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1.
Offender profiling postulates that crime scene behavior should predict certain offender characteristics. The aim of this study
is to investigate the relationship between offender characteristics, situational factors, and body disposal patterns. Sequential
logistic regression analysis on a sample of 85 sexual murderers shows that those who were in a relationship at the time of
the crime and who present organized psychological characteristics are more likely to move the victim’s body after the homicide.
However, when the victim is older and a conflict with the offender occurred prior to the crime, the body is more likely to
be left at the crime scene. Implications for offender profiling are discussed in light of the results.
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2.
The problem of corporate crime rates has been the subject of debate, speculation and operationalization for decades, largely
stemming from the complexity of measuring this type of crime. Examining corporate environmental crime poses challenges and creates opportunities for advancing the discussion of corporate crime rates, but criminologists
are less familiar with environmental data. In the current paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmental
data that can be used to construct the components of an environmental crime rate. We also present a corporate environmental
crime rate derived from data on violations of the Clean Water Act and describe problems with using it in real world data.
Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
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3.
This article concentrates on Finnish professional criminals and their organisations in Finland and in cross-border crime operations.
It is based on qualitative empirical material. It focus on 14 different Finnish groups active in the 1990s in smuggling (alcohol,
tobacco and drugs), and/or procuring prostitutes, and/or handling stolen goods. The objective of the study was twofold: 1)
to gather collective information about the world of the Finnish professional criminals by studying the personal characteristics
of the group members, the crimes they commit, and the structures of the criminal groups, 2) to compare differences and similarities
of professional criminals and organised crime groups in Finland and abroad. The study clearly shows, that Finnish professional
criminal groups are loosely structured networks that based on trade relations between the participants. The operational time
of the groups is short and laundering of profits is not planned beforehand. The comparison of studied groups and internationally
well known organised crime groups shows, that the Finns are a long way behind in all matters related on organised crime and
its criminality. Finnish groups are loosely structured networks working on ad hog basis, at the moment and a certain time.
International groups are monopolistic business enterprises that corrupt and threats state authorities and surrounding society
to leave them in peace, promote its own business matters and reputation of top men.
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4.
Open interviews and unplanned conversations with criminals are an important part of ethnographic research in criminology.
This paper presents an analysis of conversations with members of Russian criminal groups. An attempt is made to explore the
value of these informal interviews, the danger of informal contacts with criminals, and the reliability of the information
received.
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5.
This article shows how easy and valuable is to interview offenders, when the information of crime or criminals life is needed.
There is no need to use just authorities information that is often very one sided and focused on solving single crime or personality
behind the committed crime. During this study I interviewed 15 persons and one group of 6 persons. The 21 interviewees represented
14 different groups active in the 1990s in Finland and cross-border criminality. The interviewed persons were selected for
equal representation of four different criminal backgrounds. The types of crimes that Finns typically commit across borders
(from abroad to Finland) include: (1) different kinds of smuggling (spirits, tobacco and drugs), (2) trafficking in prostitutes
and organising their work (procuring) in the country. From Finland to foreign countries, Finnish criminals primarily, (3)
handle stolen goods (fencing), (4) money laundering. The persons selected to be interviewed were still committing or had recently
committed these types of crimes. There are only a few empirical studies made on professional criminals. It is amazing how
similar the findings of these are, even though the three studies—British, American and the present—reflect different social
conditions and different decades. On occasion it feels that the place and time of study are irrelevant, as if you are reading
and analysing just one study. From the research point of view it is interesting how such similar findings are possible. None
of the 14 groups that I studied were able to fulfil the 14 variables of organised crime, that I required for a group to be
classified as an organised crime group.
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6.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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7.
While there is a growing trend to look at criminal justice issues from an international perspective, there has been little literature examining differences in views of crime, criminals, punishment, and treatment between the citizens of the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America. Using data from 524 students at a large university in China and 484 students from a large public university in the USA this study found that, while US respondents were more likely to agree that crime was high in their country, Chinese respondents were more likely to feel that crime was the most serious social problem facing their society. Chinese respondents were more supportive of the death penalty for serious crimes but also were more supportive of rehabilitation of offenders in general. In addition, the study found similarities between students from the two countries in their views. The reasons behind the differences and similarities were explored. 相似文献
8.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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9.
Recent research has demonstrated that burglary clusters in space and time, resulting in temporal changes in crime hotspot
patterns. Offender foraging behavior would yield the observed pattern. The offender as forager hypothesis is tested by analyzing
patterns in two types of acquisitive crime, burglary and theft from motor vehicle (TFMV). Using a technique developed to detect
disease contagion confirms that both crime types cluster in space and time as predicted, but that the space–time clustering
of burglary is generally independent of that for TFMV. Police detections indicate that crimes of the same type occurring closest
to each other in space and time are those most likely to be cleared to the same offender(s), as predicted. The implications
of the findings for crime forecasting and crime linkage are discussed.
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10.
Advances in information and communication technologies (ICT) have had, and will continue to have, wide-ranging influences
on how the banking and finance industry operates. Making payments and transmitting money electronically or online are increasingly
popular. An increased dependence on global electronic payment systems and the ability to move large amounts of money expeditiously
across different jurisdiction, however, expose both payment processing companies and consumers to an evolving spectrum of
threats such as fraud and money laundering. This article considers ways in which prepaid cards can be exploited by organised
criminals and terrorists to launder their illicit proceeds of crime, and to transfer money anonymously and instantaneously
over the globe for use by terrorist organisations. Risks identified in this article include recruiting card mules (e.g. international
students) to purchase prepaid cards, and the mailing or shipping of prepaid cards out of the country without regulators being
aware. To minimise risks of abuse by organised criminals and terrorists, legislation will need to adapt to deal with threats
that organised criminals and terrorists seek to exploit. Future directions for research in relation to prepaid cards are also
identified.
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11.
After the fall of communism in the Soviet Union, newspapers, films, academic researchers and intelligence agencies warned
against a new phenomenon in organized crime: the “Russian mafiya.” In fact, since the fall of the Berlin Wall, Western European
countries have noted an increase in the number of criminals from Central and Eastern Europe. In the mid-1990s, the Dutch judicial
authorities made the issue a priority and established a special team to investigate crime with links to Eastern Europe. From
1999 to 2005, the KT NON crime team published several studies and reports on serious crime of this nature. In this paper,
the authors, who were assigned to the KT NON crime team, discuss the findings of the two most recent publications on the “causes,
nature, scale and threat of Central and Eastern European crime” and “mobile banditry,” respectively. They come to the conclusion
that among other forms of crime, the phenomenon of mobile banditry seems to be the most serious manifestation of crime from
post-communist countries. The Russian mafia was not found.
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12.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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13.
The goal of this paper is to reflect on the pertinent issues surrounding the effective management of behavioral investigative
advice, by making explicit the experiences, developments, learning and achievements of such endeavors from a UK perspective.
Specifically, the issues of national regulation of professional and ethical standards, working conditions for behavioral investigative
advisers, audit and evaluation, strategic development, and learning and development of profiling skills are explored. Some
broad observations regarding evaluation of the UK approach are discussed and consideration is given to the future challenges
facing the field of behavioral investigative advice provision to major crime investigations.
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14.
This article considers how information and communications technologies (ICT) can be used by organised crime groups to infringe
legal and regulatory controls. Three categories of groups are identified: traditional organised criminal groups which make
use of ICT to enhance their terrestrial criminal activities; organised cybercriminal groups which operate exclusively online;
and organised groups of ideologically and politically motivated individuals who make use of ICT to facilitate their criminal
conduct. The activities of each group are then assessed in relation to five areas of risk: the use of online payment systems,
online auctions, online gaming, social networking sites and blogs. It is concluded that the distinction between traditional
organised crime groups and the other two groups—cybercriminal groups and ideologically/politically motivated cyber groups—is
converging, with financially-motivated attacks becoming more targeted. Legislation will need to adapt to deal with new technological
developments and threats that organised criminals seek to exploit.
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15.
Over the past decade, a renewed interest in the analysis of crime hot-spots has emerged in the social and behavioral sciences.
Spurred by improvements in computing power, data visualization and geographic information systems, numerous innovative approaches
have materialized for identifying areas of elevated crime in urban environments. Unfortunately, many hot-spot analysis techniques
treat the spatial and temporal aspects of crime as distinct entities, thus ignoring the necessary interaction of space and
time to produce criminal opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to explore the utility of statistical measures for identifying
and comparing the spatio-temporal footprints of robbery, burglary and assault. Functional and visual comparisons for spatio-temporal
clusters are analyzed across a range of space–time values using a comprehensive database of crime events for Cincinnati, Ohio.
Empirical results suggest that robbery, burglary and assault have dramatically different spatio-temporal signatures.
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16.
Using data from the Netherlands-based Criminal Career and Life-course Study the effect of first-time imprisonment between
age 18–38 on the conviction rates in the 3 years immediately following the year of the imprisonment was examined. Unadjusted
comparisons of those imprisoned and those not imprisoned will be biased because imprisonment is not meted out randomly. Selection
processes will tend to make the imprisoned group disproportionately crime prone compared to the not imprisoned group. In this
study group-based trajectory modeling was combined with risk set matching to balance a variety of measurable indicators of
criminal propensity. Findings indicate that first-time imprisonment is associated with an increase in criminal activity in
the 3 years following release. The effect of imprisonment is similar across offence types.
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17.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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18.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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19.
Questions and answers about incapacitation abound in all discussions about criminal justice policy. They are among the most
pressing of all research issues, yet estimates about the incapacitation effect on crime vary considerably, and most are based
on very old and incomplete estimates of the longitudinal pattern of criminal careers. This paper provides an overview of the
incapacitation issue, highlights information on recent estimates of criminal careers that are useful to the incapacitation
model, and outlines an ambitious research agenda for continued and expanded work on incapacitation and crime that centers
on developing better estimates of the characteristics of criminal careers and their relevance to policy choices.
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20.
The National Research Council’s report on evaluating anticrime programs contains sensible suggestions for improving evaluation
research in criminal justice but neglects the important role of substantive theory in linking evaluations of anticrime initiatives
to variation in crime rates across time and place. A working knowledge of crime rates is essential for designing and evaluating
anticrime programs. This essay calls for the development of a policy evaluation infrastructure that would support the continuous
monitoring of crime rates, generate knowledge of crime-producing conditions, and link evaluation research findings to one
another and to expected policy outcomes, notably crime reduction.
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