新加坡经济衰退对劳工市场的影响及政府的对策

东亚经济危机的持续，使新加坡的经济也陷入衰退的境地。经济的衰退对新加坡的劳工市场产生了很大冲击，失业人数剧增。为了解决失业问题，提高劳动生产力，使新加坡的经济走出低谷，新加坡政府采取了一系列措施。本文将对上述有关情况加以介绍。一、新加坡经济的衰退１９９８年初，新加坡的经济就显露出衰退的迹象。第二、三季度，经济衰退日趋严重。国内生产总值增长速度减慢，各行业普遍不景气。请看表一和表二：表一　按１９９０年市场价格国内生产总值百分比的变化１９９７年１９９８年第三季度第四季度年均第一季度第二季度第三季度与…     

新加坡的服装工业概况

工业化初期的热门工业 六十年代初期,作为新加坡传统性经济命脉的转口贸易下降,人口急剧增长,各种经济活动进展缓慢,致使失业问题严重,工潮四起,社会秩序动荡不安。以李光耀为首的新加坡人民行动党政府积极展开工业化的发展计划,着重发展“代替进口”的劳力密     

新加坡控制人口增长的成绩与经验

新加坡面积六百一十六点三平方公里,人口二百三十四万九千人。主要民族有华族(占总人口的百分之七十六)马来族(占百分之十五)和印度族(占百分之七)。其他民族约占百分之二。它在一八二四年以后是英国的一个殖民地,到一九五九年才成立自治邦,一九六三年并入马来西亚,一九六五年又从马来西亚分离出来,自成一国。 独立后的新加坡,满目疮痍,经济结构畸形单一,失业问题严重,住房紧张,文化、教育、医疗卫生落后,自然资源极端缺乏,甚至速吃水都要依赖邻国提供(注一),诸多消极     

新加坡公民社会组织的兴起与治理中的合作网络

新加坡的政治文化和国家意识正在经历变迁."新加坡21远景计划"的制定反映并强化了这一变迁的趋势.这是新加坡公民社会及其组织兴起所必需的结构性因素.新加坡各类公民社会组织积极回应政治系统发生的变迁.现有组织力图淡化传统的角色功能,寻求赋予其自身新的合法性.新兴组织则利用大好机遇和可待开发的广阔社会空间努力发展自己.公民社会组织的兴起,为新加坡在稳健而又似乎缓慢的民主化进程中重新界定国家与社会的关系提供了新的路径.     

沟通与融合:新加坡华人宗乡会馆与中国新移民

新加坡中国新移民的人数不断增加,如何融入新加坡当地社会亦被提上日程。不仅政府重视新移民融入主流社会,新加坡民间社会对此也非常重视。在这一过程中,宗乡会馆所扮演的角色最为引人瞩目。据此,本文从新加坡中国新移民的现状出发,分析了华人宗乡会馆对促进中国新移民融入新加坡本土社会过程中所发挥的作用,并在此基础上思考当中所存在的问题以及亟需完善之处。     

东盟5国产业结构的演变及其国际比较

战后,伴随着东盟5国(印尼、马来西亚、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国)的经济增长,各国的产业结构发生了一系列变化。东盟5国产业结构演变的趋势,是与世界各国工业化中产业结构变化的规律相适应的。但是,由于各国经济发展存在着历史性、结构性和制度性的差异,东盟5国产业结构的变化与国际相比仍有许多特点。     

中日两国失业问题比较分析

失业问题是一个世界现象,历来为各国政府所重视。实现充分就业一直是各国政府为 之努力的目标。众所周知,中国经济保持了十年以上的高速增长,而日本经济却持续了十年 以上的低迷。在悬殊的经济增长背景下中日两国却遇到了一个共同的难题,这就是失业率 的持续走高。本文拟对中日两国的失业现状、失业率走高的成因及两国政府的政策选择作 一比较,以加强对失业问题的认识。     

解读新加坡老年社会福利:基于中央公积金制度之外的思考

在不少人的眼中,新加坡的社会保障制度即是中央公积金制度,老年人的各种保障都源于此,这其实是一种误读。国内学界对新加坡养老保障的研究也多是基于中央公积金制度的分析。笔者基于在新加坡的几年学习和生活经历,在本文中尝试解析中央公积金制度之外的老年社会福利。本文在探讨新加坡老年社会保障六大理念的基础上,分析了在快速人口老龄化背景下,政府、基层社区和各类社会福利性组织所提供的福利及服务。总体来讲,新加坡老年社会福利以补缺型社会福利为主体,且无法和社会救助完全分开,在发挥政府作用的同时,充分调动社会力量参与其中,其目的是帮助需要帮助的老年人。此外,新加坡政府也鼓励老年人为社会再做贡献,参加各类志愿者团体,参与社交活动,积极融入社会。     

文化、政治与腐败--关于亨廷顿论新加坡有效治理腐败原因的一点质疑

本文对亨廷顿关于新加坡有效治理腐败的原因提出了质疑.亨廷顿认为,李光耀及其政府的政治作为成功地改变了新加坡的文化,在文化已经西化的基础上,新加坡治理腐败取得了成功.但是,笔者以为,新加坡的文化并没有西方化或发生了根本性的变化,其变化主要是表层和生活方式上的,而不是深层的价值观和思维方式上的.从这种变化的原因来看,也并非主要是李光耀及其政府的政治作为所致,而是各种外在的挑战和内在的主客观条件所致.笔者还对关于文化与政治之间关系的不同流派的主流观点进行了评述.     

东南亚金融危机以来新加坡华人中小企业变化发展分析

在东南亚各国中新加坡是唯一华族人口占绝大多数的国家,华人经济在新加坡经济发展过程中一直占据重要的地位。本文以1997年东南亚金融危机以来新加坡华人中小企业变化发展为主线,对1997—2008年期间,新加坡华人中小企业变化和发展状况及特点进行分析。尽管1997年金融危机对新加坡华人中小企业冲击较大,但相对东南亚其他国家华人企业而言,新加坡华人中小企业在这十年中得到较快的恢复并迅速发展,尤其是新加坡华人中小企业国际化步伐的加快,对中国中小企业走出去具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Umbruch und Kontinuität des Erwerbseinstiegs in Russland

The paper analyzes the influence of institutional change on the transition from school to work in Russia during socialism and the transition period. Using information from the “Education and Employment Survey for Russia” and comparing the birth cohorts 1949–1986, we analyze the duration of the respondents’ first job episode and the transition out of the first job. The results document shorter first job durations, increasing risks of unemployment and, in the case of women, more rapid transitions out of the labor market. However, the basic patterns of transition from education to job positions continued to exist. Thus, the transition from school to work in Russia did not experience an abrupt change but a gradual adjustment to the new economic order.     

Who Will Get the Job? Hiring Practices and Inequalities in the Chilean Labour Market

This article explores the ways in which recruitment and hiring practices can promote and sustain social inequality in a highly neoliberal country: Chile. The article analyses six steps in the selection process. It provides evidence of discriminatory practices in the job market by analysing employers' and recruiters' practices, hiring methods, and the experiences of professionals applying for a job. The research is based on 43 interviews with managers, human resources consultants, and candidates. It uses intersectional analysis to unpack dynamics of inequality in the selection processes in Chile. The findings demonstrate high levels of explicit and severe discrimination in the labour market.     

Call for articles

Abstract

South Africa like the rest of the world is facing critical challenges and opportunities relating to the Green Economy. The country has relevant policies, is part of various Green Economy International initiatives, Conventions and Declarations, has allocated funding to green economy programmes and projects and has made job projections in this sector. However, the education policies and the education system do not reflect an adequate paradigm shift towards a Green Economy. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (2012) purports that the education systems in various countries need to adapt to this demand. It is against this backdrop that this article seeks to highlight the fact that the present job projections are not attainable owing to lack of skilled personnel in the green economy sector.     

日本企业培养技能型人才特点与多元化模式

在国家创新体系中,技能型人力资本无疑作为科学技术知识的生产者和传播者发挥着重要的作用。近年来,日本企业培养技能型人力资本表现出大企业青睐专门技能学校毕业生、企业培训与公共职业培训紧密结合、由员工本位主义向以企业本位主义转型、企业日益重视员工职业培训等新特点。日本企业培养技能型人才不仅继续发挥在职培训、脱产培训、自我开发、函授培训和轮岗培训等传统模式作用,而且还创新了GPC和工业学园等新模式。日本相关经验启示我国也要重视和加强企业技能型人才培养、注重企业培训与公共职业培训相结合、不断创新企业培养技能型人才模式。     

Freetown Morning

This account originated in an assignment of work given to anExtra-Mural student of Fourah Bay College by his tutor. Thestudent, M. S. Koroma, is a supervising driver in the Road TransportService. Koroma took notes on what he heard and saw in one morningon the job, then wrote them up in collaboration with his tutor(L.Proudfoot). His account where given verbatim, is put in invertedcommas.     

中国与印尼在基础设施建设方面合作的现状与前景

印尼经济在1997年亚洲金融危机期间遭受重创,国内基础设施建设几乎陷于停滞.为改善落后的基础设施状况,加速经济的发展,创造更多的就业机会,印尼计划采取措施首先改善国内投资环境,以吸引更多的外资参与本国基础设施的建设.这无疑将为迅速发展中国与印尼基础设施的合作带来更为广阔的前景.     

Fighting with Goliath: The reform of the public health care insurance scheme in Germany,its potential to increase employment and alternative models of reform

Faced with steadily growing expenditures of the public health care insurance companies, rising statutory contributions for health care insurance and constantly high unemployment, the German government decided to introduce a reform of the public health care insurance scheme that came into force in January 2004. The first part of this paper discusses the reasons for the reform and presents its central elements. Since the reform was introduced to contribute to an increase of legal employment by a reduction of statutory contributions to the public health care scheme, I will discuss the reform's potential to increase employment. In the next step the paper illustrates alternative models of health care reform (citizen's scheme and individual health care premium) and compares their potential for job growth. Although the health care reform of the government considers both the need to reduce statutory contributions to public health care insurance and to ease income tax in order to compensate for higher individual payments for medical treatment, its potential for job growth is limited because it lacks support from the health care bureaucracy and the pharmaceutical industry. A reform of welfare state politics resembles a fight with a Goliath made up of powerful interest groups, a reluctant bureaucracy and uncertain socio-economic outcomes.     

Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnungleichheit in Betrieben, Berufen und Jobzellen (1993–2006)

Whereas educational inequalities between women and men and differences in labor market participation shrinked or even diminished during the last decades, the gender pay gap remained stable over time. This is remarkable because the pay gap has attracted much more attention as the main target of anti-discrimination policies. Using data from the IAB (Institute for Employment Research), we analyze whether the average pay gap between women and men working full-time can be explained by their employment in different industries, occupations, and firms. As the smallest level of analysis we focus on occupations within firms (job cells). This strategy of analysis yields the best possible approximation to the concept of “within-job wage gap”. The results show that women with equivalent training and occupational experience earn wages that are 12 percent less than the wages of men in such job cells. Even though the educational participation of women rose to that of their male counterpart, the gender composition of labor market participation changed and the pressure of equal employment policies grew, the gender wage gap does not decrease within our observation period (1993–2006). In conclusion, we discuss theoretical and methodological reasons for this finding.     

改革开放以来中国学者的缅甸研究述评

改革开放以来中国学者对缅甸的研究取得了长足的进展,目前我国从事缅甸研究的机构和人员已初具规模,研究领域的广度、探讨问题的深度以及研究成果的数量和质量,都是新中国成立以来最好的时期。但我国的缅甸研究也存在许多不足,与国外相比,仍有一定的差距。     

The Paradox of National Language Acquisition: Russian Speakers’ Labor Market Positions in Estonia

This paper analyzes the changes in the labor market positions of Soviet-era Russian-speaking immigrants and their descendants in Estonia in 1992–2008. More specifically, it explains how the knowledge of Estonian connects with evaluations of changes of market positions. The Estonian case shows that the language policy intervention undertaken in the context of a fundamental transformation of the market structure in the 1990s paradoxically yielded results contrary to the objectives pursued by the language policy. As it turns out, a segregation strategy is successful in terms of market position maintenance or improvement, whereas acculturation strategy (learning Estonian) worsens rather than improves job opportunities.