涉嫌酒后驾驶交通事故人体损伤与驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度关系研究

目的探讨涉嫌酒后驾驶所致道路交通事故中人体损伤情况与驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度关系,为预防、控制道路交通事故及人体损伤提供依据。方法对467例涉嫌酒后驾驶机动车的道路交通事故损伤人员相关鉴定资料与肇事驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度进行系统分析性研究。结果涉嫌酒后驾驶发生道路交通事故的损伤人员中,以20~39岁男性居多;事故中驾驶员损伤机率最高;酒后交通事故以长头小车及摩托车最多,而驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）为0.1~20mg/100mL浓度的摩托车驾乘人员伤亡构成比最高;酒后驾驶机动车肇事导致的人体致命性损伤及人员死亡的饮酒组危险程度均高于未饮酒组,在驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）为0.1~20mg/100mL组与20.1~80mg/100mL组比较无明显差异。结论酒后驾驶肇事导致的人员伤亡比未饮酒驾车交通事故严重;未达酒后驾车组（BAC为0.1~20mg/100mL）和酒后驾车组（BAC为20.1~80mg/100mL）交通事故导致的人员伤亡无明显差异。研究结果提示,应降低饮酒后驾车血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）法定标准阈值,进一步控制和减少道路交通事故人身伤亡率。     

贵州省 1 000 例涉嫌酒后驾驶者的鉴定结果分析

目的通过对贵州省2012年1000例涉嫌酒后驾驶、道路交通事故酒精检案的特点进行分析,为预防和控制酒后驾车提供科学数据。方法在利用Excel及Spss统计软件对涉嫌交通事故肇事者性别、年龄、肇事时间、肇事车型以及对肇事者血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）等数据进行统计分析。结果涉嫌酒后驾驶者男性居多,年龄在20~50岁间占92%。事故多发生于20~24时,以县市区干道为主,肇事车辆为摩托车占46.72%。在1000例乙醇检案中,28.7%为未检出,9.3%为酒后驾车,59.5%为醉酒驾车。结论 2012年贵州省发生的1000例涉嫌酒后驾驶案件中有一定相关特征,可为＂酒驾＂的预防与控制提供准确的科学依据。     

交通事故酒精检测结果及其影响因素

在涉嫌酒后驾驶机动车发生交通事故时,酒精检测的结果是认定驾驶员责任的关键证据。本文对酒精检测结果及其影响因素进行分析,希望能为正确解释酒精检测结果,提高交通警察日常酒精检测程序规范意识提供帮助。1血液中酒精浓度测定的意义酒精对人体大脑的作用与血液中酒精浓度（blood alcohol concentration,BAC）有密切关系。研究表明,饮酒对驾车能力的损害,     

血中酒精浓度的回推算研究

目的研究血中酒精浓度值（BAC值）的推算关系。方法对327位自愿受试者饮酒后测定其血中酒精时浓曲线进行分析,计算血中酒精清除率。结果血中酒精消除呈线性,327例血液中酒精消除线性相关系数为0.985±0.019,最小绝对值为0.98,最大绝对值1.000,消除斜率绝对值平均为（0.136±0.037）mg/mL/h,最小绝对值为0.075mg/mL/h,最大绝对值0.266mg/mL/h。结论血液中酒精浓度的推算可根据线性消除关系回推,血液中酒精浓度按照每小时下降0.10mg进行回推算。     

上海市浦东新区1050例涉嫌酒后驾驶鉴定的统计分析

目的通过对上海市浦东新区2008年1050例道路交通违章、事故酒精检案特点分析，为减少和防止交通事故的发生提供有力的参考信息。方法在Excel表中对肇事者性别、年龄、出事日期、时间以及对肇事者血液中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）等作统计分析。结果酒后驾车中男性明显多于女性，年龄以20～50岁居多。事故发生在20：00～22：00最多．以郊区主干道为主。1050例酒精检案中，BAC检测结果14．19％为阴性，2．00％酒精含量未超出法定范围，11．14％为酒后驾车，72．48％为醉酒驾车。结论2008年上海市浦东新区酒后违章、事故案例具有明显的分布特征，可为酒后驾驶的及时监测及制定有效预防措施提供依据。     

各国酒后驾车BAC界值与处罚的比较研究

目的为我国酒后驾车立法方面的后续工作提供参考与借鉴。方法对不同国家酒后驾车的血液乙醇浓度界值、检测方法选择以及相应处罚等进行比较。结果目前世界各国此方面立法的变化趋势为:(1)1BAC界值普遍下降。(2)对不同驾驶员的具体BAC值作出不同规定。(3)对酒后驾车的处罚越来越严厉。结论建议我国有关立法机构:(1)广泛开展道路交通安全教育;(2)规定最小饮酒年龄和驾车年龄;(3)对不同驾驶员规定不同的BAC酒后驾车和醉酒驾车界值;(4)政府给交警部门配备合适的检测仪器;(5)加大处罚力度。     

人体内血醇浓度变化及其影响因素分析

目的探索饮酒后人体内血醇浓度(BAC)变化及其影响因素,建立BAC代谢的数学模型。方法采用顶空气相色谱氢火焰离子化检测器和内标曲线法测量酒后人体内的BAC,利用SPSS20.0和R软件对数据进行相关性分析并建立数学模型。结果女性的平均BAC消除速率为9.54mg/100m L/h,男性的平均BAC消除速率为12.19mg/100m L/h,女性消除速率小于男性,并且BAC消除速率与性别中等相关,与体重强相关,与年龄无关。通过构建混合效应模型可以准确的预测BAC,该模型的平均绝对误差(MAE)为1.60mg/100m L,其次利用决策树分析数据,其MAE为9.99mg/100m L。结论饮酒后人体内BAC消除速率与性别、体重有关,通过时间、饮酒量、性别、体重建立混合效应模型可以准确推断BAC。     

“危险驾驶”行为特殊问题分析

近年来，“危险驾驶”造成重大交通事故的现象非但屡禁不止，而且呈现愈演愈烈之势，业已成为社会公害之一。仅2009年1至8月份，全国就发生酒后和醉酒驾车肇事多达3206起，共造成1302人死亡，其中，酒后驾车肇事2162起，造成893人死亡；醉酒驾车肇事1044起，造成409人死亡。与此同时，一些危害极重、反响极强、公愤极大的恶性交通事故也是层出不穷，频频见诸报端，     

酒后驾车道路交通事故流行病学研究

目的比较酒后驾车交通事故与非酒后驾车交通事故的流行特征。方法1999～2003年成都地区酒后驾车交通事故542例组成病例组,另从同期发生的75324例交通事故数据库中随机抽取1%非酒后驾车交通事故731例组成对照组。运用统计方法进行分析。结果酒后驾车交通事故造成人员死亡的危险度是非酒后驾车的1.72倍,两类事故的24小时分布基本呈相反趋势,酒后驾车非职业驾驶员和非驾驶员所占比例明显高于其他原因导致的交通事故(P<0.001),酒后驾车造成车辆的损害程度强于非酒后驾车,两类事故机动车的出行目的亦明显不同。结论酒后驾车交通事故较非酒后驾车交通事故后果严重,酒后驾车交通事故有不同于非酒后驾车交通事故的流行规律。     

酒后驾车道路交通事故流行病学研究

目的比较酒后驾车交通事故与非酒后驾车交通事故的流行特征。方法1999-2003年成都地区酒后驾车交通事故542例组成病例组，另从同期发生的75324例交通事故数据库中随机抽取l％非酒后驾车交通事故73l例组成对照组。运用统计方法进行分析。结果酒后驾车交通事故造成人员死亡的危险度是非酒后驾车的1．72倍，两类事故的24小时分布基本呈相反趋势，酒后驾车非职业驾驶员和非驾驶员所占比例明显高于其他原因导致的交通事故(P&lt;0．001)．酒后驾车造成车辆的损害程度强于非酒后驾车，两类事故机动车的出行目的亦明显不同。结论酒后驾车交通事故较非酒后驾车交通事故后果严重，酒后驾车交通事故有不同于非酒后驾车交通事故的流行规律。     

Alcohol metabolism of local Chinese in Hong Kong: a statistical determination on the effects of various physiological factors

A study was designed to examine the elimination rate of alcohol from the body of the local Chinese after consumption of different types of alcoholic drinks. The breath alcohol of 184 healthy volunteers was determined and converted into blood alcohol levels after they finished drinking. Information on the type and volume of alcoholic drinks consumed, age group, sex, drinking habit, and drinking on empty stomach or with/after meal was recorded for each participant. The results show that the elimination rate of an individual can be explained in terms of physiological variables including sex and drinking habit. The determined elimination rates allow forensic toxicologists to back calculate the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of the drivers at the time of accident in drunk driving cases. The elimination rates of blood alcohol at 95% prediction intervals for male and female are in the range of 9.5-23.8 mg/100 ml/h and 11.1-37.1 mg/100 ml/h, respectively.     

Tractor driving and alcohol—A highly hazardous combination

Introduction

Approximately half of all injury-related fatalities in the agricultural industry are associated with farm tractors. Skill-based psychomotor tasks, such as driving and operating such machines, are easily impaired as a consequence of the use of alcohol. We have analyzed characteristics of fatal traffic accidents involving tractors in Zagreb County, with special accent to prevalence of alcohol use among drivers.

Subjects and methods

The material comprised all fatal accidents involving tractor drivers in Zagreb County between the years 2001 and 2005 where a medicolegal autopsy had been performed and samples taken for subsequent forensic toxicological analysis. The total of 47 cases were included. Data were collected on characteristics of the fatally injured as well as on circumstances and dynamics of the accident itself. The results are presented with absolute and relative frequencies.

Results

Ninety-one percent (43 out of 47 cases) of fatally injured were males. No person was under the age of 18, 70% were between 18 and 65 years of age and 30% were above 65 years of age. Blood alcohol reading was negative in only 13 out of 47 analyzed cases (28%). Six cases (13%) had blood alcohol concentration (BAC) below 0.50 mg/mL, further 6 between 0.50 and 1.49 mg/mL, 16 (34%) between 1.50 and 2.49 mg/mL and the remaining six had BAC between 2.50 and 3.49 mg/mL. Median BAC among 34 fatalities with positive blood alcohol level was 1.80 mg/mL, while the highest concentration observed was 3.49 mg/mL. Multiple injuries were the most common cause of death (43%) followed by crush asphyxia (26%). Most of the victims (81%) died at the scene of the accident and all of them died within the first 24 h. In the majority of accidents (79%), the tractor operator was a victim of the vehicle rollover.

Conclusion

High percentage of farm tractor users driving under influence and high median BAC indicates that legislation alone is not sufficient in preventing accidents. Further effort should be directed toward education aimed to increase awareness of the obvious risk that alcohol use represents to driving and workplace safety. Taking into account that the overwhelming majority of fatalities occurred from rollovers, strong encouragement should be given to implementation of rollover protecting structure (ROPS) devices in order to prevent such type of fatalities.     

Ethanol distribution ratios between urine and capillary blood in controlled experiments and in apprehended drinking drivers.

Healthy men drank 0.51, 0.68, and 0.85 g of ethanol per kilogram of body weight as neat whisky in the morning after an overnight fast. During 6 to 8 h after the whisky was consumed, nearly simultaneous specimens of fingertip blood and pooled bladder urine were obtained for analysis of ethanol using an enzymatic method. The mean ratios of ethanol concentration [urine alcohol concentration (UAC)/blood alcohol concentration (BAC)] were mostly less than unity during the absorption phase. The UAC exceeded the BAC in the postpeak phase. The mean UAC/BAC ratios varied between 1.4 and 1.7 when the BAC exceeded 0.50 mg/mL. When the BAC decreased below 0.40 mg/mL, the UAC/BAC ratios increased appreciably. The mean UAC/BAC ratios of ethanol were not dependent on the person's age between the ages of 20 and 60 years old, but there were large variations within the age groups. In apprehended drinking drivers (N = 654) with a mean BAC of 1.55 mg/mL, the UAC/BAC ratio of ethanol varied widely, with a mean value of 1.49. In 12 subjects (3.2%), the ratio was less than or equal to unity. In a second specimen of urine obtained approximately 60 min after an initial void (N = 135), the mean UAC/BAC ratio was 1.35 (standard deviation = 0.17). The magnitude of the UAC/BAC ratio of ethanol can help to establish whether the BAC curve was rising or falling at or near the time of voiding. The status of alcohol absorption needs to be documented if drinking drivers claim ingestion of alcohol after the offence or when back-estimation of the BAC from the time of sampling to the time of driving is required by statute.     

Post-mortem blood alcohol concentration of the traffic accident victims and changes in DUI legislation in Slovenia 1980–2006

This study aims to contribute to the analysis of the impact of alcohol consumption on road traffic safety in Slovenia and to evaluate the effectiveness of the changes in road traffic safety legislation concerning this issue within the period 1980–2006. For this purpose we have performed a retrospective analysis of 1913 autopsy reports on traffic casualties, with an emphasis on their blood alcohol concentration (BAC), mode of participation in traffic (drivers, pedestrians, etc.) and the impact of legislation changes. In addition, we have analysed the relations between BAC, the time and day of death and the gender of victims. Changes in the legislation were made in 1981, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1998 and 2005, yet only those made in 1981, 1990 and 1998 resulted in the increase of the actual fines. Within the observed period there was a substantial reduction in the average BAC in almost all of the categories of traffic participants (pedestrians: from 1.20 to 0.73; passengers: from 1.08 to 0.56; cyclists: from 1.11 to 0.56; motorcyclists: from 0.68 to 0.33) except in the category of drivers (negligible reduction from 0.81 to 0.76). Insufficient improvement in the latter category is extremely important, because many sober vulnerable traffic participants become victims of drunk drivers. Further concern arises from the finding that heavily drinking drivers are not responsive to penalty increases. We came to the conclusion that, in addition to raising fines and expanding penalty points, the introduction and effective enforcement of complex legislative measures together with wide community action are necessary to resolve DUI problems in Slovenia.     

“醉驾入刑”前后扬州地区酒驾状况比对分析

目的 对“醉驾入刑”前后酒后驾驶案件情况进行对比分析,以阐述新的道路交通安全法实施以后酒后驾驶案件的发展趋势和特征。方法 对2009年1月到2013年4月扬州地区实际酒驾案件所占的比例、酒驾的月分布、车辆类型以及饮酒后驾驶和醉酒后驾驶所占的比重进行统计学分析。结果 2011年5月份之后,实际达到酒后驾驶的案件在涉嫌酒后驾驶交通事故案件中的比例有所减少,酒后驾驶在每月的分布渐趋一致,所涉及的车辆类型有所变化,醉酒后驾驶的案件数是饮酒后驾驶案件数的3倍左右。结论 新的《道路交通安全法》实施以后,扬州地区酒后驾驶案件的特征有了一定的变化,在实际的交通安全管理中,应根据这些现况,采取相应的措施。     

Prevalence of alcohol in blood samples from traffic accident cases in Turkey

Alcohol is one of the main causes of traffic accidents worldwide. With a population of 70 million, 12 million vehicles, and 18 million drivers (16% women), Turkey is one of the European countries that has a high incidence of road traffic accidents.In accordance with Turkish laws, subjects were considered to be positive when alcohol blood concentration exceeded 50 mg/100 mL. The objective of the present study was to obtain reliable and comparable data about alcohol use in traffic cases in Turkey. All cases are admitted to the emergency department at Ege University Medical Faculty. The cases from police officers are described as traffic control cases. Alcohol was detected in the blood of about 54.4% of the traffic-related cases during October 2005 to March 2007. It has been observed that, in 17.4% of the traffic accident cases, the blood alcohol level was 50 mg/dL or less, which is the legal limit in Turkey for car drivers. Alcohol prevalence was 57.2% in male cases and 43.6% in female cases. In alcohol-positive cases; the ratios for males were 1.73 times more frequent in traffic-related cases. Prevalence data will help traffic safety professionals to adequately allocate resources and plan future efforts in reducing drinking-and-driving behavior and thereby reduce traffic accidents.     

Prevalence of blood alcohol in fatal traffic crashes in Shanghai

The objective of this project was to investigate the incidence of alcohol consumption in fatal traffic deaths in Shanghai, one of the largest cities in China. A study was conducted on 803 individuals killed in road accidents during the period 2009–2011, in terms of alcohol-positive rate, mean blood alcohol content (BAC), gender, age, vehicle type, pedestrian alcohol problem, single-vehicle vs multiple-vehicle crashes, and time of day. It was found that 28.9% of the drivers involved had a BAC ≥ 0.20 mg/mL (limit of civil offense) and 21.8% had a BAC ≥ 0.80 mg/mL (limit of criminal offense). The mean BAC of alcohol-positive drivers (with a BAC ≥ 0.20 mg/mL) was 1.51 mg/mL. The vast majority of the drivers involved were males. With regards to age, the largest group was of drivers aged between 40 and 49 years group in both alcohol-negative cases (26.8%) and alcohol-positive cases (26.2%). Motorcycles were most likely to be involved, representing 34.4% of alcohol-negative crashes and 51.6% of alcohol-positive crashes. Very high BACs were common among alcohol-positive pedestrians, yet all female pedestrians were alcohol-negative. Single-vehicle crashes were over-represented in alcohol-positive cases. Alcohol-negative crashes and alcohol-positive crashes most often happened during the time period of 17:00–18:59 and 19:00–20:59, respectively.     

Disappearance rate of alcohol from the blood of drunk drivers calculated from two consecutive samples; what do the results really mean?

Based on a large material (N = 2354) of double blood specimens from drunk drivers apprehended in The Netherlands, we selected 1314 cases for further evaluation. The difference BAC2-BAC1 was used as index of alcohol elimination rate from the blood. The results ranged from below 0.10 to 0.64 mg/ml/h, with a mean of 0.22 mg/ml/h. At least about 2% of drivers were still absorbing alcohol as indicated by a rising BAC. Some likely mechanisms are discussed that might account for the wide range of alcohol elimination rates observed.