外溢性地方公共物品的有效供给:政府合作社制度--地方政府间博弈的一个林达尔均衡

公共物品的层次性决定了地方公共物品只能由地方政府供给;而外溢性地方公共物品的存在使得地方政府在这类公共物品供给的过程中相互博弈。地方政府间博弈必然引致地方公共物品供给的有效性问题。有效的制度创新是解决地方公共物品供给困境的基本路径。政府合作社制度使地方政府间合作通过经济契约制度化,是地方公共物品供给过程中政府博弈的一个有效的林达尔均衡。     

地方政府创新过程中正式与非正式政治耦合研究——以公安微博为例

以公安微博为例,分析了自下而上的地方政府创新过程中正式政治与非正式政治耦合的机制。基于中国制度变迁、非正式政治、政府行为等理论文献以及对于X省Y市案例研究,提出一个地方政府创新过程中正式与非正式政治耦合机理的初步分析框架。分析框架指出,在中国地方政府组织体系和领导中心的决策机制这一情境下,地方政府创新往往是正式政治和非正式政治耦合的产物,而非正式政治在政府创新决策过程中往往起到支配性的作用。通过案例分析,发现非正式政治在创新的接纳阶段起着核心作用,正式政治成为创新扩散阶段的关键推动力,在创新的实施过程中需要通过非正式政治支持获取正式制度安排,非正式政治的根深蒂固和正式政治的弱化则为创新的后续发展带来高度的不确定性。尽管存在个案研究的代表性以及政府内部的政治敏感资料难以全面获取等局限,该研究仍在一定程度上揭开了地方政府创新过程的"黑箱",有助于促进对地方政府创新行为逻辑的理解。     

消极与积极:宏观调控中的地方政府行为困境——基于制度分析的框架

随着中国经济的转型,地方政府逐渐与中央政府成为利益相对独立的主体,一些具体的制度安排———诸如政绩考核体制和财政分权体制等,给了地方政府在紧缩性的宏观调控过程中与中央政策博弈的动机;而中央政府对于地方政府的博弈行为惩戒力度明显不足,进一步强化了地方的博弈动机。本文认为,正是制度供给的不足导致了地方消极对待中央紧缩性的宏观调控政策;在赶超战略的历史任务尚未结束的背景下,地方政府在宏观调控中的行为进入了制度供给的困境。     

论地方政府社会治理创新的政策转化:影响因素与优化路径

政策转化是衔接实践探索与制度建设的桥梁与纽带。地方政府在推进社会治理创新的过程中,要充分发挥政策转化对创新行动的牵引、固化和扩展功能。从经济社会发展全局看,只有把社会治理创新实践总结好,通过政策产出的形式转化好,才能在区域和全国层面形成良好的积聚和带动效应,最终为推进宏观层面的制度建设奠定基础。当前,与实践层面上的改革和创新举措大量涌现相比,社会治理领域的政策跟进和转化能力不足,不仅极大地影响了改革的社会成效,也制约了制度供给的效能。基于对当前地方政府推进社会治理创新之主体结构、关系网络、影响因素与动力机制的考察,要提升地方政府社会治理创新的政策转化能力,必须充分吸纳政策转化的主体力量,持续优化政策创新的行动结构,不断激发政策创新的深层动力,积极完善政策创新的配套保障,努力构建科学的政策学习机制,注重加强社会治理创新的地区横向整合,进而科学地把握政策转化时机,不断提升政策产出的针对性和有效性。     

深圳大部制改革与地方政府体制创新

一、问题的由来：地方政府体制创新的差异20世纪80年代后,基于地方发展和GDP考核激励,地方政府推动区域经济社会发展,成为区域公共政策选择和制度创新的＂第一行动集团＂。在政策不同时间段,他们对经济体制和行政体制进行创新,形成一批以内容、区域命名的创新模式,如深圳三分制、温州模式、顺德模式、恳谈会体制、     

中部地区地方政府竞争的政策选择

财政体制改革引发了地方政府竞争 ,地方政府竞争既极大地调动了地方政府的积极性 ,促进了经济的发展 ,又带来了地方保护主义盛行 ,交易成本上升 ,地区经济发展不平衡加剧的问题。中部地区地方政府在竞争中应积极地调整政策 ,深入制度创新 ,改进行政管理 ,从地区实际出发 ,制定发展战略 ,重视教育和培训 ,大力加强人力资源的开发。     

我国地方政府体制创新研究

我国地方政府体制在改革大潮中取得了许多创新性成就,但也面临着权力运行无序、决策制度短缺、公共治理转型滞后等一系列问题;这些问题既有制度供给不足的原因,也有制度变迁路径选择的局限;实现地方政府体制创新应从中央与地方合理分权、重构地方政府结构、转变地方政府职能等方面入手。     

制度变迁视域中的政府直审村官模式

政府直审村官模式作为地方政府主导的增量式制度创新,通过机构改革与整合监督力量,以加强村居审计工作为切入点,使地方政府介入到农村治理格局之中。该制度创新一方面通过自上而下的资源投入为村务监督制度注入动力,弥补了村务监督体系因村民参与不足而造成的动力缺陷问题;另一方面则通过一系列制度建构形成了对村官进行管理考核的压力型体制,使地方政府成为主导农村事务发展的重要政治主体。制度创新在为农村提供制度供给和公共权威的同时,还应注重合理引导村民提高政治参与能力,依靠村民自身参与激活制度存量。     

地方政府购买社会组织服务的制度规范与政策优化——以厦门市为例

地方政府购买社会组织服务是转变政府职能和创新社会管理的重要方式。为了提高购买服务的绩效,一方面要实现购买服务的制度化和规范化,设定需要购买公共服务的领域,制订符合不同需求的购买方案,创新购买服务制度;另一方面,要实行以社会大众需求为导向的优化购买服务政策,用第三方评估机制树立购买服务的标准,培育壮大地方社会组织,激发社会各界监督政府购买服务的基本过程。     

消除惰性增强动力——服务型政府构建中地方政府思维和行为的学理分析

服务型政府的制度创新实质上是打破原有管理型政府模式下权力结构、重塑利益结构的过程.在这一制度变迁过程中,中央政府、地方政府会以不同的博弈策略参与进来,成为权力博弈的局中人.地方政府在制度变迁中具有相对独立利益目标和资源配置权的双重角色,从而成为服务型政府创新的主体.但由于地方政府对自身利益的特别考量,致使地方政府在服务型政府构建中存在"惰性"思维,缺乏制度创新的动力.应从制度创新环境、利益分配等多种角度,消除地方政府的"惰性",增强其创新动力.     

An Evaluation of Private Sector Provision of Public Infrastructure in Australian Local Government

Private sector provision of public infrastructure in Australia at all levels of government, including local government, has steadily increased over the past twenty years. Nevertheless, this method of providing public infrastructure remains controversial. This article seeks to provide a critical review of the arguments surrounding private sector provision of infrastructure in Australian local government. It examines both the case for private sector provision of municipal infrastructure in Australia and the major arguments advanced against this approach to infrastructure development. Given the conceptual argumentation and empirical evidence on private municipal infrastructure provision, it is argued that policy makers should employ a nuanced performance evaluation framework to assess the benefits and weaknesses of private provision on the basis of the specific type of infrastructure in question and the kind of services it provides rather than simply endorse carte blanche privatization.     

地方政府公共服务创新：驱动机制与路径选择——中国情境下的分析框架和经验证据

不断推进地方政府公共服务创新是破解当前公共服务供给困境,构建我国治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要组成部分。在对国内外相关文献分析的基础上,从政治制度、社会需求和资源支撑等视角出发,构建了中国情境下地方政府公共服务创新驱动机制的分析框架,通过模糊集定性比较分析的方法,对"中国地方政府创新奖"下公共服务创新类项目进行了系统比较分析。研究发现,在中国情境下,晋升激励是引致地方政府创新成功的充分条件,领导支持是驱动地方政府创新成功的必要条件;而在创新的代表性路径中,公民参与和媒体报道也发挥着重要作用,经济发展水平和改革本身的难度对创新工作的影响有限;行政主导型、需求诱发型和多方互动型的创新模式是我国地方政府公共服务创新时选择的主要路径模式。未来中央应更注重从制度层面激发地方政府公共服务的创新热情,降低社会公共服务需求的政府进入门槛,同时应注重激发公共服务创新要素组合的叠加效应。     

Electoral Backlash against Climate Policy: A Natural Experiment on Retrospective Voting and Local Resistance to Public Policy

Retrospective voting studies typically examine policies where the public has common interests. By contrast, climate policy has broad public support but concentrated opposition in communities where costs are imposed. This spatial distribution of weak supporters and strong local opponents mirrors opposition to other policies with diffuse public benefits and concentrated local costs. I use a natural experiment to investigate whether citizens living in proximity to wind energy projects retrospectively punished an incumbent government because of its climate policy. Using both fixed effects and instrumental variable estimators, I identify electoral losses for the incumbent party ranging from 4 to 10%, with the effect persisting 3 km from wind turbines. There is also evidence that voters are informed, only punishing the government responsible for the policy. I conclude that the spatial distribution of citizens' policy preferences can affect democratic accountability through ‘spatially distorted signalling’, which can exacerbate political barriers to addressing climate change.     

Public Enterprises and Canadian Foreign Economic Policy

To what extent can public enterprises serve as instruments ofpolicy enabling the federal government to assert a measure ofcontrol over Canada's foreign economic relations? This articlepresents an overview of public enterprises in Canada and highlightsthe special features of the Canadian political economy whichdifferentiate it from other advanced industrial economies. Theactivities of the Canada Development Corporation and CanadianNational Railways are analyzed in terms of whether they reinforceor undermine the federal government's authority in foreign economicpolicymaking. It appears that the relative autonomy of publicenterprises from government controls, most pronounced in thecase of commercial enterprises operating in competitive markets,fragments decisionmaking. Given that governmental power in Canadais already fragmented due to competitive federalism, and giventhe expanded activities of provincial public enterprises inrecent years, a lack of direction over the "subgovernment" offederal public enterprises compounds the difficulties for Ottawato conduct a coherent, foreign economic policy.     

What's in a Sector? The Shifting Career Plans of Public Policy Students

Recent decades have seen a trend in which public policy graduates shun government and enter private-sector employment. In part, the shift reflects changing sectoral opportunities, but its magnitude and consistency are puzzling—even troubling—in light of the need for public-sector talent. Data from a two-year series of surveys and interviews with policy students reveal that many begin their training with uncertain career goals and ambivalence about public-sector work. Interest in government declines from entry to graduation, and it appears that the policy curriculum—heavy on analytic methods and conveying cautions about policy making—does little to promote a public-sector orientation. Those planning to enter government are strongly motivated by a desire to have an impact, whereas those drawn to the private sector seek financial resources and professional development. Many anticipate fluid careers and choose positions expected to offer growth, a feature more commonly associated with private than public jobs.     

Taxes, Subsidies, and Listeners Like You: Public Policy and Contributions to Public Radio

Public radio in the United States receives both direct and indirect government funding. Direct subsidies come in the form of lump-sum and matching grants, while indirect subsidies proceed from tax revenues forgone on tax-deductible private donations. Each of these sources of government money affects charitable giving to public radio. This article estimates both of these effects, using data on 91 public radio stations in the United States during 1995. Data analysis shows that public funding to stations has a positive impact on private giving, but this impact rapidly decreases as the level of government subsidies increases. The analysis also indicates that increases in state tax rates correspond with significantly higher donation levels. This article explores the implications of these and other findings for policy makers, public administrators, and nonprofit managers.     

从民主恳谈到民主预算——温岭参与式预算的创新及完善

浙江温岭市从民主恳谈发展到民主预算，在全国开创了县市级试行参与式预算的先河，有许多创新之处，保障了公民的知情权、参与权、表达权和监督权，是基层公共政策参与的一种新形式。但也有一些制约因素，值得我们深入研究。     

Policy Attitudes in Institutional Context: Rules,Uncertainty, and the Mass Politics of Public Investment

This article examines the link between citizens’ policy attitudes and the institutional context in which policies are carried out. The article develops a theory of opinion formation toward policies that impose costs on citizens in order to invest in broadly valued social goods. In this framework, problems of agency loss and time inconsistency leave citizens uncertain about whether promised policy benefits will be delivered. Citizen support for public investments thus depends on whether the institutional context makes elites’ policy promises credible. We consider hypotheses about how the institutional allocation of authority and the institutional rules governing implementation affect citizen support for public investment, and we find broad support for the framework in three survey experiments administered to representative samples of U.S. citizens. The results shed light on the link between political institutions and citizens’ attitudes, the capacities of voters for substantive political reasoning, and the political prospects for public investment.     

Public Policy and Legitimacy: A historical policy analysis of the interplay of public policy and legitimacy

This article explores the interplay of local government policy and legitimacy from a broad postpositivist perspective where historical accounts and narratives are used in a complementary fashion. The basic assumption is that legitimacy is the product of satisfying felt needs and solving perceived problems. Health and social malaise problems and related policies of the past 120 years are analyzed in 50 Swedish municipalities. The analysis indicates that municipality policies respond to local problems only partly. Generally, local government policies responded dynamically to 'objective’ and perceived problems before the 1970s, but did not resolve the problems. Today’s legitimacy crisis could, to some extent, be explained by the discrepancy between high expectations created in the policy discourse and the central and local government’s incapacity to offer sustainable solutions to ongoing problems. It is suggested that if history is considered more seriously in public policy making it could help policy makers and citizens readjust expectations, illuminate the limits and prospects for public policy, and identify ways to restore legitimacy. Moreover, legitimacy could be restored if more realistic policies are worked out and if a new division of power between the levels of government is introduced.     

Policy innovation in local jurisdictions: Testing for neighborhood influence in school choice policies

Before making difficult decisions, individuals tend to collect information on decision makers in reference groups. With respect to policy innovations in a decentralized public sector, this may give rise to positive neighborhood influence on adoption decisions. In this paper, U.S. school district data are used to show that decision makers indeed are heavily affected by decision makers in reference groups. The policy innovation under consideration is inter-district public school choice. The results suggest that if a given district's neighbors' expected benefits from adopting school choice policies increase, this substantially increases the original district's probability of adoption. The paper thus supports the view that the diffusion of policy innovations is stimulated by horizontal interaction among local governments.