Explaining Majority and Minority Trust in the Police

This article tests the contribution that social capital theory, performance theory, and the procedural justice-based model can make towards explaining the trust of majority and minority group members in the police. The central research questions are: (1) do the same factors determine their levels of trust? and (2) are the effects parallel? To answer these questions, we carried out regression analyses on data collected from majority and minority group members living in Belgium (960 face-to-face interviews). The results show that, although the three theories offer explanatory elements for members of both majority and minority groups, the explanation of their trust in the police is not identical. Implications for research and theorization are discussed.     

社会认同复杂性与认同管理策略探析

社会认同论作为群体间行为的解释理论是群体关系研究中最有影响的理论.由于群体地位的差异,当某一群体在认知、情感上产生对所属群体身份不承认或疏离和自卑时便产生了社会认同威胁.为应对威胁和困境,社会认同管理策略旨在通过不同的策略手段以期获得积极的社会认同,提高个体和群体自尊.社会认同复杂性与管理策略的研究有助于加强我国转型期各群体之间的和谐共生,消减个体认同的困境,促进社会不同群体之间的融入与和谐.     

Examining Police Effectiveness as a Precursor to Legitimacy and Cooperation with Police

Numerous studies by Tyler and colleagues, as well as other scholars, support a normative, process model to account for variation in the public’s cooperation with police in the USA and other developed nations. However, a recent study in Ghana suggests that in developing countries fraught with high levels of violent crime and corruption, cooperation may instead be accounted for by a utilitarian, rational-choice model. Our study examines whether public cooperation with police in the developing nation of Trinidad and Tobago is associated with the process model or rational-choice model. Using in-person structured interviews with residents, we examined whether victims’ decisions to report to police were related to individuals’ perceptions about police effectiveness or police legitimacy. We found support for the process model. We discuss possible explanations for the divergence with Tankebe’s research in Ghana and suggest avenues for future research.     

Instrumental and Normative Pathways to Legitimacy and Public Cooperation with the Police in Turkey: Considering Perceived Neighborhood Characteristics and Local Government Performance

This study investigates the relative contributions of instrumental and normative models to the legitimacy of and cooperation with the police in Turkey. Based on a random sample of 1,800 Istanbulians, the potential contributions of perceived neighborhood characteristics also are considered. Results show that both instrumental and normative models of regulation are applicable to the highly centralized and state-serving Turkish policing context. While the instrumental model exerts relatively more influence on legitimacy than does the normative model, the two models are of equal importance in predicting legitimacy after perceived neighborhood characteristics are taken into consideration. Social cohesion and local government performance also emerged as significant predictors of police legitimacy. Public cooperation with police, on the other hand, is encouraged by increased police legitimacy, better local government performance, and higher household income. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.     

权利的社会本原——在社会冲突与社会合作的视野下

在权利产生、存在与发展的动态过程中,权利的实现能吸纳或者消解相当一部分社会冲突, 促成一系列社会合作,使社会秩序得以形成、维系并协调发展。社会冲突在伸张主体利益的同时,有利于提升权利意识;其在重划利益格局的同时,有利于创设新的权利规范。社会合作所具有的消除社会冲突、促进社会有序的功能为权利的实现提供了可能性,安全、和平、有序的社会状态有利于权利的实现。而且, 社会合作为权利的实现增加了有效性。在社会合作中,行为规则的确立和行为理性的运用使行为结果具有可预测性,从而降低了行为成本,增加了权利实现的顺畅性和有效性。     

企业集团与少数股东保护研究

传统公司法是建立在公司之间彼此独立、互不参股的基础上的。在企业集团与关联企业日益增多的今天,各国公司法都实现了从只调整单一公司到以调整单个公司为主,以调整关联企业与企业集团为辅的立法思想转变。从少数股东保护角度验证中国公司法增加对关联企业与企业集团的规定的必要性。     

社区警务的社会自治渊源

社区警务已在我国推行了几年的时间,虽然这是我国公安机关引入的一项具体警务制度,但这一警务战略却是为了社会自治在社区的实现而创设,社区警务根源于社会自治。从更深层次角度而言,社区自治乃至社会自治是人权实现的重要途径,而社区警务是警察权在社区领域得以运用的体现,警察权来源于人权并以保障人权为目的,所以从社区警务的社会自治渊源进行推演所得出的结论是警察权的人权性。     

公安高校校局合作工作机制建设探讨

公安高校与公安机关的长期合作,取决于双方利益平衡点的寻找与把握,而能否使合作产生最大效益,则取决于长期合作中双方逐步探索建立的各种机制。因此,要推动和保障校局合作工作的有效开展,需要建立完善的互利共赢机制、激励机制、约束机制、沟通协调机制及保障机制等。     

粤港澳区际反黑警务合作的回顾与前瞻

广东地处华南，毗邻港澳，是内地最早受到港澳黑社会渗透的地区之一。为共同打击黑社会跨境犯罪，粤港澳警务部门较早并有效地开展了多渠道、多层次的反黑合作。共同维护了粤港澳地区的社会治安稳定。伴随着粤港澳三地经贸和人员往来的日益密切，黑社会跨境犯罪在一段时期内将有所增多。面对出现的新问题和新动向，粤港澳警方应深化合作、创新机制，高效打击黑社会罪案。     

警察心理咨询的定位研究

目前关于警察心理咨询的必要性、重要性研究较多,但是关于警察心理咨询应该如何定位、如何评价、如何开展等问题的研究较少。由于警察心理问题的一般性与特殊性,心理咨询应当与传统的思政工作有机结合;在警察队伍中吸收或培养专门人才从事该项工作,同时密切与当地的心理学专家合作,取得支持;警察心理咨询应当很好的完成一般心理问题、轻度心理障碍的辅导与治疗,能够诊断与判别严重心理疾病,及时将之转介,同时给予管理部门关于当事民警精神状况的适当建议,以及针对普遍或有可能普遍出现的心理问题,建议管理部门作出预防措施。常规的警察心理保健也成为心理咨询部门的延伸工作。     

论新疆地区和谐警察公共关系的构建

警察公共关系是警察组织与社会公众双向信息交流和良性互动沟通,既是一种以人为本的思想理念,也是一种警察文化现象。在新疆少数民族地区,由于各民族不同的语言、宗教信仰及风俗习惯,使警察公共关系建设具有较强的地域特色;同时新疆又是我国反恐斗争的第一线,担负着维护国家安全、社会稳定的重要使命,构建和谐警察公共关系需要加深理论认识,强化双语交流沟通,把握民族宗教政策,分析研究涉警网络舆情,加强媒体正面宣传,对警察素质内外兼修。     

Intent and Ordinary Bias: Unintended Thought and Social Motivation Create Casual Prejudice

Social psychologists have addressed stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination for nearly a century. Everyday prejudices first seemed to lodge in abnormal personalities, pathological bigots who were exceptional (bad apples), but Freudian explanations proved inadequate. Purely cognitive explanations took their place, arguing that bias inevitably results from normal processes of categorization and association, often automatic. But this so-called cognitive miser account denies the role of intent, which does influence the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. People are more realistically motivated tacticians who display more cognitive bias under particular social motivations. The author's continuum of impression formation, proceeding from initial categorization to possible moderation by motives, illustrates this view. Plausible social motives include belonging, understanding, controlling, self-enhancing, and trusting, all known to influence ordinary bias. Social neuroscience is beginning to show that motivation and cognition mix at the earliest stages of ordinary bias.     

司法警察支队长人格特征调查分析

采用卡特尔16项人格因素问卷(16PF)对202名司法警察支队长作测量,结果显示:司法警察支队长的人格特征较为优良;心理健康的平均得分高于常模均值;专业有成就的平均得分高于常模均值,其中得高分的占10.8%;创造力高分占12.4%;新环境成长能力平均得分略低于常模均值,成长能力高分占6.2%。这些结果表明,司法警察支队长总体的心理素质较为良好。     

用新安全观的视角看加强国际警务合作的必要

冷战后,中国提出以“互信、互利、平等、协作”为核心的新安全观,努力营造长期稳定、安全可靠的国际安全环境。新安全观需要新思维。在以合作求安全、以协商求安全,建立新的安全机制维护安全和坚持反霸反恐并重的思维。新安全观强调重视非传统安全威胁的因素,而国际警务合作是对付恐怖主义和跨国犯罪的有力武器之一,因此,应该用新安全观的视角来看加强国际警务合作的必要。     

论警察战术权机制的社会适应性

警察战术权源于前苏联《犯罪侦查学》兴起过程中创造性智力成果之侦缉措施为主要内容的机制需要,其机制生成具有在计划经济时期进行侦查行动和侦缉措施时的适应性。当代中国警务在构建创新型社会过程中须认真对待警察战术权的社会适应性问题,既要选择适宜其社会稳定的警察战术权机制,也要改善适宜其机制运行的社会基础,因而实践中应正确认识警察战术权的私权属性、公法调整及其保护强弱等问题。     

侦诉协作机制的价值分析与制度构建

建立侦诉协作机制,增强侦诉合力,形成"大控方"的追诉格局,对于保证刑事诉讼活动的顺利进行,具有重大的价值和意义。目前,司法实务部门对侦诉协作机制所进行的积极探索,为该机制的立法构建提供了有益的实践经验。在《刑事诉讼法》再修改时应当通过程序设计对侦诉协作机制作出明确规定,并完善相应的配套制度,推动该机制良好地运行。     

社会正义观理论下的警察权职能分析

社会正义是指在一个社会内分担责任、安排社会地位、及社会资源分配上符合正义的原则。社会正义观理论要求政府公平对待每一位社会成员。新型的社会正义观要求政府职能由过去注重政治统治职能向社会管理职能转变。警察权的职能也必然随着政府的职能转变而转变,弱化政治镇压职能、强化社会管理职能和公共服务职能,由监管者走向服务者。这种职能的转变将对警察维护社会秩序,进行公共管理,提供公共服务并最终保障公民个人的合法权益起到有效的促进作用。     

Comparing Wife Abuse Perceptions Between Chinese Police Officers and Social Workers

Seventy-one Chinese social workers and 74 Chinese police officers residing in Hong Kong were surveyed on their gender-role attitudes, endorsement of wife abuse myths, and definitions of wife abuse. Results showed that compared to social workers, police officers held more conservative gender-role attitudes, endorsed more myths about wife abuse, and adopted more restrictive definitions of physical and psychological wife abuse. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that definitions of wife abuse were related to different predictors for these two groups of professionals. Among social workers, egalitarian gender-role attitudes were a significant predictor of broad definitions of physical wife abuse, but no significant predictor was found for psychological wife abuse. Among police officers, significant predictors of definitions of physical wife abuse included marital status, educational attainment, and endorsement of wife abuse myths; gender-role attitudes were the only significant predictor of definitions of psychological wife abuse.     

Racial Encroachment and the Formal Control of Space: Minority Group-Threat and Misdemeanor Arrests in Urban Communities

The study examined the minority group-threat hypothesis across a metropolitan setting to test whether (1) increases in black and Latino representation in communities were associated with increased misdemeanor arrests and (2) if increases in minority groups in historically white communities were associated with increased police arrests. The study argued that threat trigger variables should be measured in terms of difference scores and weighted by initial dominant group representation. The latter argument is informed by the defended neighborhood perspective and assesses the threat hypotheses in historically white communities. Using negative binomial regression modeling that adjusted for spatial autocorrelation, the study found that net of theoretical controls, increases in percent black population were associated with increased black misdemeanor arrests, but only in historically white census tracts. Increases in Latino representation were associated with increased minority misdemeanor arrests both across all tracts generally, as well as in historically majority white tracts.     

弱势群体保护的社会契约基础

根据订约语境的不同以及契约传统和价值取向的不同,社会契约可分为同意型社会契约、互惠型社会契约、平等型社会契约和人本型社会契约。社会契约视域下的弱势群体可相应界定为:没有实际参与同意过程而使缔约目的没有充分实现的人群;没有从社会契约中受惠并与契约伙伴同步发展的人群;没有在立约时被平等对待并予倾斜保护致其基本人权受到侵害的人群;没有在契约重大变更时处于有利地位而被作为功利考量牺牲品的人群。弱势群体保护的社会契约责任基础包括:同意型社会契约政府责任之自由基础、互惠型社会契约个人责任之功利基础、平等型社会契约社会责任之正义基础、人本型社会契约动态完善之人道基础。