共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
A question that emerges from recent research on the relationship between economic conditions and street crimes committed for
monetary gain concerns the effect of changing economic conditions on violent crime. I propose that the economy stimulates
violent crime indirectly through its effect on acquisitive crime. This hypothesis is evaluated in fixed-effects panel models
of change in acquisitive crime and homicide rates between 1970 and 2006. The analysis indicates that collective perceptions
of economic conditions have a significant effect on an index of acquisitive crime and an indirect effect, through acquisitive
crime, on homicide. Consistent with this result, the effect of collective economic perceptions is stronger for felony than
argument-related homicides. A promising focus for future research is the role of underground markets in the production of
both property and violent crime.
相似文献
2.
The problem of corporate crime rates has been the subject of debate, speculation and operationalization for decades, largely
stemming from the complexity of measuring this type of crime. Examining corporate environmental crime poses challenges and creates opportunities for advancing the discussion of corporate crime rates, but criminologists
are less familiar with environmental data. In the current paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmental
data that can be used to construct the components of an environmental crime rate. We also present a corporate environmental
crime rate derived from data on violations of the Clean Water Act and describe problems with using it in real world data.
Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
相似文献
3.
This study considers the degree to which the crime rates of US cities follow a uniform national trend. A nationwide trend
has consequences for theories that explain aggregate changes in crime, but how closely subnational units hold to a common
time path has received almost no research attention. Using annual panel data, the current study presents analyses that attempt
to measure the correspondence between city-level and national-level crime rates. The results of each analysis are consistent
with a clear single pattern that operates across the nation’s major urban areas. This supports the idea that a meaningful
national trend exists, and it suggests the desirability of continuing efforts to explain it.
相似文献
4.
Offender profiling postulates that crime scene behavior should predict certain offender characteristics. The aim of this study
is to investigate the relationship between offender characteristics, situational factors, and body disposal patterns. Sequential
logistic regression analysis on a sample of 85 sexual murderers shows that those who were in a relationship at the time of
the crime and who present organized psychological characteristics are more likely to move the victim’s body after the homicide.
However, when the victim is older and a conflict with the offender occurred prior to the crime, the body is more likely to
be left at the crime scene. Implications for offender profiling are discussed in light of the results.
相似文献
5.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
相似文献
6.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
相似文献
7.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
相似文献
8.
The National Research Council’s report on evaluating anticrime programs contains sensible suggestions for improving evaluation
research in criminal justice but neglects the important role of substantive theory in linking evaluations of anticrime initiatives
to variation in crime rates across time and place. A working knowledge of crime rates is essential for designing and evaluating
anticrime programs. This essay calls for the development of a policy evaluation infrastructure that would support the continuous
monitoring of crime rates, generate knowledge of crime-producing conditions, and link evaluation research findings to one
another and to expected policy outcomes, notably crime reduction.
相似文献
9.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
相似文献
10.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
相似文献
11.
Incarceration rates in many countries (the US and Australia among them) have risen spectacularly over the last twenty years
and are only partially explicable by increases in crime rates. Moreover, in some countries where crime rates have shown a
comparable time-path, incarceration rates have not shown the same spectacular increase. The aim of this paper is to explore
the politics of punishment. The claim is that the US and Australian experiences are best understood in terms of political
considerations; and that this fact lends some support to the “expressive” as distinct from the “interest” approach to electoral
behaviour.
相似文献
12.
Recent research has demonstrated that burglary clusters in space and time, resulting in temporal changes in crime hotspot
patterns. Offender foraging behavior would yield the observed pattern. The offender as forager hypothesis is tested by analyzing
patterns in two types of acquisitive crime, burglary and theft from motor vehicle (TFMV). Using a technique developed to detect
disease contagion confirms that both crime types cluster in space and time as predicted, but that the space–time clustering
of burglary is generally independent of that for TFMV. Police detections indicate that crimes of the same type occurring closest
to each other in space and time are those most likely to be cleared to the same offender(s), as predicted. The implications
of the findings for crime forecasting and crime linkage are discussed.
相似文献
13.
We demonstrate that fixed- and random-effects models for pooled cross-sectional and time series data, and latent growth curve
models for panel data are special cases of a more general model. We compare the estimates obtained from each type of model
for a data set consisting of homicide rates and a vector of explanatory variables for 400 US counties over a 15-year period.
Most, but not all, estimates are similar in the two models. We identify circumstances under which one approach may be advantageous
to the other.
相似文献
14.
The current study examines spatial dependence in robbery rates for a sample of 1,056 cities with 25,000 or more residents
over the 2000–2003 period. Although commonly considered in some macro-level research, spatial processes have not been examined
in relation to city-level variation in robbery. The results of our regression analyses suggest that city robbery rates are
not spatially independent. We find that spatial dependence is better accounted for by spatial error models than by spatial
lag models. Further exploration of various spatial weights matrices indicates that robbery rates of cities within the same
state are related to robbery rates of other cities within the same state, regardless of their proximity. Our analyses illustrate
how systematic inquiry into spatial processes can alert researchers to important omitted variable biases and identify intriguing
problems for future research.
相似文献
15.
This paper discusses issues related to measuring organized crime as they have become manifest in the Dutch contribution to
the EU Organised Crime Threat Assessment (OCTA). It intends to convey to a wider academic community certain issues of definition,
methodology and accountability, understanding the NTA process in terms of the communication of risks in a context of competitive
defining institutions.
相似文献
16.
The current research tests three conceptual models designed to explain citizens’ fear of crime—vulnerability, disorder, and
social integration. These models are assessed for differential impact across the cognitive and affective dimensions of fear
of crime. The analysis reported here considers the consecutive and simultaneous influence of individual- and city-level factors
using multilevel modeling techniques. Recently collected survey data for 2,599 citizens nested within 21 cities across Washington
State provide the empirical evidence for the analysis. Results indicate that the disorder model is best able to explain variation
in both the cognitive and affective dimensions of citizens’ fear of crime across cities. The vulnerability and social integration
models explain significantly less variation. Further, the vulnerability model lacks directional consistency across the observed
dimensions of fear. Societal implications of the research findings are discussed.
相似文献
17.
Crime serves as an important catalyst for change in the socio-economic composition of communities. While such change occurs over a long period of time, crime is capitalized into local housing markets quickly and thus provides an early indicator of neighborhood transition. Using hedonic regression, we quantify this “intangible cost” of crime and extend the crime-housing price literature in several important ways. First, we disaggregate crime to the census tract level. Second, using longitudinal data, we examine changes in crime in addition to the neighborhood levels of crime. Third, we differentiate between the effects of property crime and violent crime. Fourth, we also disaggregate our sample into groups based on per capita income of the census tract. Finally, we show that it is vital to account for the measurement error that is endemic in reported crime statistics. We address this with an instrumental variable approach. Our results indicate that the average impacts of crime rates on house prices are misleading. We find that crime is capitalized at different rates for poor, middle class and wealthy neighborhoods and that violent crime imparts the greatest cost. 相似文献
18.
A substantial body of empirical research examines how the huge expansion in incarceration in the United States since the early
1970s has influenced crime. These studies merge the effects of three conceptually distinct paths by which incarceration might
reduce crime: general deterrence, specific deterrence and incapacitation. This issue of the Journal focuses specifically on
the incapacitation path. This Introduction reviews the individual papers and offers the editors’ judgment as to the plausibility
of progress using different research strategies. It emphasizes the potential for using individual level data to take advantage
of natural experiments.
相似文献
19.
In this paper, data from the NCS and NCVS are developed for the purpose of describing long-term trends in male and female
violent victimization for the period 1973–2004. More specifically, gender-specific trends in violence are compared according
to crime type and victim–offender relationship. Despite their potential usefulness, these data have not been published previously.
The data reveal that the gender gap in robbery victimization has remained relatively stable while the gender gaps in aggravated
and simple assault victimization have narrowed over time. Results varied when the data were disaggregated by victim–offender
relationship. Male and female rates of nonstranger simple assault and nonstranger robbery were roughly equivalent throughout
the period, and the greater risk for male nonstranger aggravated assault that was evident three decades ago has largely disappeared.
The gender gap persists in stranger assault, but has narrowed somewhat because male rates of victimization have declined more
than female rates. In addition, male and female trends and the gender gap in nonlethal intimate partner violence differ from
the patterns established in intimate partner homicide studies. The paper concludes with a discussion of research that is needed
to understand why the gender gap in violent victimization has changed for some types of violence but not others, and how greater
attention to gender will improve efforts to understand crime trends.
相似文献
20.
This paper focuses on shifts in the age distribution of homicide offending in the United States. This distribution remained
remarkably stable with small but significant changes over a long period of time. Then between 1985 and 1990 the rates of homicide
offending doubled for 15-to-19 year olds and increased nearly 40% for 20-to-24 year olds, while the homicide offending rates
decreased for those over 30. In addition to this “epidemic of youth homicide,” which lasted through the mid-1990s, there have
been systematic changes in the age distribution of homicide in the United States associated with cohort replacement over the
past 40 years. We introduce an estimable function approach for estimating the effects of age, period, and cohort. The method
allows us to assess simultaneously the impacts of periods and cohorts on the age distribution of homicide offending. We find
that although the age curve remains relatively stable, there are shifts in it associated systematically with cohort replacement.
Cohort replacement accounts for nearly half of the upturn in youth homicides during the epidemic of youth homicides, but a
significant fraction of that upturn is not associated with cohort replacement.
相似文献
|