中国包容性增长与减贫:进程与主要政策

中国政府积极倡导包容性增长,其基本含义是在可持续发展中实现经济社会协调发展,实现发展成果由人民共享的目标。包容性增长的基本要素包括:坚持发展经济,着力转变经济发展方式,提高经济发展质量;坚持社会公平正义,着力促进人人平等获得发展机会;坚持以人为本,着力保障和改善民生,努力做到发展成果由人民共享。为实现包容性增长的目标,中国政府正在和即将采取以下政策措施:一是优化产业结构,转变经济增长方式,实现可持续增长;二是提高劳动者素质和能力,最大限度创造劳动者就业和发展机会;三是调节收入分配,缩小收入差距;四是加强社会保障网络建设,着力解决教育、医疗、养老、住房等民生问题。包容性增长的概念提出时间不长,但始终贯穿于中国的改革开放和现代化建设,与"科学发展观"和"协调发展"、"和谐社会"理念一脉相承,对广大发展中国家具有积极的借鉴意义。     

推进包容性增长与改善民生

包容性增长强调社会应跟上经济发展的步伐,使经济增长与社会进步、人民富裕协调同步,实现社会与经济的协同发展。倡导包容性增长对引导各级政府抛弃GDP崇拜,保障和改善民生,避免堕入"中等收入陷阱"等有重要意义。在推进包容性增长的过程中,我们应致力于完善民生政策,落实民生目标,化解民生难题。     

对“包容性增长”理念的再探讨

"包容性增长"不仅体现在经济层面,使得经济发展成果惠及所有人群,实现经济、政治、生态与社会统筹、协调、可持续的发展,又体现在解决好以民生为重点的社会问题,促进社会公平正义。"包容性增长"与科学发展、和谐社会建设是一脉相承的。     

包容性增长正义向度的多维视野及其统一

＂包容性增长＂虽然最初是作为一个经济概念提出,但在生态危机、构建社会主义和谐社会及全面建设小康社会的背景下,赋予了它丰富的内涵和多重的正义维度：作为经济学概念的包容性增长,凸显的是增长的正义;作为社会学概念的包容性增长,凸显的是社会正义;作为生态学概念的包容性增长,凸显的是生态正义。增长的正义、社会正义和生态正义构成了包容性增长的正义体系,三者是相互联系、相互影响和制约的统一体。包容性增长的正义内涵决定了生态社会主义为包容性增长的实现提供了更好的制度设计。     

经济政治良性互动视阈下的“包容性增长”

从经济与政治复杂互动、互惠共生的视角加以观察与分析,有利于准确把握"包容性增长"的内在逻辑与精神实质。"包容性增长"终结了经济增长主义,有望化解政治合法性的"政绩困局"难题;拉启了经济"存量改革"的大幕,有望重塑和谐的政治、社会关系;推进了参与经济发展与分享经济成果的机会平等,有望拓展政治正义的实现路径;避开了"李普塞特假说"的陷阱,有望进一步触发政治体制改革。     

“包容性增长”的正义镜像与中国实践

包容性增长是十二五规划的指导思想。在中国改革进入深水区以后,我国经济社会发展面临着诸多棘手问题:资源环境压力和可持续发展、贫富差距拉大、经济发展成果难以共享、社会不公等等。解决这些实际问题需要诉诸于包容性增长的理念。包容性增长的核心要义是机会平等,根本目的是实现广大民众共享经济发展的成果,最终价值指向是社会的公平正义。通过经济增长方式的转变、经济结构的调整、社会排斥的消除、收入分配制度的改革、公共服务的均等化供给和全覆盖的社会保障体系建设等,增加社会包容度,保障机会平等和权利公平,才能真正实现包容性增长和社会主义社会的公平正义。     

中国包容性增长实现程度的估算:1978-2008

按照广义贫困标准,通过构建"近似人类贫困指数"对中国包容性增长的实现程度进行估算,并将结果与按照收入贫困标准得到的包容性增长指数进行比较,文章发现,如果以多维贫困标准测量,1979~2008年的大多数时间中国是低度包容性的经济增长,中国的经济增长在改善人类福利方面的作用要比在缓解收入贫困方面更加稳定,中国经济增长在缓解收入贫困和人类贫困方面的作用具有较大的提升空间。     

包容性增长理念的提出及其内涵的发展

2012年2月,我随中华文化学院代表团先后访问了印度尼西亚、马来西亚、新加坡三国.代表团以"包容性增长与亚洲的共同繁荣"为主题,与三国的政界、学界、商界知名人士进行了广泛而深入的交流,进一步深化了对"包容性增长"的理解.     

包容性社会政策的建构与公共服务创新——以杭州市上城区为例证

作为科学发展观在社会实践和社会决策中的系统性拓展,"包容性增长"为中国社会政策的完善提供了重要的理论指导。包容性社会政策的核心内容在于落实"以人为本"及"成果共享"的公共服务政策。基于杭州市上城区的例证,构建包容性社会政策的基本规范包括:坚持公平正义的社会主义价值观和效益优先原则;坚持"议行合一"的组织原则,在宪政现实基础上实现公共权力和公共利益的辩证统一;推动公民积极参与社会治理和公共服务,拓展从民生到民权的制度空间。     

包容性增长与社会救助城乡二元特征的一体化——基于机会平等的视角

包容性增长是经济增长的新范式,其核心内容是实现所有社会成员共享式的机会平等增长。当前,中国城乡社会救助的城乡"二元"特征尤其明显,这与包容性增长倡导的共享式的机会平等内涵相违背,因此,应当从逐步缩小城乡经济发展差距、消除经济发展中的机会缺失和机会不平等、完善社会救助的法律制度以及落实"三个城乡统一"等途径实现社会救助的城乡"二元"特征一体化。     

论我国经济增长思想的创造性改进

党的十五大首次明确提出“转变经济增长方式”;在党的十七大上提出“加快转变经济发展方式,推动产业结构优化升级”,强调从主要依靠单纯CDP的增长向可持续发展、生态平衡和和谐社会三者相协调的发展方向转变;在党的十七届五中全会上,提出“包容性增长”理念。这一系列经济增长思想是在符合我国现今发展阶段的国情下提出的。其不仅强调生产关系中分配方式的转变,更强调在“包容性增长”下,人与人的交往、国与国的协调,使经济发展的成果惠及所有人所有国家,使所有社会成员和国际成员都充分享受到经济发展带来的好处。     

Adolescent Adoption and the Birthfamily

ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on the psychological and physical presence of birthfamilies in the lives of adoptive parents and adolescents who were adopted. Fifty-eight (58) parents and 37 adolescents were interviewed. Results showed the importance of relationships of adoptive families and adolescents with birthfamilies; that issues around contact began early in the adoption process; that, in terms of contact, “family” was a very inclusive term; that, though most adolescents wanted contact with kin, there was considerable variety in terms of patterns of contact; that a primary facilitator of contact was someone's taking the initiative, usually an adoptive parent; and that certain factors made contact difficult or even prohibitive, but families found ways to address these. Implications for practice, training, and research are suggested.     

导入ISO9001:2000背景下地方政府绩效考核指标体系述评

地方政府在导入ISO质量管理体系的背景下,其绩效如何考核?国际标准化组织设计了一套完整的指标体系,包括"好政府的制度发展、经济的可持续发展、全面的社会发展和环境的可持续发展"等四个维度。本文对这套指标进行了介绍,并结合中国的具体情况进行了分析,目的在于为地方政府导入ISO质量管理体系进行理论上的指导。文章认为,导入这套指标体系符合我国建设和谐社会和落实科学发展观的要求,有利于促进政府职能转变,有利于解决当前我国的社会问题。因此,它在我国具有相当强的可适用性。     

International Comparative Study on Education Laws of the Persons with Disabilities: An Observation on Regulations on the Education of Persons with Disabilities

The issue of education for people with disabilities has become of increasing concern. How can we effectively guarantee the basic right to education for persons with disabilities? Will the revised Regulation on Education for Persons with Disabilities meet their needs? This article takes the Regulation on Education for Persons with Disabilities as the core and compares it with the related special educational laws of the United States, Britain and Japan. The following conclusions were drawn from this study: In terms of educational concept, the three countries follow the concept of inclusive education, and pursue equity and educational justice. They not only pay attention to inclusive education but also focus on improving the quality of education for students with disabilities. All three countries focus on accommodating children with special needs, but each implements its programs in a different way. These practices can be used as reference for the development of a special needs education law in China.     

普惠金融视角下中国现代农村金融制度建设分析

普惠金融理念注重弱势群体享受金融服务的权利,近年来逐渐被社会各界所接受。普惠型金融与现代农村金融制度在本质上是相通的。我国正处于经济社会转型阶段,农村金融市场具有发展中国家普遍存在的系统性缺陷,基于法律与契约框架的非人格化交易在农村尚未确立,因而建设现代农村金融制度具有长期性。作为现代农村金融制度建设的重要内容,村镇银行等新型农村金融机构具有显著的普惠型金融特征和外部性,各级政府应当给予补贴和相关政策支持。     

China's Diplomatic Manoeuvring on the Question of Darfur

This article assesses China's response to the violence in Darfur. Whereas the People's Republic had already been taking a constructive stance towards international interventions in various intra-state conflicts, the mayhem in Darfur compelled China to take the lead in engaging Khartoum. Beijing's engagement evolved from a rather passive posture, to taking a clear position, and finally, to active persuasion and mediation. During these negotiations, Beijing departed from the interests of the local political elite and tried to meet its concerns, not by imposing measures, but by clarifying the different options and creating trust to find a feasible consensus. From the Chinese perspective this approach was highly successful as it increased its moral influence, reassured its partners in Africa and the West, safeguarded its oil empire in Sudan and upheld its prerequisite of sovereignty and state consent.     

Reinterpreting the Sino–Japanese War: 1939–1940, peasant mobilisation,and the road to the PRC

The War of Resistance to Japan (1937–1945) has long been recognised as the most important stage in the Chinese Communist Party's rise to power in 1949. Particularly in its North China base areas, the Chinese Communist Party is said to have pursued moderate, inclusive, and mobilisatory tactics during the war years to build a movement for national salvation from the bottom up, which eventually led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The evidence from the heart of the Taihang Base Area suggests the possibility of another contrasting history, masked by current interpretations, in which 1939–1940 was a crucial turning point in that process. Starting in September 1939, and for the following six months, there is evidence of more explicitly revolutionary endeavour. The Chinese Communist Party seized power locally from its allies and destroyed the opposition; it engaged in violent land reform and wealth redistribution; and it attempted to proletarianise itself. Understanding the causes of these phenomena and their consequences in one of the most important front-line base areas provides new perspectives on both the course of the war with Japan and the Chinese Communist Party's eventual success.     

对我国建立公务员就职宣誓制度的思考

就职宣誓是公务员就职前一个重要的程序,世界上很多国家都已经建立了公务员就职宣誓制度,然而我国到目前为止还没有在相关的法律文件提出建立公务员就职宣誓制度。文章从建立公务员就职宣誓制度的必要性、重要性和可行性这三个角度进行了分析。     

China Goes to Africa: a strategic move?

Entering the twenty-first century, particularly under the reign of Hu Jintao, China began to pursue an increasingly pro-active diplomacy in Africa. Most analysis on China's offensive diplomacy in Africa focuses on Beijing's thirst for energy and raw materials, and for economic profits and benefits. That is why it is often called ‘energy diplomacy’ or ‘economic diplomacy’ as if China, just like Japan in the 1980s, became another ‘economic animal’. But if one looks at the history of the PRC's foreign policy, Beijing has seldom pursued its diplomacy from purely economic considerations. Is this time any different? This article exams China's diplomacy in Africa from a strategic and political perspective such as its geo-strategic calculations, political and security ties with African countries, peacekeeping and anti-piracy efforts in the region, support for African regionalism, etc. It argues that China's diplomatic expansion in Africa, while partially driven by its need for economic growth, cannot be fully understood without taking into consideration its strategic impulse accompanying its accelerating emergence as a global power. Africa is one of China's diplomatic ‘new frontiers’ as exemplified by new Chinese leader Xi Jinping's maiden foreign trip to Africa in 2013.     

文化空间概念下少数民族体育文化的可持续发展

文化空间是传统文化得以产生、存活与传承的时空场域,也称为文化场所。而少数民族体育文化是少数民族精神与其核心价值观的象征,是一个完整而包容的整体,具有多样性、稳定性、活态性、差异性等特征。本文基于文化空间概念,对少数民族体育文化可持续发展进行了研究。认为重新建立少数民族体育的文化适应性,应重视对民间体育节事文化空间的研究和保护,才能拓展少数民族体育文化的传播空间,并促进少数民族体育文化活态传承和可持续发展,解决开发与保护中所遇到的现实问题。