浅谈政策有效执行的信任基础

作为政府对社会经济发展实施宏观调控的重要杠杆,政策的作用能否得以有效的发挥,从根本上取决于政策执行的效率,而政策的有效执行是以政策目标群体对所推行政策的认同和接受为前提条件的,而政策能否被认同在很大程度上则取决于作为政策目标群体的社会公众对作为政策执行者的政府官员是否信任以及信任的程度,因此,政策目标群体对政策执行者的信任及其程度是政策有效执行的重要基础。     

公共政策执行:目标群体的遵从收益与成本视角——以一项农村公共产品政策在三个村的执行为例

公共政策的目标群体是公共政策执行的重要环节,其成员对公共政策遵从与否的行动策略直接决定着公共政策的执行成败。一项农村公共产品政策在三个村的执行过程和结果表明,目标群体成员遵从与否的行动策略取决于其对公共政策遵从收益和遵从成本的权衡。随着我国社会由总体性社会向分化性社会转型,目标群体成员之间的利益差别逐渐扩大,不同目标群体成员在同一项公共政策中的遵从收益和遵从成本情况也越来越呈现多样化,这对公共政策的执行提出了挑战。要提高公共政策的执行水平,就需要提高公共政策对不同目标群体成员利益的整合和协调功能,增加目标群体成员的遵从收益,减少其遵从成本,并努力实行科学民主的公共决策机制。     

影响民族地区文化产业政策执行的因素分析

西方政策科学家提出了许多政策执行的模型,对我们分析民族地区文化产业政策执行具有一定的启发意义。影响政策执行的主要因素有:政策方案本身,政策资源、政策执行者、目标群体等,相应于这些方面所存在的问题,应该采取一定的措施加以解决     

社会建构是如何影响社会政策扩散的？——以积分制政策为例

府际社会建构是影响社会政策扩散的重要机制。按照目标群体社会建构及其利益分配差异,社会政策可以划分为一致政策和不一致政策。基于积分制政策的研究发现,一致政策更多在平行城市间扩散,不一致政策更容易实现垂直扩散。具体而言,基于理性选择,城市政府倾向于将利益分配给优势者和竞争者,在沿袭一致政策中实现政策的工具性扩散。基于对中央意图和地方利益的考量,省级政府的政策选择具有不确定性;中央政府具有配置不一致政策的责任和资源,倾向于重构目标群体和再分配政策利益,给予依赖者政策利益,实现政策价值的扩散。     

公共政策非预期结果的产生及其评估

公共政策非预期结果作为政策的客观效果在很大程度上影响着公共问题的解决和政策的最终走向。对政策非预期结果的表现及其产生原因进行分析并在此基础上对非预期结果的评估进行探究可以为政策的调整及抉择提供基础。公共政策非预期结果产生的原因较多,如政策问题之间的关联性,政策方案的外部效应,政策方案对目标群体的"反向激励"效应,政策执行主体的目标置换行为等。对政策非预期结果进行评估需要去除因环境因素产生的非政策影响,明确评估的标准和指标,并对其正、负收益进行衡量。     

社会文化心理对政策执行的影响

社会文化心理对政策执行有着深刻的影响。当前我国社会文化心理环境既有对政策执行有利的一面,如有较强的认同和服从政策的文化心理传统;同时也有不利的一面,如人情关系经常导致政策执行走样。优化社会文化心理环境,提升我国政策执行力必须在政策制定上整合社会群体的心理需要,必须大力建设公众参与的执行文化,必须通过政治社会化促使人们形成正确的政策执行态度和行为倾向。     

政策试验的要件构成及其优化对策

政策试验是指根据目标群体和公共政策适用范围的实际情况,选择具有代表性的局部地区试行公共政策.政策试验的构成要件应包括试验主体要件、试验过程要件和试验客体要件.在政策试验前,需要对不成熟的要件状况进行优化以确保政策试验顺利进行.其优化对策:一是树立正确的试验基本取向,客观对待"自然的试验结果";二是提高政策试验人员素质;三是加大政策宣传力度;四是选择合理的试验对象;五是建立动态的试验监视机制,及时发现问题并调整试验.     

公共政策执行视阈下的中国社会整合研究

社会整合是社会发展的必要保障,中国当前社会整合滞后于社会分化,从公共政策执行角度分析,主要在于政策执行的公平性缺失影响社会的利益整合,公正性缺失影响社会的价值整合,合法性缺失影响社会的制度整合。推进社会整合的公共政策执行选择可以从科学的政策、执行机构、目标群体和环境因素几个方面来进行。     

论公共政策执行协商

以往论及政策协商,多指公共政策制定过程中的协商,较少论及执行过程中的协商。其实,不仅公共政策制定时需要协商,公共政策执行也需要协商。公共政策执行协商是协商民主在政策执行过程中的运用。它彰显了社会主义民主价值,引导政策目标群体的利益表达,可以调适政策执行人员与利益群体之间的矛盾冲突;执行协商需要界定协商的主体、客体及协商的形式等构成因素。推进公共政策执行协商有序开展和常态化,必须规范执行协商范围,构建执行协商程序制度,明确执行协商主体责任、建立责任追究制度,规范执行协商方式、拓宽协商渠道,构建公民协商意见整合机制。     

英国政治的欧洲化:以欧洲政策制定为例

英国自加入欧共体伊始,其国内的政治体系就不可避免地受到欧洲一体化进程的影响.以英国欧洲政策制定过程为例,白厅、内阁、议会在机构设置上出现的变化以及政策制定者偏好的变化都说明英国政治欧洲化的趋势不可逆转,但其进程取决于有关各方利益的平衡,取决于政策制定者身份认同的转变,取决于英国能否变被动为主动,积极参与并影响欧盟政治进程.     

The policy movement as a policy problem

The policy movement is unified by a common interest in the improvement of policy decisions through scientific inquiry. The movement is differentiated, however, because this common interest is highly ambiguous and subject to interpretation from different perspectives. This paper applies a policy sciences perspective to the movement's disappointments over the last few decades, and in particular, the failure to realize earlier aspirations for rational, objective analysis on the more important and controversial policy issues. The paper offers a definition and diagnosis of the underlying problem, and suggests what can be done about it as a matter of individual and collective choice.     

Designing policy for the long term: agency,policy feedback and policy change

Policy Sciences - Policy feedback research faces a potential pivot point owing to recent theoretical and substantive advances. Concerted attention now spans new scientific communities, such as...     

Postmodern policy analysis: Discourse and identity in welfare policy

Postmodern inquiry into the discursive construction of identity has the potential to make a distinctive, democratizing contribution to public policy analysis. More so than conventional approaches, a postmodern policy analysis offers the opportunity to interrogate assumptions about identity embedded in the analysis and making of public policy, thereby enabling us to rethink and resist questionable distinctions that privilege some identities at the expense of others. Public policy analysis can benefit from postmodernism's emphasis on how discourse constructs identity. A review of postmodernism and postmodern approaches to interrogating identity is followed by an exercise in postmodern policy analysis. Social welfare policy in contemporary postindustrial America is shown to participate in the construction and maintenance of identity in ways that affect not just the allocation of public benefits, but also economic opportunities outside of the state. Mired in old, invidious distinctions (e.g., independent/dependent, contract/charity, family/promiscuity), welfare policy discourse today helps to recreate the problems of yesterday, particularly as a critical factor in reproducing women's poverty.     

Problems,politics, and policy streams in policy implementation

We apply Kingdon's multiple streams framework (MSF) to policy implementation to reflect a nested process separate from but interdependent with policymaking. Then, we generate a hypothesis concerning the conditional nature of problems, policies, and politics stream impacts on policy implementation. We test our hypotheses with state‐level implementation of the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, using a pooled data set of 10 years of toxic releases data. Findings suggest an important interaction occurs among problems, policies, and politics during the policy implementation process. More specifically, when any of the three is held at median levels, only marginal differences in outputs occur; however, when all three are increased to extreme levels, substantive differences emerge. Conclusions connect policy implementation to larger issues of MSF theoretical development and suggest implications for governance.     

Uber in Queensland: From policy fortress to policy change

Emerging technologies are challenging the regulatory systems and industry policy settings that were settled during the microeconomic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1994, in the absence of credible competition in the taxi industry, Queensland legislation constructed a protective ‘policy fortress’ that benefited taxi licence holders in return for specific service standards. This entrenched a policy–industry nexus upheld by all political parties for two decades. But in 2014–2016, using disruptive digital platforms, Uber and similar organisations directly challenged the policy regime by rapidly expanding their unlicensed operations for personalised passenger bookings. Queensland policy-makers were eventually shocked into establishing a major review, leading to the termination of the protective regime. Drawing on interviews and policy documents, we identify the contextual and ideational factors that facilitated the unlocking of policy change. As consumers became more ‘tech-savvy’, the policy ideas championed by powerful new agents of change came to highlight consumer convenience, flexibility, and the ‘sharing economy’. Such narratives reframed the economic disruptions flowing from new technologies as opportunities to lower service costs.     

Validating policy indicators

Although validity of an indicator, that is, whether it means what it purports to, is critical to its legitimate use in policy, there are few systematic approaches to validation. The reason lies largely in the traditions of positivist social science which require the separation of fact and theory and allow no place for meaning and valuation. The paper proposes approaches to test the validity of both indicators and the conceptual frameworks on which they are based. The most powerful forms of validation require the application of a priori concepts and models. Validation is partly judgmental and never simply mechanical. The validity of a measure is dependent on the context of its use. Social and political processes are an important part of validation, particularly in determining the appropriateness of the assumptions. If an indicator is to be valid, it should be chosen or designed iteratively with the policies it will help to shape.The author wishes to thank Sir Geoffrey Vickers, Professor Martin Krieger and Dr. Norman Shulman for their thoughtful comments on an earlier version of this paper.