经济转轨十年:俄罗斯经济增长方式探析

与经济转轨前相比,经济转轨十年以来俄罗斯粗放经济增长方式进一步加强,这种粗放式的经济增长方式给俄罗斯经济带来了严重的消极后果.经济转轨以来制约俄罗斯经济增长方式转变的因素更加复杂既受到历史因素的制约、基本国情的制约、社会条件的制约、发展阶段的制约,也受到经济体制的制约--经济转轨时期的二元体制(微观经济主体的"体制惰性"在转轨中尚未克服、宏观经济中继续数量扩张的深刻体制根源、中央与地方利益新格局中的粗放增长因素).其中经济体制的制约--经济转轨时期的二元体制成为制约俄罗斯经济增长方式转变的根本原因.     

俄罗斯资源依赖型经济的长期增长

"资源的诅咒"是发展经济学中的一个著名命题,丰裕的资源禀赋已经被视为长期经济增长的障碍。近年来俄罗斯经济呈现出较明显的资源依赖特征,其经济增长面临一定的风险。针对俄罗斯自然资源制约经济增长的问题,应通过适当的经济和政策支持来维持资源依赖型经济的长期增长,俄罗斯经济如果要实现持续增长,短期内应维持能源产业的持续增长,而在长期内则应从完善制度和政策环境入手。     

世纪之初俄罗斯经济迅速反弹的原因分析

1999年以来 ,俄罗斯经济走势一改经济转轨以来连续下滑的颓势 ,出现触底反弹并持续增长的积极迹象 ,引起国际社会的广泛关注。这种增长主要的仍是经济严重危机后的恢复性增长 ,由于制约经济增长的结构性因素的存在 ,俄罗斯经济增长的基础并不牢固。从俄罗斯转轨以来的经济走势我们可以看出俄罗斯经济持续好转的原因及经济增长前景 ,这对我国的经济发展是有一定启示的。     

俄罗斯经济增长中的结构问题

普京执政以来,虽然俄罗斯经济连续5年呈现正增长,但仍没有恢复到转轨前的水平。本文试图从经济结构的角度,即产业结构、内需和外需、生产要素、地区结构、中小企业和大企业,对俄罗斯的经济增长进行分析,阐明俄罗斯经济结构调整滞后对经济增长的制约作用。     

试析俄罗斯经济持续增长的制度基础

俄罗斯近年来的经济增长是否具有持续性，存在很大争议。本文从制度的视角分析了迄今为止的经济转型对俄罗斯当前经济增长的积极影响。我们认为，2000年以来俄罗斯市场制度环境的基本稳定和制度规则的进一步调整是当前俄罗斯经济增长的制度基础，是促进经济增长的深层次因素，能源因素、国内消费因素和经济政策因素通过制度基础对经济增长发挥作用。因此，俄罗斯当前的经济增长将具有持续性。     

俄罗斯金融部门对俄罗斯经济增长作用研究

解释俄罗斯经济强劲增长的原因，探讨未来俄罗斯经济的走向一直是俄罗斯经济研究的热点和难点问题。本文通过对俄罗斯经济现状和增长原因的分析，梳理了影响俄罗斯未来经济发展的有利和不利因素，总结了俄罗斯金融服务业发展现状以及开放水平，认为俄罗斯金融体系的完善和服务水平的深化，将对俄罗斯经济长期增长起到至关重要的作用。     

石油诅咒中的俄罗斯转型经济增长:一项基于协整关系的实证检验

伴随国际石油市场涨跌不定的风云变幻,石油价格波动对俄罗斯转型经济增长的贡献度到底如何?曾不可一世的俄罗斯大国究竞会何去何从?这些敏感问题不仅牵涉到经济学家对主流经济理论的重新认识,同时也决定着其他转型国家的改革命运与未来发展方向.为了解开这一转型迷局,本文利用协整检验来考察国际石油价格波动、国内生产能力对俄罗斯转型经济增长的短期冲击和长期影响.实证研究表明,短期内国际油价的上涨和丰富的石油储量在一定程度上的确刺激了俄罗斯经济的转型复苏与近些年持续的高速增长,但并没有由此为俄罗斯长期经济增长铺上可持续的动力机制.     

经济政策调整将决定俄罗斯经济的未来发展

1999—2001年,俄罗斯经济呈现出迅速恢复的势头,国内生产总值增长了19．7%,工业增长了30．4%,投资增加了33．5%。但是,喜中有忧,俄罗斯经济受若干国内和国际因素的制约,这些因素的变化将对俄罗斯经济的未来发展产生决定性的影响。能否根据这些因素的变化及时地对经济政策作出调整,关系到俄罗斯经济的未来发展。     

俄罗斯经济增长因素实证分析

俄罗斯建国十多年以来,纵观其各年GDP增长,1995年经济开始有了起色,虽然1997、1998年受到金融危机的影响GDP有所下降,但是危机过后到现在,一直保持增长趋势。经验认为,俄罗斯经济增长与其能源出口、制度改革、居民消费、汇率贬值和稳定的政治局势有很大关系,通过建立多元回归模型,对影响俄罗斯经济增长的主要因素进行实证分析,来验证学术界存在的观点,并根据结论提出保持经济稳定性增长的对策。     

俄罗斯经济增长因素实证分析

俄罗斯经济较轨以来，纵观其各年GDP增长，1995年经济开始有了起色，虽然1997、1998年受到金融危机的影响而有所下降，但是危机过后到现在，一直保持增长趋势。经验认为，俄罗斯经济增长与其能源出口、制度改革、居民消费、汇率贬值和稳定的政治局势有很大关系。通过建立多元回归模型，对影响俄罗斯经济增长的主要因素进行实证分析，来验证学术界存在的观点，并根据结论提出保持经济稳定性增长的几点建议。     

Economic growth and military spending in South Africa

This study applies a statistical model to examine the overtime relationship between military expenditure and economic growth in South Africa. The model is based on a neoclassical production function, and is developed and estimated for the time period 1950 to 1985. The results indicate that the size effects of military expenditure on economic growth are negative, while the externality effects of military spending are positive. In addition, decreasing foreign investment and increasing domestic unrest are found to have negative impacts on GDP growth. Labor employment is positively related to growth, but non‐white labor is more strongly significant than white labor. These results are consistent with previous cross‐section studies that find some evidence for positive and negative effects of military spending on economic growth.     

战后东亚现代化进程中的工人运动

二战结束后，东亚的“发展型国家”普遍奉行“经济增长第一”的发展战略，工人阶级作为一个整体，与资产阶级的矛盾因经济增长的需求和国家振兴的民族主义压力，让位于经济发展，工人运动的目标由政治领域转向经济领域。依靠劳动力优势扩大出口和吸引外资，是东亚现代化模式的重要内容，也是东亚工人运动产生的客观根源；东亚国家所经历的政治民主化和社会结构的变化，对工人运动产生重要影响。     

India’s Growth Slowdown: End of an Era?

This article examines the sources of rapid economic growth in India in the 2000s and explanations for the growth slowdown in more recent years. We use the Indian national accounts and the National Sample Survey (NSS) to perform a growth accounting analysis. We disaggregate the total economy into agriculture, industry and services and separately identify the contributions of labor, capital and improvements in productivity. Services account for the largest share of the acceleration in 2000-10. Industry, on the other hand, is the sector most reflective of the recent slowdown. The high growth of the 2000s can be traced to strong capital accumulation, improvements in labor skills and large productivity gains. A slowing in the pace of economic reform and a general deterioration in fiscal and monetary policies appear to be the major factors responsible for the slower pace of growth since 2010.     

西伯利亚地区面临人口危机

俄罗斯经济转轨以来 ,西伯利亚地区人口形势不断恶化 ,已处于危机之中 :人口持续减少 ,劳动潜力被破坏 ,而且 ,据俄专家估计 ,未来 15～ 2 0年西伯利亚人口将继续减少。西伯利亚地区长期存在的劳动力不足问题更加尖锐 ,并对整个俄罗斯构成了威胁。人口问题成为制约西伯利亚地区经济社会发展的突出问题之一和亟待解决的一项首要任务     

东北地区消费过度敏感性分析

在东北地区经济发展的历程中,传统经济范式使得消费的拉动效应较弱。通过采用面板数据模型对东北三省消费过度敏感性检验可知,城镇和农村居民的消费过度敏感性系数都较高,当期消费与当期可支配收入之间具有较高的相关性。较高的消费过度敏感性抑制了居民的消费水平,限制了消费对经济的推动力。东北地区要维持健康稳定地发展,需扩大本地区的消费水平,因此要改变居民的传统消费观念和行为,完善消费信贷市场,提供有效的生活保障措施,并维持政策的可持续性。     

抓住人口之窗的有利时机发挥劳动力资源优势振兴东北经济

人口之窗是指在人口转变过程中出现的一个特殊时期,此时,较多的劳动力人口抚养较少的老龄人口及年少人口。很多国家的发展证明,人口之窗对于一国的经济发展贡献很大,因此,又被称为“人口红利”。目前,我国人口正处于人口之窗的黄金时期,提高劳动力素质,发挥劳动力资源优势,是振兴东北经济的关键。     

India: In Search of the Drivers of the Next Wave of Growth

India’s unprecedented growth since the mid-1990s and increased macroeconomic resilience has been against the backdrop of wide-ranging reforms, growing trade and financial integration, buoyant external demand, and ample global liquidity. Looking ahead, like most emerging markets, India is likely to face stronger headwinds, with less buoyant external financing conditions, and potentially lower growth in advanced markets. This raises questions about the sustainability of growth, sources of future growth, and reform priorities for restoring the momentum of convergence to higher income levels. Using the “distance to frontier” approach, the analysis in this article finds that the sizeable convergence gaps with respect to advanced and other emerging market economies imply considerable opportunities for catch-up. But structural transformation and convergence to higher living standards in India will be conditional on policy and institutional reforms to alleviate market and government failures, as well as on the ability of labor and capital to move toward higher-productivity sectors and activities.     

俄罗斯东部地区劳动力资源与移民问题

近十几年来俄罗斯人口持续减少,特别是其东部地区人口减速令人震惊,而且人口减少已形成难以逆转之势。俄东部地区地广人稀,劳动力资源缺乏问题长期存在。人口锐减导致劳动力不足问题加剧。人口问题对俄东部地区乃至整个俄罗斯经济增长构成现实威胁。俄政府鼓励多生育等措施不奏效,人口形势继续恶化。选择移民补充人口和劳动力是现实的解决办法。俄调整和完善国家吸引移民政策势在必行。     

Who Can Reform the Labor Market? IMF Conditionality,Partisanship, and Labor Unions

Labor market reforms are critical for economic growth. Yet, they are politically contentious, and governments, more often than not, are faced with strong opposition from interest groups. Scholarly work shows that governments often rely on external intervention to implement politically difficult reforms. This is the case with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that typically conditions its financing on the implementation of required reforms. Do borrowing governments benefit from IMF programs to overcome domestic opposition to reform by organized interests? Utilizing a unique new data set on IMF conditionality, I show that partisan and electoral concerns and domestic alliances strongly affect the implementation of labor market reforms, even when the IMF imposes them. When faced with increasing number of strikes, left-wing governments are more likely to implement labor market reforms than center/right-wing governments. However, the left is less likely than the center/right to fulfill its international commitments during election years when labor groups are militant. These findings highlight the left’s unique ability to form pro-reform coalitions and the IMF’s conditional role in removing domestic political opposition to reform. Counter-intuitively, right-wing governments still struggle to reform the labor market, even during economic crises and under IMF programs.     

Exploring project sustainability: using a multiperspectival,multidimensional approach to frame inquiry

In development studies, programme sustainability has gained significant attention in recent years. One challenge to sustainability is the range of stakeholders involved in international development projects, presenting multiple perspectives and priorities, not always in harmony, nor necessarily communicated. This article presents an approach to facilitating stakeholder sustainability dialogue, an analytic framework for programme sustainability inquiry comprising five dimensions: political; economic; institutional; ownership; and practice. To demonstrate this framework we describe inquiry into stakeholder perspectives in one Afghanistan education development project. The results indicate the value of multidimensional, multiperspectival inquiry in identifying areas of potential sustainability challenge and strength.