东盟的APEC政策

亚太经合组织成立时东盟(六个成员)是创始成员，为APEC的成立和发展作出了贡献。现在，东盟十个成员中七个是APEC成员，它们是文莱、印尼、马来西亚、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国和越南，七国总人口为4．5亿，1998年GDP总值为4723亿美元，约是APEC经济总量的2．9％，     

APEC的成就、发展方向和上海会议

文章全面总结了APEC的主要成就,分析了APEC未来的发展方向,并对2001年APEC上海会议举行的背景和议程进行了阐述.     

中国与APEC

文章阐述了中国与APEC组织之间的相互关系,认为中国积极参与APEC的经济合作是90年代中国经济外交的重要举措,意义重大.随着新千年的到来,中国将对APEC的发展进一步承担重任.     

论APEC模式区域经济一体化所面临的挑战

自 198 9年成立以来 ,APEC虽然已经在诸多合作领域取得了令人瞩目的重大进展 ,但它毕竟不是一种成熟的经济一体化模式 ,在许多方面仍然处于不断探索之中。随着国际政治经济环境的变化和加深区域经济一体化新需要的不断出现 ,APEC的官方经济论坛性质、推动地区贸易与投资自由化和便利化的原则、原定的经济合作方向和目标以及发展进程与地位都面临着严峻挑战。     

从亚太次区域经济合作看APEC合作前景

APEC在其建立以来的十多年中,在贸易投资自由化、便利化与经济技术合作方面取得了一些合作成果,但也存在分歧、矛盾与障碍,尤其是20世纪90年代亚洲金融危机之后,APEC经济合作明显放慢步伐。这使人们产生怀疑,APEC是否还有发展前途?本文通过分析亚太次区域合作第二次高潮的特点及其成因论述了APEC的发展前景。     

论APEC的制度再创新

制度经济学认为,制度并非一成不变,它要经历一个均衡到非均衡再到均衡的循环反复的变迁过程。这种变革或变迁是多种因素共同作用的结果。制度变迁是一个渐进的过程,它包括制度的替代、转换与交接过程,它是通过复杂的规则、标准和实施的边际调整来实现的。因此,从理论上讲,任何一种制度都要经历由均衡到不均衡再到均衡的循环反复过程,APEC的制度安排也不例外。一、APEC实行制度再创新的必要性分析(一)APEC成立之初的制度创新本身就蕴含着难以解决的矛盾APEC通过“坚决反对建立一个有悖于全球自由贸易目标的内向型贸易集团”的目标取向…     

从APEC的独特性看它的发展前景

文章多角度,多侧面阐述了APEC的独特性及其局限性,认为APEC的诸多优势及它作为一种地区机制的价值将常存,但其论坛的性质又使人们对它难抱太大期望.     

日本的APEC战略

日本是最早提出建立亚太经合组织的国家，并且把其APEC战略作为国家战略的重要一环。正确了解日本提倡在亚太地区建立区域合作组织的意图和日本的APEC政策、特别是了解日本对APEC上海会议的提案，有利于我国有针对性的制定APEC战略和政策，排除对我不利的因素，使APEC朝着有利于我国国家利益的方向发展。     

APEC的制度创新及其趋势

APEC是亚太地区推进贸易和投资自由化、商务便利化和经济技术合作的一个重要的区域性经济合作论坛。在具有亚太特色的APEC方式指导下，APEC的每一次行动都向世人展示了其不同于任一区域经济组织的独特魅力。近十年来，APEC不仅在推动亚太地区贸易和投资自由化方面取得了巨大的成功，而且对WTO全球经济贸易自由化进程做出了突出的贡献。因此，APEC今后的发展将对全球经济产生重大的影响。     

新形势下的APEC：在挑战与考验中前行

APEC 成立十多年来,在贸易投资自由化、便利化、经济技术合作、增强成员信任等领域,发挥了重要作用。但从自身发展来看,APEC 目前仍面临很大的挑战,如何协调与其他次区域及双边贸易协定的关系、APEC 是否要发展成为约束性的机制、如何加强经济技术领域的合作以及《茂物目标》是否能够如期实现等,说明 APEC 机制化发展的条件目前并没有完全具备,APEC 是各个成员体所能给出的贸易投资安排的最宽约束条件,只能作为多边贸易体制及其他贸易安排的一种补充,使经济技术合作与域内经济发展相结合,从而加强相互之间的合作与发展。     

Rediscovering Asianness: the role of institutional discourses in APEC, 1989-1997

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) emerged as the largestregional body in history and gave rise to two institutionaldiscourses: open regionalism and Asian values. Open regionalismentailed the articulation of a non-discriminatory and inclusiveregionalism. While endorsing the idea of an Asia-Pacific community,APEC has suffered as a result of clashes between two of itscore constituencies, its Asian and Anglo-Saxon members. In reality,APEC had lost its articulatory role by the mid-1990s; no significantagreements have been concluded since the Osaka summit of 1995.However, Asian values have emerged as a vehicle for the advocacyof Asian identity, instead of the open regionalism of APEC.This paper, then, focuses primarily on these two institutionaldiscourses and explores the evolution of APEC; how discourseson ‘Asianness’ have been articulated as an alternativeto the idea of an Asia-Pacific identity.     

Inter-regionalism in international relations: Comparing APEC and ASEM

  Depending on one's theoretical perspective, inter-regionalism is assumed by IR scholars to have arisen in response to the need to check the exalted power of the United States (and, in the economic realm, also the European Union and East Asia) and/or the growing complexity of world politics (the rise of “interdependence” or “globalisation”). More recently, inter-regionalism has also been interpreted as a way to enhance regional collective identities. This paper looks at the evolution and recent performance of APEC and ASEM in the light of these theoretical assumptions about the origins and the functions of APEC and ASEM. Its principal findings are puzzling: while there are indications that APEC and ASEM were indeed meant by governments to fulfil some of the functions identified by those theoretical perspectives, the evidence that APEC or ASEM effectively served any of them is thin. Their actual functions and their durability against the background of a seemingly poor political track record therefore need to be rethought. RID="*" ID="*" A more extensive version of this paper will be published in: H?nggi H/Roloff R/Rüland J (eds), Interregionalism and International Politics: Stepping Stone to Global Governance? London & New York: Routledge (forthcoming).     

Politics of differentiation: enhanced cooperation in the EU and the pathfinder in APEC

A large majority of studies on differentiated integration focus their attention on closer or enhanced cooperation in the EU, neglecting similar developments in other regions, for example, the pathfinder in APEC. In comparing enhanced cooperation in the EU with the pathfinder in APEC, this article aims to discover conditions under which ideas of differentiation can emerge and then be transformed into common policies endorsed by all member states in regional integration. It shall also make clear the reasons why the pathfinder has been applied in APEC while enhanced cooperation has never been used in the EU. It will begin with a detailed categorization of sub-integrations. Then, the author comparatively analyzes the developments of enhanced cooperation in the EU and the pathfinder in APEC, and as a conclusion, evaluates the contribution of this analysis to better understanding of differentiation.

Voluntary multilateralism and institutional modification: The first two decades of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

The voluntary multilateralism and consequent institutional weaknesses that have characterized Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) since its inception in 1989 are explained by the multiple geo-political fractures that characterize the Asia Pacific, as well as bureaucratic constraints and the missed opportunities to incorporate civil society. The history of APEC is the on-going creative struggle between ambitious multilateralists and national-sovereignty realists. While APEC has fallen short of its most ambitious goals, it has achieved some notable results in the cognitive diffusion of values and information, policy innovation to promote economic integration, and institutional modification in response to trial-and-error learning and to global shocks. The normative conclusions suggest additional institutional reforms and substantive agendas consistent with a flexible, evolving voluntary multilateralism.

跨界旅游合作的有效性研究——APEC、ASEAN与GMS比较

跨界合作是当今区域旅游发展的潮流。本文在文献回顾的基础上以菲尔—加罗德提出的跨国旅游合作驱动因素为分析工具,对亚洲3个与旅游合作相关的跨国组织——亚太经济合作组织(APEC)、东南亚国家联盟(ASEAN)、大湄公河次区域合作(GMS)进行经验性验证,通过对比分析发现,GMS战略明确,合作网络详细且覆盖广泛,合作框架的构建创造了一个发展中国家跨区域旅游合作的新模式。GMS的成功经验表明,构建长效的合作机制将为跨界区域旅游合作富有成效的开展提供强有力的保证。     

APEC and emerging regionalism in North East Asia

This paper explores what kind of regional trade agreement is most likely to emerge in Northeast Asia by tracing the trajectories of APEC. Taking into account the underlying potential of realizing cumulative causation effects between market expansion and technology cooperation among China, Japan and Korea, it reaches the tentative conclusion that a Northeast Asia Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) might take shape in the near future despite the prevalence of polarized versions in the cultural heritage and the international relations between these three countries.

---

NATO, APEC and ASEM: triadic interregionalism and global order

Among the three core regions in today's world, Europe, North America and East Asia, interregional arrangements have been developed in various forms. Transatlantic relations were institutionalized in the form of a security alliance (NATO), although not in the field of economic relations. The transpacific relations were institutionalized in the economic field with the creation of APEC in late 1980s. The Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) emerged in 1996, with an aim to strengthen the ‘weak leg’ in the triadic interregional relationship. Although the three sets of triadic interregional arrangements display discernable differences, they tend to share some identical functions, such as balancing, governance and identity building. Interregionalism rests on and promotes multi-polarization, complementing the multilateral system, and could be seen as an indispensable element of the world order, which may be better characterized as a multi-level governance system.     

近期中韩经贸合作现状与前景分析

自2002年中国加入WTO后,中韩两国的经贸合作进入更加稳定高速的发展阶段,2006年双边贸易额已突破1 000亿美元,韩对华投资金额累计超过200亿美元,在几年前中国就已成为韩国第一大贸易伙伴和第一大对外投资对象国,同时韩国成为中国的第四大贸易伙伴。但也存在一些不容忽视的问题,双方应共同努力加以解决。今后,两国经贸合作发展潜力仍很大,前景看好。     

金融动荡背景下的中日韩合作及东亚一体化

2007年爆发于美国的次贷危机已扩散和转化为全球性的金融动荡.金融动荡对世界各国、包括中日韩等东亚国家的影响,尤其是短期影响,已有大量研究论及,本文不再重点讨论,而是拟从中日韩合作及东亚一体化的意义上,分析此次金融动荡的效应①.金融动荡、中日韩合作、东亚一体化三者之间的逻辑关系如下:首先,在当前国际环境下,国家维护经济安全必须通过国际合作实现,维护经济安全的紧迫性加快了国际合作的步伐,包括中日韩3国在内的东亚国家亦然;其次,不论是从欧盟的经验还是从当前东亚合作的现状来看,东亚一体化必然从经济领域起步,而维护经济安全的国际合作(主要是金融货币合作)能够提升经济合作层次,为一体化提供政治动力,推动合作的机制化;最后,中日韩3国的合作对东亚地区金融安全起着决定性作用,在现有的东亚合作框架下,中日韩合作也必然扩展为整个地区的合作.     

禽致病性大肠杆菌中耶尔森菌强毒力岛的分子流行病学调查

为了解耶尔森菌强毒力岛(HPI)在禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)中的流行情况,根据HPI结构基因irp2和fyuA参考序列设计了引物,用PCR方法和斑点杂交法对从江苏等地分离的APEC基因组进行了扩增和检测,并对E.coliNTJC040406菌株相关基因进行了克隆和序列分析。结果表明,216株APEC中有44.9%的菌株携带有HPI,序列分析表明相关基因与GenBank中参考序列的同源性高达98%以上。提示HPI在APEC中广泛存在,经进一步分析,发现分离菌株是否携带HPI与O78等特定血清型有一定的相关性。