生涯混沌理论：心理学理论的新视角

生涯混沌理论是20世纪末期产生的一种生涯心理学理论.生涯混沌理论认为,生涯心理是一种动态开放的复杂系统,具有分形特征的静态结构;其变化过程是非线性的,对初始条件有敏感依赖性,但在复杂的变化中蕴含着可把握性;在生涯心理辅导中,该理论主张采取以叙事为主的方法.与经典的生涯心理学理论相比,生涯混沌理论日益显示出它的理论和应用价值,可弥补经典生涯心理学理论之不足.     

试论斯塔茨的心理学整合观

在物理学等自然科学、库恩的范式论以及追求宏大理论的心理学家的影响下,斯塔茨开始了整合心理学的探索.他提出了统一的实证主义作为统一的科学哲学,主张行为主义化心理学和心理学化行为主义,并最终将其整合观称为心理行为主义,提出了统一心理学的具体策略即多水平的理论与方法.     

进化心理学：当代西方心理学发展的一种新取向

进化心理学是近年在西方心理学中出现的一种新的研究取向,目前仍没有一个明确的概念和系统的理论.其基本主张是:过去是理解心理机制的关键,功能分析是理解心理机制的主要途径,心理机制是在解决问题的过程中演化形成的,模块性是心理机制整体组织的特性,人的行为是心理机制和环境互动作用的结果.它的发展与当代科学发展趋势相一致,它的研究促进了对人性和心理的进一步思考,开辟了心理学的一些新的研究领域;对其它学科的研究具有重要的启发作用.但它具有遗传决定论的倾向,方法论存在一定的缺陷,忽视了文化对进化的意义等等.     

浅析盗窃行为——以犯罪心理学为视角

盗窃是最为普遍的犯罪行为之一,我国盗窃罪的犯罪率常年居高不下。这种情况的出现必然涉及了众多复杂的原因,本文以犯罪心理学为视角,从正当需求无法满足、利己主义、仇富心态、寻求刺激四个方面分析了盗窃行为的心理特征,并从无意识心理、人格结构与环境影响三方面剖析了其形成的深层心理原因。希望能够运用犯罪心理学对盗窃行为进行预防和矫正。     

“黑哨”职务犯罪主体心理探析

“黑哨”作为近年来在体育运动中出现的新型的职务犯罪,在诸多的犯罪原因中,行为主体的个体心理原因是引发“黑哨”职务犯罪行为的原动力。“黑哨”职务犯罪主体作为具有正常思维人,他的行为是建立扭曲的需求欲望下引发的犯罪动机支配下的一种有意识的故意行为。文章运用普通心理学和犯罪心理学中心理与行为分析的理论,从行为主体的意识、需要和动机的层面深层次的揭示“黑哨”职务犯罪行为主体的个体心理诱因,以预防和减少此类职务犯罪,真正实现体育竞赛中的公正、公平、公开。     

浅谈运输毒品犯罪中主观明知的认定

在毒品犯罪中对行为人主观明知的认定历来是审判中的难点和重点,从心理学的角度来说,人的心理是可以通过其客观行为来知悉的,同时犯罪心理学更进一步为我们提供了了解行为人心理的方法和途径,许多学者在司法实践中也总结出了一些知悉行为人心理的方法,因此,在无直接证据证实的情况下,可以适用事实推定的方法来进行主观明知的认定。一般而言,可以从运费、酬劳、运输的方式、交接方式、行为人的行为、行为人对毒品的知识和经验、是否事先申报和接受检查、地域等几方面来进行推定,但推定时也要充分注意到行为人的年龄、教育程度、生活环境、精神状态等等足以影响行为人进行认识和判断事物的因素,充分听取行为人的辩解和解释而且量刑时要留有余地。     

犯罪心理成因

行为是行为人的行为，行为不能脱离行为人而独立存在。犯罪作为一种特殊的行为，对于犯罪心理的研究是建立在一般行为人行为心理研究基础上的。心理学原理告诉我们：人的行为是由一定的动机支配并推动的，而人的动机来源于人的物质和精神需要。我们知道法是以社会利益或负...     

心理实验在心理测试中的科学应用

心理测试技术从实验科学的角度来看,是实验设计的一种具体应用.心理实验是基于心理科学的分支学科——实验心理学的原理和规律设计进行的.本文从心理测试技术中实验设计的变量及其怎样控制变量,从心理测试技术的实验设计等角度,来正确看待心理实验在心理测试中的科学应用.     

后现代社会建构论对心理学研究目标的质疑

现代心理学的研究目标概括为描述事实、揭示规律、预测趋势和控制行为四个层面，此四级目标可视为心理学对外的学科承诺。以后现代社会建构论的视域审视，心理学能否兑现这些承诺是值得质疑的。首先，心理学所谓的“描述事实”其实质乃是对心理学家所经验的事实的描述，而不是对心理和行为作为“客观存在的事实”的描述。其次，揭示心理规律不仅存在技术困难，所谓“心理规律”也只是现代文化场域内的一种“约定”，而非“客观规律”。第三，由于人作为心理学的研究对象具有作为自然科学研究对象的物所没有的意识能动性，利用心理规律预测心理事件的发生遭遇特殊困难。最后，谋求对人的行为的控制，不仅背离了心理学造福人类的初衷，而且有违自由平等的现代社会价值观。     

心理学研究中质化与量化两种取向的对立与整合

科学心理学建立以来,心理学进入量化研究时代。量化研究为心理学带来了飞速的发展与丰硕的成果。然而,近几十年来,心理研究的质化取向日渐兴起,有关量化研究与质化研究的讨论日益引起重视。混合方法研究试图超越两者的纷争,克服单独使用某种研究方法的局限,整合两种研究取向,为复杂心理现象的研究提供更为丰富的研究思路。     

The Penetration of Social Science into Legal Culture

Over the past 75 years, social science references in court decisions have changed from an anonymous footnote to an appendix to a brief ( Muller v. Oregon , 1908) to extensive discussion of social science methods and results to changing a rule of law based on social science propositions ( Hovey v. Superior Court , 1980). The acceptance of social science may be traced in state court decisions as well as in Supreme Court cases. The academic field of law has, since its entrance into the university, identified itself with the rhetoric, if not the model of science. Although earlier attempts to introduce social science into law were relatively unsuccessful, there is now a sufficient acceptance and a sufficient professional infrastructure to predict a growing influence of social science in law.     

Rh血型系统的分子生物学研究进展

Rh血型是极复杂的人类红细胞血型系统之一,至少包括45种独立的血型抗原。过去的10年间,Rh血型的研究取得了极大的进展,得到了大量分子生物学的研究资料,如Rh血型的遗传方式、RH基因及其进化过程、Rh复合体的结构与功能、红细胞外Rh相似蛋白的表达,Rh基因分型技术也进一步得到发展与改进。本文综述了Rh血型分子生物学的研究进展,以服务于法医学实践。     

司法证明的性质：作为似真推理工具的概率

以贝叶斯分析为代表的概率论,是改变了人类生活之现代科学成就中至关重要的组成部分。然而,它并非是铸就这种成就的唯一认知工具。法庭科学和法律以多种方式关联,但同时又有天壤之别。法庭科学,如同其他任何科学一样,致力于将复杂性降至允许精心设计研究并精确解释的可控水平。法律制度却无法享受这种奢华,且必须在有限时间内应对不可计数、变化多端的人类社会复杂性。司法证明运用包括概率论在内的多种认知工具,以辅助似真推理,但归根结底,它不能被简化为数字和数学公式。     

An Exploration into Law and Narratives: The Case of Intellectual Property Law of Biotechnology

This essay explores the possibility of applying narrative analysis as a tool for the socio-cultural study of law. Narrative is understood to be both a form of representation of reality, as well as a starting point into the enquiry about the nature of reality itself. Consequently, an analysis of legal narratives could help to assess law’s impact on our understanding of social reality and of ourselves. The narrative context, which is examined for its plot and metaphors, is the intellectual property law of human biotechnology. The legal representation of techno-scientific knowledge in intellectual property law is contrasted against other conceptions of science, especially with the ones that are put forward by scholars in science and technology studies and anthropology. It is argued that the present legal narrative of human biotechnology and intellectual property not only lacks sufficient understanding of the scientific knowledge-making process but also, importantly, that it is in need of a self-reflexive understanding of its own practice. At the end, the possibility of changing the present legal narrative will be probed with the help of different narrative theories of the self and of representation, which have been advanced by White, Taylor and MacIntyre.     

DIRECT PARENTAL CONTROLS AND DELINQUENCY*

Until recently, “direct controls” by parents have been summarily dismissed by delinquency researchers as theoretically and empirically unimportant. Although prior research indicates that various measures of direct parental controls (e.g., the amount of time spent interacting with parents) are related to delinquency, the correlations are uniformly weak and often not significant. However, when the term “direct control” is reconceptualized to include specific components—normative regulation, monitoring, and punishment—the results indicate that direct controls by parents have as great an impact on delinquency as that of “direct controls” or parental “attachments.” Further, the results suggest that the form of the relation between direct controls and delinquency is not simple, direct, and linear. Depending on which specific component of direct control is examined, its relationship to delinquency may be either linear or nonlinear, positive or inverse.     

A Multimodal Fusion Approach for Bullet Identification Systems

In the field of forensic science, bullet identification is based on the fact that firing the cartridge from a barrel leaves exclusive microscopic striation on the fired bullets as the fingerprint of the firearm. The bullet identification methods are categorized in 2‐D and 3‐D based on their image acquisition techniques. In this study, we focus on 2‐D optical images using a multimodal technique and propose several distinct methods as its modalities. The proposed method uses a multimodal rule‐based linear weighted fusion approach which combines the semantic level decisions from different modalities with a linear technique that its optimized modalities weights have been identified by the genetic algorithm. The proposed approach was applied on a dataset, which includes 180 2‐D bullet images fired from 90 different AK‐47 barrels. The experimentations showed that our approach attained better results compared to common methods in the field of bullet identification.     

混沌理论的心理治疗观

混沌理论给我们理解真实、复杂的人的心理提供了一个新的视角。将混沌理论应用于心理治疗,不仅是对传统心理治疗观的突破,同时对心理治疗的方法也产生了重大影响。按照混沌理论的观点,人的心理的本质是非线性的,而心理的混沌状态则是导致更高阶段有序结构出现的动力学基础。     

Reporting of highly individual genetic typing results: a practical approach.

This paper considers the interpretation of serological typing data as a problem in forensic science, as opposed to a problem in population genetics or statistics. Controversies arising in this area are partly due to an overly narrow perspective that ignores basic forensic science principles. After an initial discussion of the special problem that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) blood typing poses to forensic science, the three difficulties common to all the proposed interpretive methods are discussed. These are: predicting genotype incidence from allele frequencies, predicting frequencies for the joint occurrence of genotypes in a number of different genetic marker systems, and determining the appropriate population to use to measure the frequencies. The inability to test assumptions that are inherent in our routine methods is noted. This is a procedural weakness that unnecessarily limits the admissibility of DNA typing evidence in court. A practical solution to this problem is offered that begins with minimal assumptions. Initially a statement is made based on (1) how many reference samples the laboratory has typed and (2) how many of these samples show genotypes corresponding to the case samples. The second stage of the presentation begins with a statement that additional assumptions are necessary to fully interpret the evidence and that although these assumptions are scientifically very reasonable, they cannot be absolutely proven. The presentation can then proceed, if desired, to consideration of the specific assumptions and frequency estimates of any of the methods that have been proposed to date. To follow this approach population data must be kept in a form that allows the simple first-stage statement to be made. This means that each individual's record would include typing results in each genetic marker system. Although this method of data storage differs from that used in most forensic science laboratories, it is exceptionally versatile, and allows great flexibility in data analysis.     

Advancing Science and Research in Criminal Justice/Criminology: Complex Systems Theory and Non‐Linear Analyses

For over a century, criminological research has been able to explain a consistently small amount of the variation in crime. It is plausible that the problem with criminological theory is not in the theory but in the analysis. Complex systems science (CSS) attempts to examine data in a different way – often making the most of error data discarded by linear analyses. This paper addresses the viability of using CSS in criminological research. An example is drawn from social disorganization theory to demonstrate the ability of CSS to explain crime at the neighborhood level. The result is a new theory called Ecodynamics Theory, developed by combining the elements of neighborhood research with complex systems analyses. The implications of this theory to increase the efficacy of criminological research are discussed.     

A review of quality procedures in the UK forensic sciences: What can the field of digital forensics learn?

With a reliance on the various forms of forensic science evidence in complex criminal investigations, the measures for ensuring its quality are facing increasing scrutiny. Improvements to quality management systems, to ensure both the robust application of scientific principles and the accurate interpretation and reporting of results, have arisen as a consequence of high-profile rebuttals of forensic science evidence, combined with process improvements driven by evaluation of current practice. These improvements are crucial to ensure validity of results as well as providing assurance for all those involved in the Criminal Justice System. This work first examines the quality management systems utilised for the examination and analysis of fingerprint, body fluid and DNA evidence. It then proceeds to highlight an apparent lack of comparable quality assurance mechanisms within the field of digital forensics, one of the newest branches of forensic science. Proposals are provided for the improvement of quality assurance for the digital forensics arena, drawing on the experiences of, and more well-established practices within, other forensic disciplines.