"印太"概念下东亚地缘政治结构的转变及中国的战略选择

"印太"概念下的地理范围指向及其区域建构方面都存在着不确定性,还需要进一步的成熟和塑造.但是,美国等一些国家的"印太战略"选择已然对东亚地缘政治格局产生了重大影响,在"印太"概念下,更凸显了美国的主导性,以及中美竞争下的多国博弈态势,原有的东亚地缘政治结构的独立性减弱,而突出了大国竞争中的海洋元素.在这种转变下,中国面临着新的地缘政治挑战,中国周边的战略压力将增大,美日印澳四国机制将给地区带来新的安全对抗格局并影响中国的战略选择,同时将增加中国"一带一路"的推进难度.在这些挑战面前,中国仍然要致力于中美关系的对话与缓和,致力于建设稳定的周边关系,致力于中国海洋强国建设.在新的"印太"区域,中国仍然要发挥出大国的影响力,积极参与塑造和平与发展的地区新格局.     

从“马拉巴尔”军演看大国印太战略互动新态势

2017年7月,印美日三国在孟加拉湾举行了第21次"马拉巴尔"联合海军演习。"马拉巴尔"联合军演从小到大、从双边到多边,折射出印太地缘战略格局演变和大国战略竞争互动的新态势。印美日三国拉帮结伙搞"小圈子",加剧大国地缘战略竞争,不仅将对未来10-20年印太地缘战略格局产生重大影响,也给中国推进海洋强国战略带来复杂因素。中国应积极倡导共同、综合、合作、可持续安全观,推动印太海上安全合作,塑造地区海上安全新秩序,努力走建设中国特色海洋强国之路。     

印度对中美竞争的认知与应对

印度认为中美紧张关系会持续并对多极世界格局构建产生影响,对其自身既是挑战更是机遇。印方据此出台一系列应对措施,包括通过"议题联盟""不对称通融"等方式深耕美国,应对中国崛起;重塑与邻国发展伙伴关系和宣扬"印度方式",削弱"一带一路"向心力;加强与美在印度洋合作和"印太"塑造,防止中国主导该地区;宣称维护全球自由贸易体系,但效仿美国对中国实行贸易保护主义。与地缘战略上的积极应对相比,印度对中美竞争引发全球经济动荡和利益重组的准备不足、应对有限。未来,印度"深耕美国、应对中国"的战略不会根本改变,但大国关系变动、新技术较量、印度国内经济改革前景不明等因素使印度应对中美竞争长期影响存在变数。中国在警惕印美地缘战略互动的同时,应着眼大局,妥善管控分歧,并利用印度在经济、技术上的政策不确定性争取合作。     

美国积极塑造“印太”战略格局及其地缘影响CSSCI

"印太"从地理概念转型为新的政治与战略构想,既是地缘政治变化的反应,又凸现了美国利用其继续维护全球领导地位和遏制中国的战略意图。美国积极塑造"印-太"战略格局,极力拉拢其盟国,并主动发展新的伙伴国家,对中国产生了地缘战略制衡态势,从而使中国的崛起面临着更为复杂的地缘环境,中国必须高度关注并提出应对之策。     

美国积极塑造“印太”战略格局及其地缘影响

"印太"从地理概念转型为新的政治与战略构想,既是地缘政治变化的反应,又凸现了美国利用其继续维护全球领导地位和遏制中国的战略意图。美国积极塑造"印-太"战略格局,极力拉拢其盟国,并主动发展新的伙伴国家,对中国产生了地缘战略制衡态势,从而使中国的崛起面临着更为复杂的地缘环境,中国必须高度关注并提出应对之策。     

“印太战略”:以美印日澳的战略逻辑、利益与策略选择为分析视角

"印太战略"是美国均势+有限遏制+规制+话语诋毁的混合型战略。它意在前沿、中间地带与后方的三层构建不对称的对华遏制性力量,突破中美双边、单区域战略竞争的狭窄战略空间;在多地域与多维度孤立中国,拉拢更多国家在产业价值链、数字经济等层面与中国切割;制订基础建设投资透明化的新标准,嵌入有利于美国利益的规制;通过国际法、舆论等软性手段抹黑中国的"一带一路"与海权发展。虽然共同逻辑都是制衡中国崛起,但日澳印在策略上强调非对抗性。其中避免成为中国优先反制是日本重要的策略目标;印度在拉达克边界冲突后尚没有形成一个完全倒向美国的战略,因为这必定使其背上沉重的战略包袱,成为美国的附庸;澳大利亚作为地缘政治影响有限的中等国家,在美国反华行动中冲在最前列已使其利益严重受损。而"印太战略"与东盟所推动的包容性、合作安全理念也有着本质的区别,东盟要在"印太地区"发挥中心领导作用,定位"印太"为对话与合作区域。所以由于东盟的抵制、印日澳的消极政策,这个战略形成的攻势将很难保持可持续性,其长期前景并不看好。     

“东向政策”遭遇“重返亚太”:美印在亚太地区的安全互动

美国的"重返亚太"政策和印度的"东向政策"现阶段以协调为主。美方援引印度势力为其所用,高度肯定印度的积极角色,积极鼓励印度在亚太地区发挥更大作用,主动开展各种形式的美印防务合作,推动建设中的东亚多边机制包容印度,鼓励印度在缅甸、斯里兰卡等地区热点问题上发挥作用。这种互动的地缘政治影响极为深远,将促使印度更大胆地东进亚太并更积极地参与东亚区域化进程。但美印分歧仍极为突出,印度极力维护其战略自主性,双方在地区战略重心上存在明显分歧,从而决定了两国战略难以合流。     

美国亚太权力的未来预测:卡普兰的中国观及亚洲认识

罗伯特D.卡普兰是美国顶尖的"鹰派"战略学者,他的研究以地缘政治的基础,详尽分析了中国的地缘环境与美国的亚太地缘战略。从卡普兰的观点来看,他代表了美国大部分政治家与地缘学者对亚太地区的战略考量。对中国而言,美国的亚太战略既是我们不得不面对的地缘政治挑战,也为重新认识我国的地缘环境与制定有效的地缘战略提供了重要参考。当前,中美之间的利益博弈依旧十分复杂,这客观上决定了两国关系仍存在诸多变数,这需要我们对中美关系有新思维与新认识。     

印太视域下美国-马尔代夫关系新变化

马尔代夫在印度洋及印太地区占据重要的战略位置。美国试图通过干预马尔代夫国内政治走向、加大经济援助、增强军事存在和扩大人文社会交流等手段,将其纳入到"印太战略"的整体规划中。美国对马尔代夫政策的调整明显出于地缘政治考量,旨在对冲中国在该国的政治、经济影响力,进而削弱中国在中印度洋的影响力。具体表现为:以马尔代夫为筹码,刺激和推动印度进一步与美国协调;制造地缘紧张局势,谋求扩大军事存在,进而强化美国在印度洋的主导优势。萨利赫政府迎合美国并试图"联美制华",有悖于马尔代夫的长远利益及"中立和不结盟"的外交传统。但未来美马进一步走近将受多重因素制约,马尔代夫的政策选择仍有不确定性;美印在对马政策上的协调与合作可能有所发展,但根本分歧不会消除。     

地缘战略利益视角下的韩印关系及其影响

本文从地缘战略视角详细论述了冷战结束后韩、印两国在政治、安全和经济领域合作进程。印度"东向"战略与韩国的"新亚洲外交"战略逐步融合,极大地提升了印度在东亚地区的地位与影响力,在一定程度上弱化了中国在东亚地区的政治与经济影响力,客观上起到了对中国在南亚影响力提升的一种反制作用。     

Terrorism,counter-terrorism,and critique: opportunities,examples, and implications

This article explores the parameters, value and limitations of different critical strategies for those dissatisfied with the contemporary politics of terror. It argues, first, that the prominent (counter-)terrorism paradigm – in which terrorism is approached as a ubiquitous and very specific security challenge meriting appropriately exceptional responses – is far more critiqued than we might anticipate. And, second, that such critiques – which can be found across political language, popular culture, everyday life, and beyond – employ distinct critical resources to serve varying ends. Reflecting on these, the article offers a new heuristic distinguishing five critical strategies which seek to: (i) repudiate; (ii) question; (iii) subvert; (iv) replace, or (v) deconstruct the prominent counter-terrorism paradigm. This typology, it argues, offers scope for optimism and strategic resources for those attracted to a critical terrorism studies project going forward.     

Population, Prophets, Pensions, and Politics

As immigrant populations in Western welfare states grow at a faster rate than the native populations, whose birthrates have declined dramatically in recent years, Europe's tradition of democracy and tolerance is threatened. The reasons for the birthrate decline and the resultant aging of the native population are many and complex, but one important contributing factor is the pay-as-you-go pension system, which reduces people's immediate dependence on children. Moreover, the payroll and social security taxes that support the welfare state reduce the earnings capacity of men and women of the traditional age for having children, thus pushing down the birthrate. It is time to consider whether modern Europe's small-size families and high pensions are sustainable     

Indigeneity,Ethnicity, and the State: Australia,Fiji, and New Zealand

This article draws on the politics of indigeneity to distinguish the claims of first occupancy from simple ethnic identity politics, illustrating that relative political marginalization in Australasia is not so much a function of minority status but of indigeneity itself. The politics of indigeneity's aim is to create political space for self-determination and a particular indigenous share in the sovereign authority of the nation-state itself. The Australasian states are compared with Fiji to demonstrate that the significance of historical constraints on political authority transcend the withdrawal of a colonial power and the restoration of collective indigenous majority population status.     

Pakistan,India, China,and the United States: Energy,Climate Change,and National Security

This article focuses on the interplay of energy, climate change, and national security issues in Southwest Asia, using the newer definition of “national security” to include energy security, economic development, and climate change, as well as traditional security focusing on the military aspects.     

Culture,liberation, and 'development'

Most of the socio-economic changes taking place in Africa and much of the South are externally driven. External agencies, often in league with the State, by-pass working people and do not involve them in the decision-making processes. Their economic approaches ignore people's cultures and their world view. This denies working people a creative capacity to adapt new techniques and knowledge to their own concrete reality. This article argues for the importance of the historical frame of reference and for the centrality of culture in socio-economic processes. The author argues against approaches which are not culturally familiar to working people.     

The roles of,and relationships between,expatriates, volunteers,and local development workers

This article reports on exploratory research based on interviews with expatriate and local aid workers employed by local and international NGOs in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Thematic analysis of the interviews found that personnel were placed in groups based on their job category – consultant, volunteer, or permanent staff – regardless of experience. These categories logically reflect each worker's pay level, purpose, and role, but they may also have an implicit power meaning which reinforces group differences and inhibits inter-group relationships. Relationship building was reported to be the most important factor contributing to the success of capacity-development initiatives. Four sub-themes were identified: communication, friendship, reciprocal learning/teaching, and confidence.     

Negotiation,politics, and management

Book reviews in this article:
Samuel B. Bacharach and Edward J. Lawler , Power and Politics in Organizations: The Social Psychology of Conflict, Coalitions, and Bargaining .
Max H. Bazerman and Roy J. Lewicki , eds., Negotiating in Organizations .
Jeffrey Pfeffer , Power in Organizations .     

Privatisation,multinationals, and corruption

Recent initiatives from the OECD, the World Bank, and others on the subject of corruption have received widespread attention. However, the author argues that the incidence of corruption is closely connected with contracting-out, concessions, and privatisation, where multinationals based in OECD countries stand to gain profitable business. The encouragement of privatisation by the World Bank, and the economic benefit to OECD multinationals from this business, mean that action against corruption needs to involve effective sanctions by developing countries against multinationals which engage in corrupt practices; greater political transparency to remove the secrecy under which corruption flourishes; and resistance to the uncritical extension of privatisation. This article looks at empirical evidence on this subject.