The Canadian public service has a personality

Abstract: The notion that the public service has no constitutional personality or persona distinct from the government of the day has been a key part of the bargain guiding the relationship between Parliament, ministers, and public servants in both Britain and Canada. This paper argues that this view no longer reflects reality. It looks to developments in both countries to justify this contention, maintaining that the claim is even more relevant in Canada than in the United Kingdom. The public service's separate identity can be found in our unwritten, informal constitution. A number of measures introduced in recent years, including access to information and whistleblowing legislation, combined with other developments, such as the role played by the public service in a transition to a new government and a number of judicial decisions, have also given a distinct persona and a constitutional personality to the public service. The implications for the relationship between politicians and public servants and for accountability in government are far‐reaching. The challenge now is to put in place measures designed to protect the non‐partisan, professional character of the public service. Sommaire: La notion selon laquelle la fonction publique n'a pas de personnalité constitutionnelle ni d'identité distincte du gouvernement du jour a été un élément clé dans les négociations qui guident les relations entre le Parlement, les ministres et les fonctionnaires en Grande‐Bretagne tout comme au Canada. Cet article prétend que ce point de vue ne reflète plus la réalité. II étudie les faits nouveaux dans les deux pays pour justifier cette assertion, et maintient que cette allégation est encore plus pertinente au Canada qu'au Royaume‐Uni. L'identité distincte de la fonction publique peut se trouver dans notre constitution orale, informelle. Un certain nombre de mesures adoptées ces dernières années ‐ dont les lois sur l'accès à l'information et sur la dénonciation ‐ s'ajoutant à d'autres développements tels que le rôle joué par la fonction publique au cours de la transition vers un nouveau gouvernement et un certain nombre de jurisprudences, ont aussi donné une identité distincte et une personnalité constitutionnelle à la fonction publique. Les implications que cela entraîne pour les relations entre les politiciens et les fonctionnaires ainsi que pour l'imputabilité au sein du gouvernement sont très vastes. Dés lors, le défi consiste à mettre en place des mesures conçues pour protéger l'aspect professionnel et non partisan de la fonction publique.     

The conundrum of absenteeism in the Canadian public service: A wicked problem perspective

Absenteeism has received increasing attention in public sectors across the world. In Canada's federal public service, absenteeism cost the government approximately $871 million in lost wages in 2013 alone (Barkel 2014a ). Current and previous Canadian governments have attempted to reform sick‐leave policy to reduce absenteeism, but simple solutions to a complex problem will likely result in negative and unforeseen consequences. This article conceptualizes absenteeism as a “wicked problem” to explore its complexity. Addressing absenteeism requires a deeper understanding of issues and factors by government representatives, unions, NGOs, and policy experts, which can lead to multifaceted solutions.     

Canadian public service employee satisfaction and its main drivers

Using the results of the 2005 Public Service Employee Survey (PSES), this paper identifies which factors have the greatest effect on employee satisfaction in the Canadian public service. Several hypotheses are tested against the backdrop of existing literature. In general, public servant satisfaction is affected by belief in opportunities for promotion, fair classification, adherence to client service standards, life balance, recognition by immediate supervisors, team relationships with colleagues, how well information is shared and, finally, belief in the abilities of senior management. Some interesting elaborations of these basic findings emerge when other variables are controlled. The discussion considers how the public service can be seen as a more desirable career choice.     

Neither public nor private: The efficacy of mixed model public service delivery in two Canadian municipalities

The New Public Management emerged in the 1980s, and with it, alternative service delivery (ASD) mechanisms, which removed service delivery from the public bureaucracy and separated policy making from policy implementation. Most western governments implemented measures including privatization or contracting out of service delivery to the private sector. By the mid‐1990s, many governments started reversing ASD policies and sought new ways to deliver services, leading to a mixed model approach to service delivery, which combines the benefits of the public and private sectors. We examine the adoption of the model in the Canadian municipalities of Hamilton and Ottawa to determine if and how it enhances competition, cost‐savings, efficiency, effectiveness, and good governance in the delivery of public services, during an era of fiscal constraint. Our findings indicate the model is better in enhancing the five variables when compared to solely public or private services delivery.     

Academic research and engagement with the Canadian public service: Insights from three surveys

This article explores the area of research engagement between two very important communities in the Canadian public policy landscape: academics and senior public service executives. Using data from three surveys, we argue that while public sector executives may be more receptive to academic research than the literature suggests, academic advice and knowledge remain underutilized. While there does not seem to be a strong cleavage between the two groups, they also tend to come together mostly under very specific conditions. Oddly enough, academics do not seem to be troubled by the underutilization of their research.     

Management improvement in the Canadian public service, 1999–2010

This article surveys management improvement initiatives in the federal public service during the 2000s and assesses their progress. It reviews eight key areas: management accountability; expenditure management; financial management; human resource management; grants and contributions management; project management and capital investment; internal audit; and processes to sustain public service values and ethics. Although not all of the initiatives have been equally successful, this article argues that general improvement has been realized. The article also considers factors behind the successes, arguing that improvements typically arise from a combination of political, organizational, cultural and economic factors including public service leadership and support at the political level. Recent budget pressures may affect the sustainability of continuing management improvement, but elements for moving forward are clear.     

Canadian pressure groups in the 1970s: their role and their relations with the public service

Abstract. Pressure groups, defined as organizations whose members act together to influence public policy in order to promote their common interests, are assumed to be integral to the functioning of the Canadian policy system, now and in the past. Successful interaction between Canadian governments and pressure groups has been typified by consultation and the search for accommodation and consensus. This pattern appears to be changing. The number of pressure groups is increasing with the trend to complexity in Canadian social and economic systems, the pull of information technology, and the influence of government policy. The emergent pattern sees pressure groups exposed to heightened public scrutiny and increasingly dependent upon supportive public opinion. Change is attributed to increased competitiveness resulting from the proliferation of groups, government modification of policy systems, and the popularization of pressure-group activity through the mass media. For public officials the changed climate of pressure group-government relations will reduce the capacity of government agencies to determine the nature of their relations with pressure groups, and increase the complexity, and uncertainty, of the public servant's decision environment. To meet these changes public officials should not depend on the development of new policy machinery, as some suggest, but on better use of existing communications devices. Sommaire. Les groupes de pression sont définis comme étant des organisations dont les membres agissent collectivement pour influencer la politique publique dans le sens de leurs intérèts communs. Ces groupes sont considérés comme l'un des éléments du système canadien d'établissement des politiques, maintenant comme par le passé. L'interaction fructueuse entre les gouvernements canadiens et les groupes de pression a été caractérisée par la consultation et la recherche de compromis et de consensus. Ce scénario semble changer. Le nombre des groupes de pression est en train d'augmenter avec la complexité croissante des systèmes sociaux et économiques canadiens, l'impulsion donnée par la technologie de l'information et l'influence de la politique gouvemementale. On semble se diriger vers une situation où les groupes de pression sont surveillés davantage par le grand public et dépendent de plus en plus d'une opinion publique favorable. Ce changement est dûà une plus grande concurrence du fait de la prolifération des groupes, à la modification par le gouvernement des systèmes d'établissement des politiques et à la polarisation des activités des groupes de pression par les media de communication. Du point de vue des agents du gouvernement. le nouveau climat des relations groupes militants - gouvernement rendra plus difficile l'évaluation de leurs rapports avec ces groupes et augmentera la complexité et l'incertitude de l'ensemble des facteurs en fonction desquels ils prennent leurs décisions. Pour pouvoir faire face à ces changements, les agents gouvernernentaux ne devront pas compter sur l'élaboration de nouveaux mécanismes d'établissement des politiques, comme le suggèrent certains, mais faire un meilleur usage des moyens de communication existants.     

Bilingualism in the public service

Abstract. Progress has been made toward fulfilling the objective of creating a functionally bilingual federal public service by the year 1975. Many areas of the bilingualism program have produced successful results; in others, data indicate the need for increased efforts in the future. Sommaire. Il y a progrès dans la poursuite de l'objectif dune fonction publique bilingue d'ici 1975. Les derniers résultats obtenus indiquent le succès du programme de bilinguisme dans de nombreux domaines; dans certains autres, on constate le besoin d'accroître les efforts à l'avenir.     

Influencing public policy on Canadian broadcasting

Abstract: The policy-making process in Canadian broadcasting involves a wide array of groups from institutional, industrial and sociocultural sectors. The policy review leading up to adoption of a new federal Broadcasting Act in 1991 saw these groups deploy a range of tactics in attempting to influence broadcasting policy in line with their respective interests. In this article, we report on the relative influence of different categories of actors with regard to Canadian broadcasting policy in light of the resources they enjoy and the strategies they use to maximize their use. For non-industrial public interest and sociocultural interest groups, the fact that an important part of the policy process unfolded in public was an important factor for gaining access, through legislative change, to the broadcasting system itself. Where economic interests were concerned, however, the means deployed were radically increased and sought to address policy makers directly. The resulting policy outcomes demonstrated that, depending on the particular issue and the interest base promoting it, both public action and direct pressure could be effective levers of influence. In short, influence on the policy process was shown to be relative, depending on the degree of access to the decision making process enjoyed by the various parties. Sommaire: Le processus de définition des politiques de radiodiffusion au Canada implique un large éventail de groupes institutionnels, industriels et socio-culturels. Lors de la révision des politiques qui a précédé l'adoption, en 1991, d'une nouvelle Loi sur la radiodiffusion fédérale, ces groupes ont adopté toute une gamme de tactiques pour essayer d'influer sur la politique en matière de radiodiffusion, con-formément à leurs intérêts respectifs. Dans le présent article, nous exposons l'influence relative des diverses catégories d'intervenants en ce qui conceme la politique de radiodiffusion canadienne, en tenant compte des ressources à leur disposition ainsi que des stratégies qu'ils ont utilisées afin de maximiser l'utilisation de ces ressources. Pour les gmupes d'intérêt socio-culturel ou d'intérêt public non industriel, le fait meme qu'une partie importante du processus d'élaboration des politiques ait eu lieu en public fut un élément important afin d'accéder, par voie de modification legislative, au système de radiodiffusion lui-même. Cependant, lorsque des intérêts économiques étaient en cause, les moyens utilisés étaient nettement supérieurs et visaient directement les décideurs. Les résultats en termes de politique adoptée ont démontré que, selon la question concernée et le groupe d'intérêt qui la préconisait, tant l'intervention publique que la pression directe pouvaient exercer une influence efficace. En bref, il s'avére que l'influence sur le processus de définition des politiques est relative et défend le degré d'accès qu'avaient les diverses parties au processus décisionnel.     

Collective bargaining in the public service

Abstract. The Institute's national seminar on collective bargaining in the public service could hardly have been more timely, given the controversy that continues to surround the subject. This paper is based on the proceedings of the seminar as well as on the author's views on some of the issues raised. After providing an overview of the seminar and emphasizing the constantly changing scene in public service industrial relations, be paper highlights a few of the major current concerns in this field. Among these are the coverage of the relevant statutes, the appropriate bargaining units, the scope of bargaining, and special management and union problems. The latter part of the paper is devoted to the question of dispute settlement, and particularly to the possibility of compulsory arbitration. Although there is much public support for this alternative, the author cites a variety of reasons for skepticisms about its effectiveness. In the author's view these reasons are so telling that compulsory arbitration should be imposed only on an ad hoc basis, as a last resort when all else fails and the public health, safety or welfare is really jeopardized. Sommaire. Le colloque national de l'Institut sur les négociations collectives dans la fonction publique n'aurait pas pu être plus pertinent, étant donné la controverse à laquelle ce sujet continue de donner lieu. Cette communication est basée sur les procès-verbaux du colloque, tout en présentant les opinions de son auteur sur certaines des questions qui y furent soulevées. Après avoir présente une vue d'ensemble de la réunion et avoir insisté sur l'évolution constante des relations patronales-ouvrières dam la fonction publique. M. Crispo insiste sur les principales questions d'actualités dans ce domaine. Parmi elles, on peut noter en particulier, les statuts existants, le choix des groupements négociateurs, l'ampleur des négotiations et les problèmes particuliers à la direction et au syndicat. Il consacre la dernière partie de sa communication à la solution des différends, et, surtout, à l'éventualité de l'arbitrage obligatoire. Bien que l'opinion publique soit assez en faveur de cette possibilité, l'auteur cite toutes sortes de raisons qui le rendent sceptique quant à son efficacité. A son avis, ella sont telles que l'arbitrage obligatoire ne devrait être imposé que sur me base ad hoc, comme dernière mesure, lorsque rien d'autre n'a abouti et que la santé, la sécurité ou le bien-être du public sont en jeu.     

Lawyers in the Quebec public service: status and career perspectives

Because this note was written by the associate editor (French) of the journal, the editor takes complete responsibility for its publication. [vsw]