抵押权的物上代位性

抵押权是典型的担保物权,就性质而言,担保物权具有从属性、不可分性和物上代位性,抵押权也同样具备上述三种特性,抵押权的物上代位性主要涉及到抵押权的效力问题,即抵押权的效力所及的范围,具体而言,它是指抵押物的代位物的范围。同时,抵押权的物上代位性也与抵押权的物上代位的性质、抵押权的物上代位的实现方法有关。     

论抵押物保险的法律特性

抵押物保险金物上代位制度的确立 ,将古老的抵押制度与近现代保险制度相架接 ,使抵押权在抵押物保险中受到保障 ,这对抵押物保险关系产生很大的影响 ;而抵押权人如何通过抵押物保险关系实现其物上代位权 ,成为两种法律制度的架接关键。我国物权立法完善时 ,有必要对实现物上代位的途径作出符合法理与法律价值的设置。     

论抵押物保险的法律特性

抵押物保险金物上代位制度的确立，将古老的抵押制度与近现代保险制度相架接，使抵押权在抵押物保险中受到保障，这对抵押物保险关系产生很大的影响；而抵押权人如何通过抵押物保险关系实现其物上代位权，成为两种法律制度的架接关键。我国物权立法完善时，有必要对实现物上代位的途径作出符合法理与法律价值的设置。     

抵押权物上代位理论与实务问题研评

抵押权物上代位的实质是在抵押物毁损、灭失之情形,抵押权人对其价值变形物仍享有优先受偿权。抵押权物上代位的标的既可以是物本身,亦可以是债权请求权,如果仅将其界定为变形物本身,对抵押权的保护欠周全;在抵押物灭失、毁损之情形,对代位物或其请求权进行查封是必要的,但查封之机能不是确定其优先性,而是使其特定化,抵押权物上代位权在抵押物绝对灭失之情形发生,相对灭失之情形应适用担保法及其司法解释的相应规定。但本文案例中法院所作的变通处理方法亦是正确的;在具体的诉讼中,抵押权物上代位的义务人对抵押人的抗辩事由同样可以对抗抵押权人。     

略论抵押权物上代位性

在抵押物遭到毁损之后,价值往往转移于代位物上,抵押权人对此类代位物享有优先受清偿的权利,是为抵押权物上代位性,也常被称为物上代位权。抵押权物上代位不以占有代位物为必备要件,权利人之所以享有优先受清偿的权利,是基于法律的特别规定产生,所以,抵押权物上代位的本质应该是法律为保护抵押权人的利益而特设的优先权。一、第三人对抵押权的侵害与物上代位抵押权的侵害可分为对抵押标的物的侵害与对抵押权的侵害,因侵害的情形不同,对抵押权人的救济方式也不相同,以下详述之:(一)有抵押登记存在,加害人侵害设有保险之抵押物时,对抵押权人的…     

不动产抵押物转让规则的解释论：《物权法》第191条及其周边

抵押权设定后,抵押人并不丧失抵押物的处分权。在抵押权人同意抵押物的转让的情形下,抵押权人可依抵押权的物上代位性,就抵押物的转让价金提前清偿或者提存;在抵押权人不同意抵押物的转让的情形下,抵押权人可追及至抵押物而行使抵押权,抵押物受让人自可代为清偿债务而消灭抵押负担。抵押权人的同意只是其主张抵押权的物上代位抑或追及效力的分界。无论抵押权人是否同意,均不影响抵押物转让合同的效力。     

抵押物之灭失对抵押权的影响

抵押权与抵押物有着不可分割的联系。所谓抵押物，就是抵押人所提供的用作抵押以保证债权实现的特定财产。抵押物的存在，是抵押关系成立的前提；如果没有抵押物，则当事人之间的担保关系实际上只能算是一种保证关系。因此，我国（担保法》第58条规定：抵押权因抵押物灭失而消灭。相当一部分人也认为，抵押权是一种物权。的确，抵押权是需要通过抵押物来得以实现的。但是物只能说是抵押权利关系的外在表现形式，抵押权实质上是一种价值权，或者说是一种变价受偿权。也就是说，抵押权是以取得抵押物的价值为目的，而不是以对物的实际支配、使…     

保险与抵押的机制衔接及其制度构架——以按揭住房保险为视角

物上代位制度的创设同时具有价值权说和特权说的法理逻辑内涵。抵押物保险金为代位物,实现了抵押与保险的机制衔接,内涵特有的价值目标和利益平衡性。抵押权人主动援用该机制设定抵押权风险的防范措施,具有法理正当性,但应使机制运行具有公平公正性;此机制中的保险强制应具体论证。保险和抵押机制有机衔接的关键是代位效力实现的规则设置,需解决代位物的特定化、担保价值的控制、担保效力的公示等实质性问题;法定扣押模式缺陷明显,抵押权人对代位物债权一定限度的控制规则更具合理性。物权立法必须对物上代位制度重新做出科学的制度构架。     

完善抵押权制度七论

优先受偿性不是抵押权的属性,而是抵押权担保债权的效力。从有利于债权人的立场出发,可以承认抵押权的不可分性,但应当设有例外。抵押权的物上代位,可以不采取法定债权质的法律构成。抵押权的效力原则上及于抵押物的附合物、从权利,对从物则宜区分情形。在采取抵押权次序升进原则的情况下,应当承认所有人抵押。     

抵押物保险合同上担保物权的竞合——以按揭住房保险为视角

抵押物保险金上物上代位权与特约受益权并存情形,实为具有担保物权性质的法律关系的竞合;受益人特约设定了保险金债权质押,既符合一般债权质押以对出质人的债务人为通知作为公示要件,也遵循了保险合同债权处分的特殊规则,实质上规避了物上代位的作用;物上代位效力的实现规则中,应设置抵押权人对抵押物转化过程中债权状态的价值控制和支配机制,故必须依担保物权竞合的原理,以物上代位权优先为目标,梳理其与代位物上其他权利形态的效力顺序关系的内在法理逻辑。     

Transparency and doubt: Understanding and interpretation in pragmatics and in law

Correspondence on this paper and offprint requests should be addressed to Professor Marcelo Dascal, Department of Philosophy, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. We thank Dennis Kurzon for helpful remarks on an early draft.     

浅谈高校消防工作存在的问题及对策

消防工作关系到人民的生命和财产安全，关系到国家的稳定和发展。高校国家教育人才的基地，学生集体居住地，极易发生火灾，形成群死群伤，故高校消防工作是必不可少的，且责任重于泰山。     

Trends and Developments in Program Evaluation in General and Criminal Justice Programs in Particular

The paper first describes general trends in evaluation in (mainly) western societies. Why is evaluation growing, what are the characteristics of this ‘growth industry’ and what developments are occurring outside western societies? Trends in the evaluation of criminal justice programs in the USA, the UK and the Netherlands are then discussed. Two important developments are therafter highlighted: experimental evaluations and theory-driven evaluations. Both approaches are discussed, and some pros and cons are listed. Finally, the paper outlines some challenges for future work in the evaluation of criminal justice programs, stressing the importance of combining good designs with both program and social science theories.     

Creatine phosphokinase in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, and microscopic findings in brain and heart in hypothermic rabbits

Signs of hypothermia injury were studied in rabbits cooled to a core temperature of 30 degrees C by immersion in ice water and thereafter rewarmed to 35 degrees C. Anaesthetized control rabbits were kept normothermic (37 degrees C) for a corresponding time (4 h). Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity increased 24 h after hypothermia to 20-fold in serum. In cerebrospinal fluid the activity was already significantly (5-fold) increased after hypothermia and was still as high at 24 h. Smaller increase was also found in the control normothermic rabbits both in serum (10-fold) and cerebrospinal fluid (2-fold). The values had returned to the initial level after 1 week. Small haemorrhages were observed in the brain at 24 h and slight scarring was seen in the myocardium of some rabbits which had lived 4 weeks following hypothermia. The results indicate that CPK can be a useful marker in the diagnostics of hypothermia death, especially in cerebrospinal fluid, which is less affected than blood by autolysis.     

Racial Disparity in Police Stop and Searches in England and Wales

Data published by the United Kingdom’s Ministry for Justice clearly shows that, compared to persons who were White, members of racial minorities in England, particularly Blacks, were far more likely to be stopped and searched by the police. The question is whether such racial disparity in stops and searches could be justified by racial disparities in offending? Or whether the disparity in stop and searches exceeded the disparity in offending? This paper proposes a method for measuring the amount of excess in racial disparity in police stop and searches. Using the most recently published Ministry of Justice data (for 2007/08) for Police Areas in England and Wales it concludes that while in several Areas there was no excess to racial disparity in police stop and searches, there was, on the basis of the methodology proposed in the paper, evidence of such excess in some Police Areas of England and Wales.     

静态与动态——英汉用词差异及其翻译

英汉用词差异很大：英语倾向于多用名词、介词、形容词等呈静态词类,是一种静态的语言;汉语倾向于多用动词,叙述呈动态,是一种动态的语言。蕴藏在语言表面形态差异之下的是中西方思维、哲学观和文化心理的巨大差异。英汉两种语言的互译要充分尊重译入语的表达习惯。因此,词类静态动态灵活转换的翻译策略对提高译文质量有着重要意义。     

Legal and ethical issues in microbicides research and development in Canada

The Canadian AIDS Society (CAS) recently completed a report entitled Microbicides Development and Delivery in Canada: Legal, Ethical and Human Rights Issues. The report builds on Canadian and international experience and was written in consultation with Canadian community and international experts. It is available on the CAS website (www.cdnaids.ca) and from the Canadian HIV/AIDS Information Centre (www.aidssida.cpha.ca) as of September 2004. In this article the report's author, Anna Alexandrova, argues that Canada needs to develop a microbicides development and delivery strategy that addresses research and development issues, outlines possible roles for meaningful community participation, and provides guidelines on funding, promotion, licensing, and distribution.     

Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility in Profit- and in Non-Profit-Organizations

Corporate Governance governs corporations. To discuss the law and economics of corporations, their performance on the market and management control by legislation and government, is to discuss Corporate Governance. Now, Corporate Governance is being challenged by a new concept to conceive the role of corporations in the world and to control their managers: this is the concept of Corporate Social Responsibilty (CSR). This concept focuses on other than merely profit centered functions of corporations; rather, performance of corporations is measured by criteria of good corporate citizenship. In the Non-Profit sector, corporations also play a major role, although organizations in this sector typically differ from business corporations in several aspects. Yet, deficits of transparency and control of NPO are being discussed here as well. The tendency is to draw from the concept of corporate governance to develop appropriate remedies. Furthermore, the discussion of Corporate Social Responsibilty has also made its way to the NPO sector.     

Child malnutrition and mortality in China and Vietnam in a comparative perspective

Under the traditional socialist central planning system, economic growth in China and Vietnam was unstable and not very satisfactory. Yet, both countries achieved a remarkable progress in the area of human development. Later, under the market socialist model, China and Vietnam achieved very high rates of GDP growth, and malnutrition declined significantly. Yet, income distribution and the provision of key public services deteriorated in both countries. Progress in reducing child mortality in China was relatively slow, before improving in the early 2000s. Although Vietnam is much poorer than China, and has been growing less fast, its record in this area was markedly better. We show that this apparent paradox is due mainly to the fact that the negative side-effects of market-oriented reforms have reached a more advanced and alarming stage in China than in Vietnam. Our results also suggest that an additional factor is constituted by a relatively better status of women in Vietnam with respect to China. However, we also warn that signs are emerging in Vietnam too, indicating that it is entering a stage of development where the social problems now evident in China are starting to manifest themselves on a large and worrying scale. Our policy conclusions advocate in favour of re-establishing (in a new form, compatible with the maintenance of the economic dynamism of the market socialist system) some positive features of the pre-reform socialist model, among which universal public provision of basic public services is paramount.

Community violence in context: risk and resilience in children and families

Although some community violence research has examined the context of community violence, including the social, economic, and structural organization of neighborhoods, more needs to be learned about family, school, and community-level factors that may promote and lessen the incidence and prevalence of community violence. In addition, further research is needed on various social, environmental, and contextual factors hypothesized to protect youth from exposure. This article (a) reviews and examines the relation between neighborhood context and risk of violence exposure, (b) reviews current literature on predictors of community violence and mental health and behavioral consequences for children and families adversely affected by community violence, (c) examines sources of resilience and community strengths that extend beyond the individual, (d) discusses the contributions and limitations of current conceptualizations of risk and resilience, and (e) highlights directions for future research. Information from this review can inform community and government efforts to lessen community violence through prevention and treatment.