国际医疗援助中的行为规范探析

国际医疗援助是一个国际社会的系统工程,国际医疗援助的行为规范更应该是一个有机的系统构成.为此,从"一方有难,八方支援"是人类共同承担的人道责任、联合国及相关国际组织应起组织协调和监督作用、各国政府在援助活动中应承担的主要职责和军队在援助中应发挥"主力军"作用等四个方面深入剖析.     

国际信托的法律冲突与法律适用

在各国法律制度存在差异的情况下,如何解决国际信托法律冲突的难题,已逐渐引起世界各国理论界和实务界的重视。对国际信托法律冲突问题进行探讨的目的在于,就国际信托法律适用的国际立法与国外立法作深入研究。随着我国加入WTO和改革开放的不断深入,国际信托业务在我国将取得进一步发展。我国目前的国际私法立法尚无信托冲突法,因此,完善我国的国际信托法律适用规则是当务之急。     

医疗损害赔偿纠纷的冲突与解决

近年来,医疗损害赔偿纠纷频繁发生,且有愈演愈烈之势,影响亦愈来愈广,如备受社会各界广泛关注的肖志军拒绝签字导致母婴双亡案。医疗损害赔偿纠纷中存在诸多冲突,突出表现是法律适用二元化的冲突、医方的告知义务与患者的知情同意权的冲突、举证责任的冲突、医疗事故鉴定与司法鉴定的冲突等,这些冲突     

论知识产权的法律冲突

知识产权的地域性不是知识产权法律冲突产生的障碍。国际知识产权关系的产生决定了知识产权法律冲突的存在。各国仅对本国知识产权行使专属裁判管辖权的实践和知识产品国际合作创造、知识产权国际利用和国际侵权救济实践的贫乏长期掩盖了知识产权的法律冲突,导致了知识产权的冲突法问题长期被忽视。     

对国际代理法律适用问题的一点新思考

代理是商品经济发展的产物,随着经济一体化进程的不断深化和跨国民商事交往的日益频繁,具有涉外因素的代理关系日趋增多,国际代理法律冲突问题日益彰显。在解决国际代理的法律冲突与法律适用上,存在着不同模式和做法。本文拟对两大法系立法实践进行比较,以期建立一套完善的符合中国实际的国际代理法律适用制度。     

略论海事案件的法律适用

我国是一个复合法域国家，海事案件的法律冲突除了包括传统意义上的国际法律冲突外，还包括了中国不同法域之间的区际法律冲突。此外，受立法原因的影响，在特定情况下，还存在着时际法律冲突以及法律、法规与部门规章之间的冲突，因此，给海事案件的法律适用提出了许多新...     

试论我国医疗损害赔偿的法律适用

由于我国关于医疗损害赔偿的相关法律、行政法规及司法解释之间存在着不统一甚至相互冲突的矛盾,给司法实践处理此类案件带来很多困难。本文试图从医疗损害赔偿法律适用二元化的形成入手,分析医疗损害赔偿法律适用二元化存在的问题,同时提出一些可供参考的法律建议,以统一医疗损害的法律赔偿。     

中国对外援助成套项目中的法律关系探析

新中国成立以来,中国政府对外提供了力所能及的援助。成套项目作为对外援助的主要方式,实施过程中的法律关系最具典型性,也最具复杂性。本文从国际经济法的视角,分析探究中国对外援助成套项目中的法律关系,具体法律关系中存在的一些问题,并就此提出一些对策建议。     

可持续发展与国际经济新秩序

可持续发展和国际经济新秩序是人类发展过程中同时面临的、内容和要求均有差异的问题。本文认为,可持续发展与国际经济新秩序既能统一,也有冲突。在二者冲突之时,理论上应当更注重新秩序。在实践中,新秩序与可持续发展的国内、国际规则、国际法律行为可以互相促进,但也存在很多的矛盾。在简要分析了二者的矛盾之后,本文指出,要实现这两个目标,最主要的还是发展中国家在经济上、政治上、法律上的积极行为。     

港、澳、珠三角地区的区际法律冲突及其协调

港、澳、珠江三角洲地区之间的区际法律冲突,是指19世纪40年代以后,在我国因为三地之间各自法律规定的不同,从而产生法律适用上的冲突。这种区际法律冲突具有与目前国际社会的国际法律冲突,和其他国家的区际法律冲突,以及我国国内的其他法律冲突,都不尽相同的特点。“一国两制”原则和有利于社会政治经济发展原则是协调港、澳、珠江三角洲地区区际法律冲突时必须遵循的基本原则。而由各法域协商制定统一的区际冲突法典来进行协调,应该是目前我国协调解决港、澳、珠三角地区区际法律冲突的较切实可行、同时也是行之有效的途径。     

Application of private international law conventions in hong kong of china

The conflict of laws of Hong Kong has predominately preserved traditional common law rules of pre-England conflict of laws. It is considered as the legal basis of the harmonization of law conflicts between different legal units, which mainly include three parts: jurisdiction, choice of law, judicial assistance in civil and commercial matters. As far as the legal source of the conflict of laws of Hong Kong is concerned, convention is an important part of international law sources. Currently, there are ten special conventions related to private international law, one of which is the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards, and the other nine are the conventions consulted by the Hague Conference on Private International Law (“HCCH”), including the Statute of the Hague Conference. Also, there exist non-special conventions relating to private international law, which play an important role in Hong Kong. These conventions have brought tremendous benefits to Hong Kong. More attention needs to be paid to the conventions of private international law to assist Hong Kong in cooperation with other more jurisdictions.     

我国医疗保障法律制度相关问题研究

目前,我国全民医保体系已初步形成,但仍面临医疗保障互助共济功能尚未充分发挥,医疗保障法律制度立法层级较低,应急医疗保障法律制度欠缺,大病保障制度的法律归属不明晰,医疗保障法律制度衔接存在障碍等问题。因此,应在坚持医疗保障立法的社会连带理念、明确法律体系建设目标的基础上,加快提高立法层次,建立统一的应急医疗救助法律制度,明确重大疾病保险的法律属性,完善多层次的医疗保障法律制度体系。     

论国际反恐怖的国际法律合作机制

“9．11”事件以来,国际社会更加注重国际反恐怖的合作机制。国际反恐怖的复杂性与艰巨性是人类历史上最严峻的挑战,国际反恐怖的各国实践是建立国际反恐怖合作法律机制的政治、经济和法律基础。只有在国际反恐怖合作的法律原则——包括国家主权平等原则,政治、经济与法律等相结合的原则,在联合国框架下的利益协调一致原则——的基础上,建立国际、区际法律合作途径,加强国际反恐怖的司法协助与技术合作,才能取得国际反恐怖的最终胜利。     

“最先受诉法院原则”与禁诉令的博弈

"最先受诉法院原则"是解决国际民事诉讼管辖权冲突的原则之一。由于该原则强调受诉时间优先的法院优先享有诉讼案件之管辖权,实践中出现了当事人恶意利用此原则进而拖延、规避预期对自己不利的诉讼的情形。为了规避此类风险,英国等国制定禁诉令制度限制当事人恶意的"在先诉讼"。这不可避免地导致了"最先受诉法院原则"与禁诉令制度在实践操作中的冲突。在上述两公约关于"最先受诉法院原则"构建的基础上,结合实践中出现的禁诉令冲突、"意大利鱼雷"式诉讼等问题,讨论该原则在实践中运用的限制与发展,减少其在解决国际民事管辖权冲突中的机械性,使其更具合理性与借鉴意义。     

信用评级机构的法律定位及其国际监管改革研究

信用评级机构是金融市场日益专业化过程中不可或缺的一员,通过其专业化的评价体系,对解决投资者和证券发行人之间的信息不对称问题发挥了很大的作用。但是,随着评级机构日益深入地参与到金融证券化的过程中,不可避免的利益冲突使其中立性、客观性等在一定程度上有所缺失。次贷危机发生后,对信用评级机构加强监管的呼声日益高涨,各国金融监管机构开始对信用评级机构进行全面的严格的监管,但是,由于评级业本身的自然垄断属性以及评级业务的专业性,使其定位上存在模糊之处。在分析信用评级机构存在的缺陷基础之上,对其法律定位进行探讨,并预测国际监管改革与合作的发展趋势是十分必要的。     

禁止体罚儿童的国际法律规定与国内法律实施——以家庭内体罚儿童为视角

普遍存在的体罚儿童现象随着国际社会对儿童权利的关注逐渐进入人们的视野,特别是家庭内部的儿童体罚问题也开始受到关注。近年来,禁止一切形式的儿童体罚的观念逐渐被越来越多的国家所接受。探析儿童体罚问题的原因和危害,从国际人权文件和我国国内法律体系中寻找家庭内部禁止体罚儿童的依据,以类型化分析的方法比较世界各国保护儿童的立法例及其进展,借鉴外国禁止体罚的立法实践,针对我国在禁止家庭内体罚儿童中存在的种种问题,提出若干改进方向,以求尽快达到禁止体罚儿童的国际人权法律标准、不断改善国内儿童权利保护状况十分必要。     

知识产权平行进口法律规制研究

在经济全球化和国际贸易不平衡的大背景下,知识产权平行进口的问题日益增多,成为知识产权保护和国际贸易冲突的一个热门话题。随着我国综合国力的增强和对外贸易的不断发展,对外贸易中关于知识产权平行进口问题的案件日趋突出。因此,我们应当充分了解世界主要国家对平行进口的规定和态度,探求平行进口法律规制的发展趋势,为我国制定相关立法提供建议。     

Can Us-Type Court Management Approaches Work In Civil Law Systems? Experiences From The Balkans And Beyond

The benefit of applying modern management approaches to court operations to ensuring access to justice, timely and transparent dispositions, and increased public trust in courts is recognized in many countries. In the USA, the art of applying modern management techniques to court operations has evolved over the past 30 years into a now solidly established profession. Since the underlying principles and techniques of modern court management, such as case flow management, goal-oriented performance measures, workload assessments, customer surveys, etc., are derived from general management concepts they are not tied to a particular legal system or framework and can be successfully applied in non-US systems if they are properly adjusted. Interested in the positive results of court management in the USA, researchers and practitioners in several European countries have been looking at the applicability of the approaches used in the USA to improve their own ability to manage court processes more efficiently.Since court management has become a main staple of reforming court operations in the USA, it is not surprising that US-funded development assistance in the Balkan states and other countries often involves transferring court management US-style into the newly evolving democracies as part of rule of law or commercial sector development assistance. These projects frequently introduce, among others, case flow management techniques that sometimes seem to be in conflict with underlying legal principles or procedural laws, and often defy the local legal culture. The US-funded assistance programs are often introduced parallel to efforts funded by European and other donors, which may take and suggest different approaches to the host country. As a result, confusion and insecurity about which approaches are appropriate for a particular country can arise and impede much needed reforms or lead to legislative and regulatory changes that do not mesh well or even conflict with other parts of the legal framework.This article reviews the role of US-based court management approaches in recent court reform efforts under way in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia and, in light of lessons learned there and in other countries, assesses the reform processes applied and their status. It also outlines how these court management approaches fit into non-US court systems, how they can be adjusted according to individual country needs and what the main obstacles are that such reform efforts generally face.     

中国国际私法诉讼竞合探究

诉讼竞合是由于各国对管辖权规定的差异而产生的一种现象。但对诉讼竞合 ,迄今我国既无相应的立法可资因应 ,亦没有形成判例规则。这种状况不仅不利于保护我国当事人的合法权益 ,而且亦使我国法院在面临此类问题时无所依循。因此 ,我国除应积极参与《国际民商事管辖权和判决的承认与执行公约》(即《海牙管辖权公约》)以及相关国际公约的制定之外 ,还需进行相应的补充立法以更好地协调国际私法诉讼竞合之法律冲突 ,促进国际司法协助的顺利进行     

The Legal Characterization of the Armed Conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq: Implications for Protection

This article explores the implications for the protection of civilians and other vulnerable persons, of the requalification of a conflict downwards from international to non-international, focusing in particular on the changes in the characterization of the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq from 2001 and 2003 respectively.

Determining the legal character of an armed conflict is rooted in an inherently political interpretation of black letter treaty law. It is generally agreed that when the United States and its coalition allies entered the wars in Afghanistan in 2001, and Iraq in 2003, their operations in those countries were initially subject to the laws of international armed conflict. However the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has determined that the conflict in Afghanistan became noninternational with the establishment of the United States’ backed government of Hamid Karzai on 19 June 2002 and that the conflict in Iraq became non-international with the establishment of the Iraqi Interim Government on 28 June 2004. The basis for this requalification is Article 2 of the Geneva Conventions read in conjunction with an interpretation of the meaning of ‘state’ (and of its power to authorize a foreign intervention in its own territory) that is inherently, and possibly inevitably, political.

Changes in the legal characterization of a war have profound implications for the protection of both non-combatants and combatants under international humanitarian law, in particular for humanitarian access; for the protection of non-nationals from deportation; for the protection of detainees; for the conduct of hostilities; and for the protection of persons transferred into the hands of local authorities. The practical consequence of a requalification of an armed conflict downwards to non-international is a marked loss of protection for persons that were protected by the Geneva Conventions in the earlier stages of the conflict.