执行时效届满后双方对债务重新予以确认或达成新的履行债务协议时,亦发生时效抗辩权之放弃的效果。债权人向法院提出执行申请时,执行时效是否中断和重新计算,应根据情况作具体分析。申请执行之前达成和解协议的,发生时效中断的效果;而执行程序中达成和解协议时,因法院对本案执行程序采取中止执行或终结执行之处置方式的不同,其时效中断效力的认定也存在区别。     

关于刑事诉讼法修改中有关司法鉴定问题的思考

由省级人民政府指定的医院进行司法鉴定,不仅限制了司法鉴定机构的执业权利,造成法律适用上的混乱,而且在实践中也不具有可行性。此外,对于鉴定人无正当理由拒绝出庭作证的法律责任,无论是从法院与鉴定人的关系,鉴定人强制出庭作证来看,还是从司法拘留的适用性质来看,都不应当强制鉴定人出庭。上述是刑事诉讼法中有关司法鉴定的两个重要问题,应当借此次修改的机会,完善刑事诉讼领域的司法鉴定制度,促进法律协调统一。     

对我国民事申请执行期间制度的初步检讨——以《民事诉讼法》第219条的修改为对象的分析

于2007年10月28日修改后的民诉法第215条将当事人向法院申请执行的期间统一规定为二年,从而摈弃了修改前的民诉法区分不同性质的执行当事人而设不同的申请执行期间之立法范式,但这并不意味着此次修改有实质的进步。这是因为从诉讼法理上讲,申请强制执行乃当事人对代表国家之法院所享有的公法上的请求权,是当事人行使诉权的具体体现,不应有期间的限制。此外,申请执行期间制度之设立客观上亦损害了民事实体法所确立的诉讼时效制度的完整适用,造成了民事程序法与民事实体法之间不必要的冲突。从根本上讲,我国民诉法关于申请执行期间制度的设立实乃基于积淀20余年的错误认识之不正确立法,应予以废除。     

放宽行政诉讼起诉条件的诉权视角

诉权是当事人为保护其实体权益或者确认实体权利义务关系,请求法院以国家审判权的名义进行审理并作出裁判的权利。我国《行政诉讼法》设置的行政诉讼的门槛包括起诉人是公民、法人或者其他组织;所诉行为主体是行政机关和行政机关工作人员;所诉行为是具体行政行为;起诉人认为所诉行为侵犯其自身的合法权益。现有的行政诉讼起诉条件不利于行政诉权的行使,因此,应当修改《行政诉讼法》,通过扩大行政诉讼的受案范围,建立行政公益诉讼制度等方式以实现行政诉讼法的立法宗旨。     

民事诉权论纲

诉权是当事人因民事实体权利义务关系发生争议或者处于不正常的状态 ,从而请求法院予以裁判解决的权利。诉权与诉讼标的是联系非常紧密的一对概念 ,诉权学说与诉讼标的学说更是迈着同样的理论发展脚步 ;诉权学说经历了从私法诉权说到公法诉权说 ,再到诉权否认说的三个阶段 ,实际上每一种诉权学说都存在着明显的缺陷 ,一种完美的诉权学说至今仍然没有出现 ,但是公法诉权说的一些观点已经成为世界大陆法系主要国家的通说 ;诉权必须具备程序上和实体上的要件 ,否则诉权便不能正常行使和切实实现。     

论中国《合同法》的罗马法基础——兼论以罗马法作为未来亚洲模范合同法基础的可能性

中日韩三国同属于德国法族,通过德国的中介继受了罗马合同法的8个规定,分别关涉买卖与互易的区分、定金规则、所有权移转时间与价金交付时间挂钩、无偿保管人承担标的物灭失责任的条件、债权人对诈害行为的撤销权、债的履行中的诚信原则、混同导致债消灭、不可抗力导致免责。它们构成三国法律中共同的罗马法基础。在建立东北亚共同体的框架内,产生了制定《亚洲合同法原则》的动议,上述8个规定可作为此等原则的内容。     

《民法通则》规定的民事责任——从物权法到民法典的规定

权利、义务、责任是法律的基石,法律的内容是在权利、义务、责任的基础上展开的,民法也不例外。我国《民法通则》关于民事责任的规定值得重视,物权法和未来的民法典应当继受《民法通则》创立的民事责任制度。未来我国民法典应当借鉴《德国民法典》和旧中国民国时期的民法典,设立物权编和债权编,但是不必规定物权请求权,可将物权请求权转变为侵权责任,规定在民法典的侵权责任编中。将物权请求权转变为侵权责任,不仅不会破坏物权与债权的科学体系,而且会使物权与债权的区分更加明晰,使债与责任的区分更加明晰。     

Training of legal professionals in DNA evidence

The South African Criminal Legal System is based on Roman Dutch law. Court proceedings are led by a single presiding officer of the court. Prosecutors and defence advocates present the court with evidence in an adversarial manner. This system has inherent advantages and disadvantages and therefore the training of legal professionals in handling DNA evidence in court is important. The prosecutors resort under the National Prosecuting Authority and the defence advocates act independently or e.g. under the auspices of Legal Aid South Africa.Education curricula of legal professional do not include forensic science evidence. Principles such as evidential value in the forensic context are not addressed. Training of legal professionals with our Essential DNA Evidence™ Course has been a multiplier of forensic science knowledge in the legal profession in South Africa. We present prosecution and defence perspectives in an unbiased manner, compensating for the possible subjective interpretations of evidence that may be presented in court. Forensic evidence is subsequently carefully evaluated prior to being court presentation thus improving court efficiency, and allowing for a more focussed approach to the presentation of evidence. Approaches to the customisation of course content that adds value has been identified via evaluation of training programmes.Experience has shown that legal professionals have the ability to incorporate relatively complex scientific concepts into their legal arguments if provided with the appropriate training opportunity. Appropriate training in DNA evidence has made the court process more effective, both in terms of time and costs, and ultimately serves justice.     

物权法中的若干行政法问题

Many elements of administrative law are related to real right law. The regulations on public interests concern the base of interference of public powers. The content of administrative private law is associated with the phenomenon of “Flucht in das Privatrecht”. The control of the property by the based self-ruling community is connected with indirect state administration. The rights of the property by citizens are subjective public rights. Special sacrifice and die junktimklausel are preconditions of compensation for expropriation. The register of real estate shows the interference of public right. The real right law makes rules for administrative public domain is a special example. Liang Fengyun is a juris doctor, who is a judge of the Supreme Court of China. Her individual monographs include Selected Application of Administrative Litigation Judgment and Studies on Public Domain and her co-authored works are Principles of Normal Administrative Law, Seek for Good Circulation of Administrative Litigation System, Better the Administrative Litigation System of China. Moreover, her over 40 essays also appeared in Chinese academic journals.     

Restating the Acquis Communautaire? A Critical Examination of the ‘Principles of the Existing EC Contract Law’

The article examines the 'Principles of the Existing EC Contract Law' (Acquis Principles) published by the European Research Group on the Existing EC Contract Law (Acquis Group), a key player within the academic network charged with the preparation of a 'Common Frame of Reference'. The Acquis Principles may therefore have a considerable impact on the shape and development of EC Contract Law. It is argued that the Acquis Principles do not constitute merely a restatement, or systematic revision, of existing EC private law. To a significant extent, the Acquis Group has drafted 'desirable rules', based on 'political' decisions that may even entail a transformation towards a regulatory model of private law. At the same time, the Acquis Principles clearly demonstrate that the acquis communautaire is not a coherent system of contract law that can be taken to have emancipated itself from the acquis commun .     

裁判请求权保障与法院审判人员的优化配置

在实行法官员额制改革过程中,必须一并考虑法院审判人员的分类管理和优化配置问题。在民事诉讼中,为保障公民的裁判请求权,对于民事纠纷案件的审理,必须配置入额法官;对于非讼案件的审理、诉前或审前的法院调解以及立案登记等程序事项的处理应交由司法实务官进行,从而让法官专注于民事纠纷案件的审判,以更好地落实公民的裁判请求权保障之宪法理念。司法事务官不同于助理审判员,其不能审理所有的民事案件;司法事务官也不同于法官助理,司法事务官不是法官的助手,其可以依法独立行使职权。司法事务官不是宪法意义上的处理民事纠纷的法官,司法事务官不必进入法官员额。