制式猫枪（12#霰弹）射击距离的实验研究

在法医检案实践中，涉枪案件屡见不鲜，在国内较多见的是制式猎枪案例。以顺义地区为例，统计1998年～2001年间涉枪案件有9起，其中8起为猎枪，所以研究猎枪霰弹损伤的射击距离推断尤为重要。我们用国产12#双立管及五连发制式猎枪以不同距离射击活犬，研究其创口特征随射击距离变化的关系，为推断制式猎枪的射击距离提供了客观的实验依据。1材料与方法1.1材料1.1.1实验武器选用国产12#双立管及五连发单管猎枪，均配用12#霰弹（弹杯均为有瓣）。1.1.2实验动物选用活犬20只，雄雌随机，将动物分A、B两组，每组10只，射击前去掉腹部毛发并清洗…     

霰弹弹杯所致损伤及其应用价值

本文17例制式霰弹猎枪射入口和创道的病理形态学，通过结合射击实验获得了较为一致的结果。初步认为，商品霰弹中的塑料弹杯所造成射入口创缘或创周损伤的形态变化与射击距离密切相关，在法医学鉴定中具有一定的应用价值。     

利用霰弹弹杯损伤推断射击距离

使用国产12号、16号商品猎枪及相应霰弹,以不同距离射击实验靶纸,研究弹杯损伤变化与射击距离之间的关系。结果表明,射击距离在30cm以内弹杯损伤不明显(P>0.05),30cm～70cm其损伤直径随射击距离增大而明显增加(P<0.001),呈显著正相关性,70cm～3m弹杯翻转与射入口重合,3m以外弹杯逐渐偏离中心弹道而无实际意义。     

利用弹杯损伤推断霰弹创射击距离一例

制式霰弹是用塑料弹杯盛装错弹丸，弹林底部装火药（多为有机火药），用机械压制而成。其弹林前端似“花瓣”状，多为四个“瓣”，故在创道内或现场提取到塑料弹杯域在射入口创线检见弹杯损伤，可确定该创为制式雷弹枪射击所致。霰弹创鉴定射击距离是法医学检验的一个难题。射入口创缘弹杯损伤的形态特征与射击距离有关，利用弹杯损伤可较准确地推断射击距离c笔者曾遇一例，现报告如下。实例李某，男，3O岁。1996年10月20日被人用制式霰弹杀死，死后15h尸检、死者上衣衣领右侧翻领处见一2．4×1．6cm的缺损；右胸上部有一4．2×2．7cm的横…     

猎枪射击弹壳上击针孔痕迹的变化及成因

1问题的提出猎枪属于民用非自动滑膛枪支,大多数使用12号规格猎枪弹。其射击弹壳击针痕迹位于弹壳底部中心,呈圆形,痕底呈球冠状,多为均匀圆滑,无明显的细节特征。但是在日常的枪弹痕迹检验当中,多会发现其射击弹壳击针孔痕迹中有时会出现圆形或椭圆形的突起状痕迹特征,我们俗称之为击针头的“假特征”(见图1)。这种痕迹特征与猎枪在使用过程中,在击针头产生的凹凸痕迹的细节特征明显不同;即使同一支猎枪所发射,在射击弹壳上击针孔痕迹也会产生变化。有的猎枪弹底会出现上述的痕迹特征,有的不出现(见图2);即使出现了该类痕迹,其痕迹特征亦不…     

利用颅骨枪弹创骨折类型推断射击方向和顺序的实验

建立利用颅骨枪弹创骨折类型推断射击方向和顺序的方法。使用国产五四式7．62mm口径手枪及五六式7．62mm口径半自动步枪,以3m的距离2次射击16具尸体的头颞部及枕部,造成颅脑贯通创,制成颅骨枪弹射入、出口各32例,并根据定位标记进行观察。结果显示：颅骨枪弹创骨折形态可分为带有斜面的孔状骨折,锁孔状骨折,放射状骨折和环状隆起骨折4种类型,其出现多见于低速枪射击,并与射击方向和顺序有直接关系。根据颅骨枪弹创骨折类型可推断射击方向和顺序。     

根据创口射击残留物推断“5.4”式手枪射击距离的研究

目的利用环境控制扫描电镜/能谱仪（SEM/EDX）研究枪弹创射入口周围射击残留物与射击距离的关系,探讨其能否用于射击距离的判断。方法采用＂＂5.4＂＂式手枪分别在5、10、15、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、120cm处射击乳猪皮肤,利用SEM/EDX观察创口周围GSR的分布和成分,并建立回归方程。结果射击距离和GSR颗粒数量之间总体表现为直线关系,并建立了相应的回归方程。当射击距离为10~90cm时,用该方程推断射击距离效果较好。结论检测创口周围GSR可望用于判断“5.4”式手枪的射击距离。     

猎枪射击弹壳上击针孔痕迹的变化及成因

1问题的提出 猎枪属于民用非自动滑膛枪支，大多数使用12号规格猎枪弹。其射击弹壳击针痕迹位于弹壳底部中心，呈圆形，痕底呈球冠状，多为均匀圆滑，无明显的细节特征。但是在日常的枪弹痕迹检验当中，多会发现其射击弹壳击针孔痕迹中有时会出现圆形或椭圆形的突起状痕迹特征，我们俗称之为击针头的“假特征”（见图1）。     

用射人客体深度测算枪支杀伤力

目的　研究涉案枪支的杀伤力鉴定标准。方法　采用直尺测量方法 ,分别测量制式枪弹、送检枪弹射入同一客体的深度及送检枪弹径。将制式枪弹各数据及送检枪弹径代入新公式 (d1/d2 ) 0 75(h1/h3) 0 7=v1m1/ 5 .2 4d2 ,得出送检枪具有最低杀伤力时射入客体深度h3,该深度标准与送检枪弹射入客体深度h2 比较后可判断杀伤力。结果　该方法计算出的h3值为一区间范围 ,若被检枪弹射入客体深度在区间右侧 ,有杀伤力 ,在区间左侧 ,无杀伤力。结论　用射入客体深度进行枪支杀伤力鉴定 ,方法简单、实用 ,有助于探讨建立枪支杀伤力标准。     

回溅现象及其法医学意义

在枪弹损伤中 ,组织从射入口沿与射击方向相反的途径溅出的现象称回溅 (ｂａｃｋｓｐａｔｔｅｒ)。更确切地说 ,是射击者所持的枪支、手及衣着上所粘附被射击者的血液及人体组织 ,如组织器官碎片等的现象。回溅现象是 1982年由ＭａｃＤｏｎｅｌｌ〔1〕提出并命名 ,目前被广泛应用于枪弹损伤案件的犯罪现场重建 (ｒｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｒｉｍｅｓｃｅｎｅ) ,特别是射击距离的推断。1　实验研究及其结果Ｗａｇｎｅｒ(196 3)曾用家兔作射击实验 ,发现血液与组织回溅不明显 ,认为一定的容积是血液与组织回溅的基础。因此 ,小动物不…     

Firing distance estimates with pellet dispersion from shotgun with various chokes: an experimental, comparative study

There are several studies suggesting models for firing distance estimation due to pellet dispersion, but few of them consider the degree of choke of a shotgun. The purpose of this research is to suggest some models for estimation of the firing distance for choked and cylinder bore shotguns. Twelve gauge with full chokes, and 12 and 16 gauge with cylinder bore shotguns were fired with #2 and #5 shots from 75, 100, 300, 500, and 1000 cm distances. Statistically significant pellet dispersion values were found for each shotgun by using #2 and #5 shots for different firing distances. All the data obtained were analyzed with linear regression and four models were constituted. Investigators should use special formulae for each shotgun, degree of choke, and pellet type while determining the firing distance. Therefore, more experimental and comparative studies should be designed for each type.     

Shooting distance estimation for shots fired by a shotgun loaded with buckshot cartridges

The present study was carried out to clarify the problem of shooting distance estimation, by studying shots fired with buckshot ammunition in 12 gauge shotgun.For this purpose, the pattern diameter (PD) and the distances between buckshot (DBB) within the pattern were evaluated.Experimental shots were carried out with three differently choked barrels: full, half and cylinder; Winchester-Western OOB and OB buckshot ammunition were used.The results show that the estimation of shooting distance, based on the present parameters, is scarcely reliable especially when this estimation must be calculated on the basis of only a few wound holes on which measurements are made.     

枪弹创后置物射出口形态学的实验研究

为建立后置物射出口与射入口的检验鉴定方法，使用国产五四式7．62mm口径手枪及五六式7．62mm口径半自动步枪，以5米的距离射击约克夏种白猪18只，同时以木板、水泥板、玻璃及衣服等作为射出口衬垫物，制成后置物射出口56例，并与对照组12例射出口进行对比观察。结果表明，射出口与后置物距离在3cm以内均可出现创缘伸展轮及皮下出血，且与后置物质地及距离成正比。根据其形态分为典型及非典型两类，并建立了此类射出口的检验方法及其与射入口鉴别的依据，有助于法医在实际检验中对射击方向的判断。     

Ballistic characterization of the Remington Premier Copper Solid sabot shotgun slug

We evaluated the impact and penetration characteristics of the Remington Copper Solid sabot shotgun slug with standardized ballistic tests and used this information to predict tissue wounding patterns. This unique ammunition, first distributed in 1993, is composed of a solid copper, hollow-point slug with longitudinal slots cut into the nose. The slug is fitted into a hard plastic sabot with 8 finger-like projections and loaded into a shotgun shell with two plastic wads separating it from the underlying gunpowder charge. The ammunition was fired through a 12-gage shotgun using a rifled barrel, a smooth-bore barrel with rifled choke, and a smooth-bore barrel with a smooth modified choke into targets consisting of poster board and 10% ballistic gelatin at a variety of distances. The copper slug and plastic sabot created single 8-fingered asterisk-shaped defects in the poster board when fired at distances of less than 7 to 9 ft (approximately 2 to 3 m). All three barrel types performed similarly. At greater distances, the sabot impacted the targets separately from the slugs and created variably shaped defects that reflected base-first, nose-first, and side-first impacts. Increasing muzzle-to-target distances generally increased the impact distances between the slug and sabot. There was no predictable relationship between the sabot and slug impact points for any of the three barrel types. With each barrel tested, the wads created separate defects from the slug at distances greater than 5 ft (1.5 m). The distances between the slug and the wad impact points increased with increasing muzzle-to-target distances up to 40 ft (12 m), after which the wads generally no longer struck the targets. The slug created atypical defects at distances between 7 and 150 ft (approximately 2 to 45 m), probably due to yawing or tumbling. When the slug impacted the gelatin block in a nose-first orientation, the slotted nose portion tended to fragment and radially deposit pieces in the gelatin that were visible on radiographs. When the slug struck the gelatin target in a side-first orientation, it passed through the gelatin intact. The slug, sabot, and wads of this unique projectile separate and create independent impact points in a stereotypical manner independent of barrel type. This pattern of separation allows estimates to be made of ranges of fire. Wounds created in human tissues by this ammunition would likely have similar asterisk-shaped configurations, and nose fragments may be deposited in tissues and seen radiographically. Rectangular wounds created by the tumbling or yawing slug might be mistaken for intermediate target wounds.     

Shot range estimation based on pellet distribution in shots with a pump-action shotgun

In the present study, shots from different ranges were fired using a non-choked pump-action shotgun (Hugsan) of calibre 12 with a bore length of 52cm and pellets of various sizes. The aim of the study is range estimation from the distribution of pellets.Using pellets of 2, 3.5, 5 and 8mm size, 5 shots were fired from: 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25ms. The maximum distance between the pellets in vertical and horizontal direction was measured. Statistical evaluation of the data revealed a highly significant correlation for each pellet type; the constant values a and b were calculated to be used in the linear regression equation y=a+bx.As a conclusion, the linear regression equation as well as table data may allow range determination within acceptable ranges of error for the same barrel length and diameter for the same cartridge type. Under identical conditions they may also provide information for pellets of comparable size.     

Maximum range of pellets fired from a shotgun

A mathematical model to determine the maximum range of pellets fired from a shotgun has been suggested. It has been assumed that the air resistance experienced by a pellet is proportional to the square of its velocity (?μV²) where $\text{μ =}\text{A}\text{C}$ with

$\text{C=0.061}\text{86}\text{N}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}$

and

$\text{A=}\text{1}\text{[17 696+2N+10 000(0.2?d)]}$

N is the number of pellets/ounce and d is the diameter of the pellets in inches. A method for calculating the maximum range has been suggested, and the values obtained for Buck 00, size 8 and size 9 American pellets are very close to the reported experimental observations. The maximum ranges for other sizes of pellets have also been calculated. The angle of projection decreases with increase in velocity and increases with increase in the weight of the pellet. It varies between 26° to 32° for common sizes of pellets and standard shotgun velocity. The maximum range in air is only 1 – 3% of the range attained by a pellet in vacuum.     

Firing distance estimation through the analysis of the gunshot residue deposit pattern around the bullet entrance hole by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: an experimental study

The use of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the study of gunshot residues (GSR) is relatively recent, and only a few studies have been published on the subject. In the present paper, this instrumental technique has been used to study the deposit pattern of the GSR around the bullet entrance hole, through the analysis of antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), and lead (Pb). The data obtained were used to establish a mathematical model for estimating the firing distance. Test shots using a 6.35-mm pistol were made against a target of cotton tissue, and the amounts of Sb, Ba, and Pb deposited in quadrangular pieces of the target, cut from 4 radial positions, were determined by ICP-MS. In these experimental conditions, it was possible to estimate the firing distance on the interval [20-80] cm. The best linear correlation between ln m and d, where m is the mass of Sb, Ba, or Pb in the samples, expressed in mug/g of target tissue, and d the firing distance, was obtained at radial distances between 3.5 cm and 4.5 cm from the entrance hole. The best regression curve which adjusted to the data was a linear multiple regression between the firing distance and the logarithm of the mass of each element: d = a + b(1)X(1) + b(2)X(2) + b(3)X(3), where X(1) = ln m (Sb), X(2) = ln m(Ba) and X(3) = ln m (Pb). The accuracy of firing distance estimation using only 1 or 2 elements was not significantly different from the one obtained with the 3 elements.     

用乙醇和正丁醇判断豚鼠溺死时间的实验探索

本文以豚鼠为实验动物，溺死后浸泡于水温为２０℃的水缸小。运用气相色谱法测定其溺死后不同浸泡时间在心、肺、肝小＃在的乙醇和正了醇含量。实验结果表明在溺死后８天内，样本中乙醇和正了醇量随浸泡时间的延长而增加，且呈高度的直线相关。其血、肺、矸中乙醇量与溺死时间的回归方程依次为ｙ１＝－１６．８２＋１２．９５Ｘ，ｙ２＝－５８．５３＋１９．２３Ｘ，ｙ３＝－３１．９１＋４７．２９Ｘ。血、肺、肝小正丁醇量与溺死时间的回归方程依次为ｙ４＝－１０．１３＋５．８６ｘ，ｙ５＝－２９．４５＋１６．１７ｘ，ｙ６＝３．７５＋１４．３１ｘ。综合分析溺死后血、肺、肝小乙醇和正丁醇，有可能作为判断溺死时间的新指标。     

Distribution of GSR particles in the surroundings of shooting pistol

Several series of experiments were performed to study the distribution of GSR particles in seven directions in the surroundings of shooting firearm (pistol CZ 85 caliber 9 mm Luger). External and internal conditions and two different primer types were used for the shooting experiments. The results showed that maximum number of GSR particles could be found in the right front quadrant at a distance of 2–4 m with respect to the shooting firearm position and shooting direction. GSR particles were even found in distance 10 m from shooting firearm. A significant influence of climatic conditions on GSR distribution was confirmed.