外交如何更好地为“走出去”战略服务

毫无疑问,外交资源作为国家非常珍贵的资源,其所具备的国际视野,深邃智慧及广泛影响力,是任何其他资源所无法比拟的。凭借其丰富的海外经验,对东道国的深入了解,在"外交应为经济服务"的今天,外交资源不仅在一定程度上担负着国家政治和国家安全的职责,而且蕴含着为本国企业安全、顺畅、成功、快速、平稳地"走出去"提供条件保障的意义。本文针对中国企业"走出去"所面临的种种矛盾和问题,以外交为"走出去"服务为视角,就外交如何更好地为"走出去"战略服务提出若干对策性建议。     

ACCA助力中国企业“走出去”

近年来，随着企业“走出去”战略的深入实施，中国企业“走出去”取得了重要进展。但由于对一些国际规则尤其是国际会计准则的不了解和忽视，中国企业在“走出去”的过程中也遇到了种种意想不到的问题。那么，中国企业在“走出去”的过程中如何适应跨国经营规则和国际惯例？如何借助会计这一手段进一步提升“走出去”的质量，提高在国际环境下开展经营的能力？国际会计准则将如何帮助中国企业顺利完成“走出去”的历史性转轨？带着这些问题，笔者采访了特许公认会计师公会（ACCA）全球理事会会长郭克刚先生——     

中国企业投资越南之法律环境OT分析——以《越南投资法》与《中国——东盟全面经济合作框架协议投资协议》为视角

在全球投资自由化、中国企业"走出去"战略的背景下,中国企业向海外投资的步伐与程度在加快加深。海外投资中分析资金投向地的法律环境是投资安全的重要前提。以越南为投资目的国,将《越南投资法》与《中国—东盟全面经济合作框架协议投资协议》进行文本实证比较分析,析透出在越南外商投资法律环境的机会与挑战,为中国企业安全"走出去"提供参考。     

有关中国“走出去”的几个突出问题

现在谈“走出去”的风险，总是盯着海外投资风险，实际上中国在海外融资风险也很大。中国不少企业被华尔街忽悠，到美国上市融资，例如几家国有企业融资不到100亿美元，但随后分红给了人家上千亿美元，收益与成本严重失衡。近几个月来，很多在美国上市的中国民营企业屡屡被华尔街做空，经济与形象都损失惨重。至于“走出去”的投资风险，随着不同投资主体在不同领域、不同国家投资，所产生的风险也不同，概而言之主要有以下几方面。     

中国企业如何应对海外风险

企业应对：内外兼修化解风险 中国企业在＂走出去＂,开拓海外市场的过程中走的是一条布满荆棘的道路,在金融危机袭来,世界经济增长缓慢的形势下,企业面临的海外市场环境无疑更加严峻,那么,＂走出去＂的企业应该如何积极面对,化解风险呢？     

经济发展与环境保护的共赢之路

中国进出口银行副行长刘连舸谈：中国企业“走出去”要站在道义制高点 目前人类的基本经济活动仍然严重依赖于石油和煤炭等这种资源和高碳的模式。尽管在这种模式下的生产和消费基本上是以市场为导向，但市场本身又无法解决经济活动当中的私人效应与社会效应的矛盾。     

“走出去”战略十年回顾：成就与挑战

2001年在制定“十五”规划的时候，中央正式提出了“走出去”战略，在继续“引进来”的同时，强调“走出去”的必要性。随着全球化深入发展，中国深度融入全球体系，政府对“走出去”战略的重视程度不断提高，政策也日趋积极。“十五”规划对这一战略的官方表述为“积极稳妥地走出去”，“十一五”提出“进一步走出去”，“十二五”则明确指出要“加快实施走出去战略”。     

俄罗斯能源企业“走出去”发展战略与中俄合作

俄罗斯不仅开发利用丰富的国内能源资源,而且十分重视开拓海外资源,积极推动和鼓励俄罗斯能源企业"走出去"。近年来,在国际能源市场价格回稳、市场规模不断扩大的形势下,俄罗斯能源企业加紧开拓海外资源市场,扩大国际影响力。其外向型能源发展战略日臻成熟。在国家的支持下,逐渐形成了以大型能源企业组成的俄罗斯能源海外扩展的骨干力量。2008年的金融危机对俄罗斯的能源企业"走出去"发展战略造成了一定程度的影响,能源企业对海外经营进行了调整。后危机时代,国际市场的整合调整以及成功加入世贸组织,为俄罗斯的"走出去"发展战略提供了新的机遇。俄罗斯的能源外向型发展战略中的国家作用将进一步强化,能源企业的海外扩展将增加新的内容。未来,中俄的能源合作不仅局限于两国之间,而且将涉及世界其他地区的资源领域。只有进一步加强两国在能源领域的合作,才能实现双赢发展。     

印度软件企业跨国经营的考量与启迪

在印度政府的大力支持下,印度软件企业大力实施跨国经营和“走出去”战略,取得了显著成效。同时,印度着力吸收发达国家的优势技术和管理技能及经验,在企业再造和提升国际化竞争力等方面为中国科技企业的跨国经营与“走出去”的探索,提供了许多有益的启迪与借鉴。     

乐清市侨商会：突出重点 整合资源

为进一步提升侨商会为侨资企业“走出去”服务的能力和水平，市侨商会结合乐清市经济社会发展状况，积极开展各种考察活动。湖北省广水市招商推介会在乐清市金鼎大酒店举行，乐清市侨商会常务副会长张建芳、副会长王益龙、陈高林及20多名会员企业负责人参加了此次推介会。会上，乐清市侨商会积极促成了常务副会长张建芳投资5亿元广水输配电工业园项目。     

"New Wars" and Rumors of "New Wars"

Recently, there has been a growing tendency to suggest "new" classes of wars that are presumably different from all wars we have known and studied. In this article, we discuss the extent to which the landscape of armed conflict has changed so dramatically that it has necessitated a revision of the prevalent typology of war, a reconsideration of the correlates of war, and a reconceptualization of the theoretical assumptions regarding the etiology of war. While it is clear that patterns of warfare shift across time and space, it is not clear that war itself has changed "fundamentally" and has become inexplicable in light of theoretical arguments in world politics as many "new war" theorists suggest. Our analysis demonstrates that many of the "new wars" are simply amalgamations of various interstate, extrastate, and intrastate wars-i.e., the "old wars"-that have been lumped into a single category. The result is a hodgepodge of armed conflicts whose different correlates derive from their diverse morphologies rather than their novelty as wars unlike any we have experienced previously.     

"Small Peoples": The Existential Uncertainty of Ethnonational Communities

This exploratory paper attempts to extend the boundaries of research on the "smallness" of polities. It introduces the concept of "small peoples," a term coined by Czech author Milan Kundera to denote communities that lack a "sense of an eternal past and future." The paper posits "small peoples" as ethnic communities characterized by prolonged and deep-rooted uncertainty regarding their own existence. I argue that in modern times, "small peoples" doubt the validity of their past-based ethnic identity and the viability of their future-driven national polity . Empirically, I analyze two distinct "small peoples"—Israeli Jews and French Canadians (Québécois)—and argue that while the former have been more concerned with the future survival of their polity, the latter have been more concerned with insecurity about their identity. The paper suggests that a focus on communities and their intersubjective processes can enrich the study of states and their objective state.     

世界政治“平靖进程”的技术变迁支撑

二战后,世界政治经历了"平靖进程",具体体现为:"大国罕有战事""国家罕有消亡"。本文融合国际政治经济学与国际安全研究,展示二战后的技术变迁改变了大国的"意愿"与"能力",支撑了世界政治新变化。在马尔萨斯时代,由于技术水平低下,生存物资稀缺,生存保障匮乏,人类面临持续的安全难题。二战后,技术发展影响了当代大国的"意愿"与"能力",让世界政治呈现新变化。技术变迁给大国提供了更为丰富的选择,让大国使用武力征服的意愿降低;同时,随着技术变迁,尤其是在"核革命"后,大国确保自身安全的能力更强,使得"大国罕有战事"。得益于技术变迁,大国利益半径扩大,即便距离遥远地域的变化也与自身息息相关,大国保障遥远海外利益的意愿提升;同时,技术变迁扩大了大国的权力投射,让世界各国,尤其是大国保障体系稳定的能力更强,致使"国家罕见消亡"。随着技术变迁,世界政治已呈现出很多与传统智慧不同的方面,孕育国际交往的新理念。     

The "Belt and Road" Initiative:A Chinese Concept for Global Development

China's "Belt and Road" initiative is emerging as the Western-dominated world order is declining.Capitalism has intensified the rich-poor divide and power politics have led to great upheavals.Western values have caused a "value dislocation" for non-Western countries.The world is calling for new development concepts.The "Belt and Road"initiative has emerged as an answer.It embodies China's ideas on global development.First,it works for the "common prosperity" of every country,which will ease contradictions between the South and the North.Second,it emphasizes geo-economic integration that will heal the fragmentation of Eurasia.Third,it advocates linkages between people and inclusiveness to create a new kind of civilization.However,many difficulties and challenges lie ahead for the implementation of the "Belt and Road" initiative.     

The "We" Problem in Teaching International Studies

This article addresses the problems that emerge when students in international studies courses approach the subject matter from the perspective of the first person plural. Whether in terms of "we,""us," or "our," many college students choose to adopt a personal perspective in discussions of international affairs. While it is natural for students to base their analysis of international studies on their personal observations and experiences, this inclination to adopt a collective first person approach detracts from the scholarly neutrality toward which students of global studies should aspire. Furthermore, a first person plural approach to course subject matter creates the false impression among students that they are all in agreement over contentious issues of global interactions and the theories employed to study them. The article concludes with suggestions for remedying the "we" problem, and offers advice for instructors who have encountered it in their own classroom.     

Some Thoughts on ＂Harmonious Globalization＂

This article argues that ＂Harmonious Globalization＂ offers a platform for harmonizing the positive and negative aspects of the current U.S.-led economic globalization that reflects the objective laws of human development. The article attempts to chart the path ahead for the world economy in the context of economic globalization, pervasive poverty/inequality, the resultant worldwide political awakening, the degradation of global ecosystems, and the current turmoil in financial institutions. The global challenge ahead will be three-fold： to bring the excluded 1/3 of the world＇s population into the open trade system; to encourage emerging markets like China and India to carry on with open policies and to persuade the developed Western nations to adhere to an open trade system and resist the temptations of trade protectionism. Free market access should be offered to those marginalized countries, the so-called ＂failed or failing states＂ that have been excluded from and angered by the globalization process. The growth in prosperity of these nations will open up a vast potential market for the world.     

“发现汉语”及其“天下精神”

19世纪末期,以西方国家为中心和参照的现代化进程的铺展和中国国家制度的疾速衰竭,使汉语在世界语言的中心地位也发生了颠覆式的位移,逐渐滑落到边缘地位,"汉字文化圈"也呈现出破裂的态势。21世纪,中国在政治、经济、文化各方面的现代化实践及其重大转型,为汉语的复兴和精神重建提供了一种可能性。在这种全新的时代语境和历史背景下,将重新"发现汉语"及其"天下精神"作为一种新的文化命题,这意味着以西方文化为轴心的单向度的世界文化秩序,面临着巨大的危机。以汉语复兴为切入点,中国文化将成为解构文化帝国主义的重要力量,并提供了一种可能性。同时,在重新"发现汉语"的过程中,我们应该在吸收其他语言文化资源的同时,坚持汉语及其文化形态的输出立场,摒弃中西文化之间的二元对立思维模态,建构一种语言的"天下精神",从而使汉语在文化全球化中发出中国的声音。     

“朝贡”与“条约”之间

本文根据暹罗方面的史料,围绕两国间有关"朝贡"与"条约"的交涉,重新探讨19世纪中期至20世纪初期中国与暹罗的关系。     

Location "Authority" in the Global Political Economy

This article addresses the problematic nature of "authority" in the global political economy. Focusing on the rules governing international commercial relations, which today form part of the juridical conditions of global capitalism, the location and structure of political authority are argued to be historically specific. They have changed with the emergence of different historic blocs and as a result of consequent alterations in state-societyrelations. The article emphasizes the significance of private corporate power in the construction of the global political economy and hegemonic authority relations. However, the significance of private authority is obscure and little understood by students of international relations. This gives rise to analytical and normative grounds for adopting a historical materialist approach to theanalysis of global authority that incorporates national, subnational, and transnational influences.