法哲学与法理学关系辨析

在理论界对法哲学与法理学是否应该区分开来存在争议,本文认为法理学与法哲学都是研究法律一般理论的学科,但由于支配它们的哲学思维有差异,因而使得它们的研究模式有了差别。正是这种研究模式的差别导致了法理学与法哲学之间存在着区别。     

论法理学和法哲学的关系——广狭义法理学论

目前国内外关于法理学与法哲学的关系的观点有五种:等同说、相近说、包含说、交叉说,并列说.需构建广义法理学或综合法理学的学科体系,以厘清法理学同法哲学的关系.广义法理学包含了指导性法理学、法哲学、法规范学、法社会学等;狭义法理学则不包括法哲学,二者互相并列.法理学与法哲学的研究对象虽互有交叉,但其研究的主要方面、着重点、研究角度和研究方法等各有不同.     

法哲学的对象和性质论辩

法哲学的概念、对象和性质，无论是在国外或国内都颇多歧义，争论一直存在。但基本上可概分为“法哲学独立论”与“法哲学即法理学论”这两大系列观点之间的分歧和争论。作者赞同前论，认为法哲学是从哲学的角度和用哲学的方法来研究法律理论和实践问题的一门学科，它以法学世界观和方法论为研究对象；它既是应用哲学的一个门类，又是理论法学的一个分科，是介于哲学与法学之间并兼具二者属性的一门综合性、交叉性和边缘性学科。因此，同一般性（或专门）法的理论有所不同，自有其独立存在的意义和价值。而认为“法哲学即法理学论”是由于１９世纪下半期以来，西方法哲学的对象发生了泛化、不同程度地把法哲学混同用于一般性法的理论，从而形成了法哲学与法理学趋同与合流的结果；它造成了对法哲学对象和内容的简单化、庸俗化，使其内涵和外延含混不清，对象和范围极不明确，具有极大的伸缩性和收纳度，内容十分庞杂甚至是包罗万象的。因此有必要对法哲学进行正名，廓清其概念、对象和性质，把泛化了的法哲学正本清源、还原归位。为此，作者引用了大量资料，从法学和哲学及其相结合上进行了论证，对一些置疑的观点进行了答辩，并阐述了法哲学在社会主义法学体系中的地位和作用，同时还就应该怎样正确认?     

二○○○年中国法学研究回顾——法理学研究述评

本学科研究概况一、关于法哲学、法理学的含义问题有学者认为,法哲学与法理学可以作为等价值概念使用。因为,普通法系国家的学者常使用法理学一词,而欧洲大陆法系国家的学者常使用法哲学一词,我国大多数学者也认为两者之间没有严格区别。在这一前提下,可以把法哲学的属性归纳为五个方面:总体性,即法哲学是从整体角度来研究法律世界;求实性,即法哲学要面向现实,从现实出发提出和解决法哲学问题;批判性,即法哲学对法律实践要进行反思和批判;分析性,即分析是法哲学的内在要求和重要功能;思想性,即法哲学追求的是法律的抽象思想。〔1〕有学者认…     

李步云与当代中国法哲学

李步云既是当代中国颇有成就的法理学家和宪法学家 ,又是“新时期”最早“自觉”到“法哲学”的法学家。他是从当代中国法理学和宪法学的“局限性”意识出发 ,而提出其法哲学主张的 ,其法哲学体系是围绕法的唯物论与认识论、法的辩证法与发展观而构筑并加以逻辑展开的 ,是对法理学问题的既深入又超出。为中国法理学研究提供基础、方向和标准 ,是李步云法哲学研究的根本目的所在     

法哲学研究的新探——《马克思主义法哲学引论》评介

<正> 武步云教授所著《马克思主义法哲学引论》(以下简称《引论》)已由陕西人民出版社1992年3月出版,可谓近些年来我国法理学园地里具有开拓性的新作。 对法律这一重要社会现象的哲学研究,从古希腊罗马就开始了,但在哲学和法学家著作中最早明确使用“法哲学”一词的,乃是近代德国大哲学家、法哲学家黑格尔,他的著名法理学著作就是《法哲学原理》。 马克思在对19世纪40年代德国司法实践和黑格尔唯心主义法哲学批判的基础上,在创立马克思主义哲学的同时创立了辩证唯物主义法哲学。无论在观点或内容的科学性上,是一切其他     

论法强制的实现

当人们提及“法”的时候,都无不与一定的“强制”联系在一起。“强制”是法本质的表征。但法学的整部历史,又似乎没有全面地、系统地探究过法的强制实现过程以及影响它的各种因素。本文试图从法理学的视角进行分析,以求教于各界同仁。一、界说法的强制模式和法的内外强制,这些概念几乎很少在其他的著作或文章里出现过,必须对它们做一分析和界定。“强制力”可以解释为压制或强迫的某种力量。而法的强制,是     

Paradox of China＇s Jurisprudence in Course Of Social Development

改革开放以来的法理学在研究与教学上在一定程度上与中国模式之间存在着一种张力,其表征是：法理学之西方知识与中国模式之东方经验的悖论、法理学之“权利本位”与中国模式之“发展”“稳定”目标的悖论、法理学之法律自由价值优先与中国模式之法律秩序价值优先的悖论、法理学之以“个人”为本的法律观与中国模式之以“人民”为本的法律观的悖论。如何认识与看待这些悖论,是当下法理学发展的新课题。     

“法理学与部门法哲学理论研讨会”综述

2007年8月24日至25日,中国法学会法理学研究会、吉林大学理论法学研究中心与上海师范大学法与社会发展研究中心共同主办、上海师范大学法与社会发展研究中心与上海师范大学法政学院法律系承办的“法理学与部门法哲学理论研讨会”在上海师范大学召开,来自全国各地的法理学与部门法学专家学者50余人参加了会议。会议主要探讨了如下几个问题:1.关于法理学与法哲学的区分与定位。李步云认为,法理学与法哲学应该是有区别的。法理学是对法律现象、法的一般原则、规则、概念以及立法、司法等的高度抽象,而法哲学是马克思主义的唯物论、辩证法在法律…     

二十世纪中国法理学回眸

本文回顾与探寻了二十世纪中国法理学百年发展的历史轨迹与客观规律。追根溯源,早在清末民初,由于西洋文明的冲击,国人法理意识就同维新变法和社会变革相伴而觉醒。民国时期,法理学呈现多元思想体系交错混杂的复合格局,既有所谓仿效西方的学院式“正统”法理学,又有以李达《法理学大纲》为标志的先进、科学的法理学。世纪中叶的社会革命催生出的新法理学,也历经磨难。如果说从五十年代“国家与法的理论”到八十年代“法学基础理论”的转变开启了中国法理学迈向理性化、科学化的航程,那么,从“法学基础理论”转变到九十年代的“法理学”,则标志着中国法理学从政治哲学之法理学进化到法律科学之法理学的基本完成。而法治目标模式的确定又为面向二十一世纪的法理学发展注入了新的希望与不绝活力     

Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana on Avidyā

The concept of avidyā is one of the central categories in the Advaita of Śaṇkara and Maṇḍana. Shifting the focus from māyā, interpreted either as illusion or as the divine power, this concept brings ignorance to the forefront in describing duality and bondage. Although all Advaitins accept avidyā as a category, its scope and nature is interpreted in multiple ways. Key elements in Maṇḍana’s philosophy include the plurality of avidyā, individual selves as its substrate and the Brahman as its field (viṣaya), and the distinction in avidyā between non-apprehension and misapprehension. A closer investigation shows that Maṇḍana is directly influenced by Bhartṛhari’s linguistic non-dualism in developing the concept of avidyā. This study also compares other key constituents such as vivartta and pariṇāma that are relevant to the analysis of avidyā. As the concept of counter-image (pratibimba) emerges as a distinct stream of Advaita subsequent to Maṇḍana, this study also compares the application of pratibimba in the writings of Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana.     

Unraveling the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kāvyaprakāśa</Emphasis>: Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa’s idiosyncratic sequence of topics in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candrāloka</Emphasis>

In his twelfth century alaṃkāraśāstra, the Candrāloka, Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa reverses the sequence of topics found in Mammaṭa’s Kāvyapr-akāśa, an earlier and immensely popular work. With such a structural revisionism, Jayadeva asserts the autonomy of his own work and puts forth an ambitious critique of earlier approaches to literary analysis. Jayadeva investigates the technical and aesthetic components of poetry in the first part of the Candrāloka, prior to his formal semantic investigations in the latter half of the text, thus suggesting that aesthetic evaluations of poetry beneficially inform scientific investigations of language. Jayadeva’s organization of his chapters on the semantic operations, moreover, intimates that the study of suggestive and metaphoric functions of language clarifies our understanding of denotation, which is conventionally understood to be the primary and direct path of verbal designation.     

Immigration,intermarriage and the changing face of Europe in the post war period

In this article we compare the propensity to intermarry of various migrant groups and their children who settled in Germany, France, England, Belgium and the Netherlands in the post-war period, using a wide range of available statistical data. We try to explain different intermarriage patterns within the framework of Alba and Nee's assimilation theory and pay special attention to the role of religion, colour and colonial background. We therefore compare colonial with non colonial migrants and within these categories between groups with ‘European’ (Christian) and non-European (Islam, Hinduism) religions. First of all, religion appears to be an important variable. Migrants whose faith has no tradition in Western Europe intermarry at a much lower rate than those whose religious backgrounds correspond with those that are common in the country of settlement. The rate of ethnic endogamous marriages in Western Europe are highest in Hindu and Muslim communities, often regardless if they came as guest workers or colonial migrants. Whereas differences in religion diminish the propensity to intermarry, colour or ‘racial’ differences on the other hand seem to be less important. This is largely explained by the pre-migration socialisation. Furthermore, the paper argues that the attention to institutions, as rightly advocated by Richard Alba and Victor Nee, needs a more refined and layered elaboration. Institutions, often as barriers to intermarriage, do not only emanate from the receiving society, but also—be it less formalized—within migrant communities. Especially religions and family systems, but also organized nationalist feelings, can have a profound influence on how migrants think about endogamy. Finally, strong pressures to assimilate, often through institutionalized forms of discrimination and stigmatization, not only produce isolation and frustrate assimilation (with resulting low intermarriage rates), but can also stimulate assimilation by 'passing' mechanisms. These factors, together with a more comparative perspective, are not completely ignored in the new assimilation theory, but—as this study of Western European intermarriage patterns stresses—deserve to be included more systematically in historical and social scientist analyses.     

The Supreme Array Scripture: A New Interpretation of the Title “Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra”

This article argues for a new interpretation of the Sanskrit compound gaṇḍa-vyūha as it is used in the common title of the Mahāyāna text the Gaṇḍavyūha-Sūtra.The author begins by providing a brief history of the sūtra’s appellations in Chinese and Tibetan sources. Next, the meanings of gaṇḍa (the problematic member of the compound) are explored. The author proposes that contemporary scholars have overlooked a meaning of gaṇḍa occurring in some compounds, wherein gaṇḍa can mean simply “great,” “big” or “massive.” This general sense is particularly common in the compound gaṇda-śaila (a “massive rock” or “boulder”) and is found in such texts as the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, the Harivaṃśa and the Harṣacarita. Following the discussion of Gaṇḍa, the author examines the term vyūha (“array”) as it is used in the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra. The article concludes with the suggestion that a more appropriate translation of the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra would be “The Supreme array Scripture.”     

Evaluation of six presumptive tests for blood, their specificity, sensitivity, and effect on high molecular-weight DNA

Luminol, leuchomalachite green, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, Hemident, and Bluestar are all used as presumptive tests for blood. In this study, the tests were subjected to dilute blood (from 1:10,000 to 1:10,000,000), many common household substance, and chemicals. Samples were tested for DNA to determine whether the presumptive tests damaged or destroyed DNA. The DNA loci tested were D2S1338 and D19S433. Leuchomalachite green had a sensitivity of 1:10,000, while the remaining tests were able to detect blood to a dilution of 1:100,000. Substances tested include saliva, semen, potato, tomato, tomato sauce, tomato sauce with meat, red onion, red kidney bean, horseradish, 0.1 M ascorbic acid, 5% bleach, 10% cupric sulfate, 10% ferric sulfate, and 10% nickel chloride. Of all the substances tested, not one of the household items reacted with every test; however, the chemicals did. DNA was recovered and amplified from luminol, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, and Bluestar, but not from leuchomalachite green or Hemident.     

Illumination,Imagination, Creativity: Rājaśekhara,Kuntaka, and Jagannātha on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pratibhā</Emphasis>

Sanskrit poeticians make the visionary faculty of pratibhā a necessary part of the professional poet’s make-up. The term has a pre-history in Bhartṛhari’s linguistic metaphysics, where it is used to explain the unitary perception of meaning. This essay examines the relation between pratibhā and possible theories of the imagination, with a focus on three unusual theoreticians—Rājaśekhara, Kuntaka, and Jagannātha Paṇḍita. Rājaśekhara offers an analysis of pratibhā that is heavily interactive, requiring the discerning presence of the bhāvaka listener or critic; he also positions pratibhā in relation to Bildung (vyutpatti) and practice. For Kuntaka, pratibhā, never an ex nihilo creation by a poet, serves as the basis for the peculiar forms of intensified insight and experience that constitute poetry; these may also involve the creative scrambling and re-articulation of the object in terms of its systemic composition. At times, Kuntaka’s pratibhā comes close to a strong notion of imaginative process. But the full-fledged thematization of the imagination, and of pratibhā as its support and mechanism, is best seen in the seventeenth-century debates preserved for us by Jagannātha. A link is suggested between the discourse of poetic imagination in Jagannātha and similar themes that turn up in Indo-Persian poets such as Bedil.     

Preventing Homelessness for System‐Involved Youth

Too many youth and young adults find themselves on the streets, couch‐surfing with friends, in emergency shelters or worse, after exiting the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. In some circumstances, youth have had court hearings until their exit from the legal system, but those hearings have not focused on long‐range plans of youth and emergencies youth may encounter. In other circumstances, there has been little or no planning prior to discharge, especially for young people who leave the juvenile justice system. Courts can and should prevent, alleviate or end youth homelessness for youth who appear before them through strategies that are enumerated in the recently‐passed NCJFCJ resolution. This article expounds on three of these strategies – coordinating transition and re‐entry plans, insisting on effective legal representation of youth, and utilizing sound judicial leadership. It also describes the concurrent efforts of the Coalition for Juvenile Justice and the American Bar Association's Homeless Youth Legal Network to remove legal barriers and improve outcomes for youth and young adults experiencing homelessness.     

Best practices for structuring a family court parenting plan evaluation under the 2022 AFCC Guidelines

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi-judicial immunity from damages claims. A well-crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process.     

Monks Who Have Sex: Pārājika Penance in Indian Buddhist Monasticisms

In the study of Buddhism it is commonly accepted that a monk or nun who commits a pārājika offence is permanently and irrevocably expelled from the Buddhist monastic order. This view is based primarily on readings of the Pāli Vinaya. With the exception of the Pāli Vinaya, however, all other extant Buddhist monastic law codes (Dharmaguptaka, Mahāsāṅghika, Mahīśāsaka, Sarvāstivāda and Mūlasarvāstivāda) contain detailed provisions for monks and nuns who commit pārājikas but nevertheless wish to remain within the saṅgha. These monastics are not expelled. Rather, they are granted a special status known as the śikṣādattaka. In this paper I explore the rules. concerning pārājika penance and the śikṣādattaka with specific regard to monastic celibacy. Given that five out of six extant law codes recognise this remarkable accommodation to the rule of celibacy, I argue that we must look to Vinayas other than the Pāli Vinaya if we are to arrive at a nuanced and representative view of Indian Buddhist monasticism.

Grant me chastity and continence, but not yet. Augustine of Hippo (354–430 C.E.)

     

What similes in Sāṃkhya do: a comparison of the similes in the Sāṃkhya texts in the Mahābhārata, the Sāṃkhyakārikā and the Sāṃkhyasūtra

In Sāṃkhya similes are an important means to communicate basic philosophical teachings. In the texts similes are frequently used, especially in the Sāṃkhya passages in the Mahābhārata, in the Sāṃkhyakārikā and in the Sāṃkhyasūtra. This paper compares the similes in these three texts and analyses changes in the philosophy as revealed in the similes. A comparison of the similes of Sāṃkhya texts produced over more than one thousand years reveals changes in the emphasis in this philosophical system. The purpose of the similes in the Sāṃkhya passages of the Mahābhārata is to produce an intuitive understanding of the separateness of puruṣa and prakṛti. The similes are designed to lead the listener to understand this basic dualism. In the Sāṃkhyakārikā the most difficult issues are the relationship between prakṛti and puruṣa and the idea of prakṛti working for the salvation of puruṣa. One whole chapter of the Sāṃkhyasūtra is devoted to similes.