宽恕心理学：理论蕴涵与发展前瞻

从理论研究的角度来看，宽恕是一个动机结构；从社会实证角度讲，宽恕还是一种亲社会行为。影响人际宽恕的重要变量主要包括：属于认知和情绪过程的因素，属于人际关系质量方面的因素，属于情境方面的因素。这些因素是我们把宽恕应用于各项临床实践的重要前提。宽恕对于改善由于冒犯而造成的人际关系损害具有明显的积极影响作用。宽恕从动力机制上讲可以防止进一步寻求复仇和促进亲社会化改变。许多社会心理因素对于宽恕都具有正面的影响和决定作用。     

A Vigilante Model of Justice: Revenge,Reconciliation, Forgiveness,and Avoidance

Once a working relationship is damaged through an act of injustice, how do the victim and offender repair their relationship? What causes the victim to let go of the anger and resentment and then reconcile with the offender? We propose a theory that the likelihood of forgiveness and reconciliation is greatly enhanced, and revenge and avoidance greatly decreased, if justice is first served. That is, forgiveness follows justice; without justice, forgiveness is much less likely. Justice may be served one of three ways: (1) by the victim evening the score; (2) by the organization punishing the offender; or (3) by the offender repenting. We recommend that managers establish a procedurally just climate so that victims of offense seek distributive justice through formal channels rather than seeking it themselves through revenge.     

B. F. Skinner's utopian vision: behind and beyond walden two

This paper addresses B. F. Skinner's utopian vision for enhancing social justice and human well‐being as it was introduced in his 1948 novel, Walden Two. In the first part, we address the historical, intellectual, and social context that situates the book in the utopian genre, the critiques of its premises and practices, and the fate of intentional communities patterned on the book. In the second part, we review practices in Skinner's book that advance social justice and human well‐being under the themes of health, wealth, and wisdom, and then focus on contemporary practices that are the legacy of his vision. His vision was neither the a priori truth of a particular premise about human behavior or a necessary practice (blueprint) for an intentional community but rather the use of empirical methods to discover premises and practices that work to advance the health, wealth, and wisdom of individuals and survival of the culture.     

Time,Term Limits,and Turnover: Trends in Membership Stability in U.S. State Legislatures

Increases in legislative professionalization along with the implementation of term limits in about one‐third of the American states raise significant questions about the path of state house and senate turnover. We first update turnover figures for all states, by chamber, from the mid‐1980s through 2002. We then compare turnover rates in states with and without term limits. We find that turnover rates, overall, continued to decline through the 1980s but that the long downward trend abated in the 1990s as a result of term limits. The effects of term limits vary depending on the length of the term limit and the opportunity structure in the state. There is also a strong relationship between the presence of term limits and interchamber movement. In addition to term limits, professionalization levels, redistricting, the presence of multi‐member districts, and partisan swings explain differences in turnover rates between states.     

Getting Caught and Getting Hitched: An Assessment of the Relationship Between Police Intervention,Life Chances,and Romantic Unions

Little research has assessed the link between formal police intervention, financial hardship, and the formation and quality of romantic relationships. Using data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, we contribute to this literature by examining effects of police intervention at two time points on marriage stability and romantic relationship quality. We find that police intervention during adolescence is associated with increases in financial hardship during young adulthood, which, in turn, decreases the odds of entering into a stable marriage by age 31 and the extent to which those who have a romantic relationship feel their partner is supportive. Early police intervention also is indirectly associated with a reduction in partner satisfaction and an increase in partner violence via young adult arrest. We conclude that even minimally invasive contact with the criminal justice system during adolescence has long-lasting collateral consequences in the family arena.     

Book Review: Divorced From Reality: Rethinking Family Dispute Resolution by Jane C. Murphy and Jana B. Singer

This essay summarizes key points from the book and observes the very different players and processes involved when families in poverty enter the family court system.     

The Unlying God: Law Inspired and Inspiring in Plato's Ion and St. Paul's Letter to Titus

Law requires more than belief; law requires trust. The words of justice, or rather, just words are no less soif we believe in them or not. But the words of justiceare indeed dead, or rather, lead to death, if we trustthe exigencies of our selves and our times more than thelaw, if we fail to find ever-unfolding inspirationtogether in the language of law. St. Paul, therefore,does not attempt to solve the liar paradox that everyhuman being confronts in any attempt to speak truthfully,i.e., with meaning as an individual; rather, he willingly accepts the absurdity of the knowledge oftruth by looking, as Plato also did, toward ``the unlyingGod', not in the stasis of belief, but in the movementof trust, a communal covenant of those who are chosen,that is, those who chose each other.