我国第三部门在公共产品供给中的阻力与对策分析

面对市场经济、多元治理的必然趋势,政府、市场在公共产品的供给中存在着自身缺陷。第三部门具有独特优势,在公共产品的供给中发挥着重要作用。我国的第三部门起步较晚发展较快,但是在提供公共产品的过程中更多地体现出对政府的依附性,陷入了自治性、非营利性特征不够明显等困境之中,因此应当理顺政府与第三部门的关系,完善第三部门法律体系,建立制度化管理渠道,加强其自身建设,切实发挥第三部门在供给公共产品中的优势,最终促使第三部门走出困境。     

浅析公共物品供给中政府与第三部门的角色

在全球性的“治理”变革中 ,第三部门将与政府一起共同承担管理公共事务、提供公共物品和服务的责任。政府源于社会 ,服务于社会 ,政府在公共物品提供中扮演着生产者、安排者或提供者两种角色。在当前 ,我国政府一方面继续担当生产者角色 ,另一方面又担当起培育第三部门的职责。随着我国市场经济的发育、成熟以及第三部门的发展壮大 ,我国政府将逐渐实现由公共物品的生产者向安排者或提供者的角色转换 ,同时第三部门也可扮演公共物品的提供者和生产者的角色。     

我国农村公共物品多元供给制度的构建

公共物品的有效供给是农村经济社会发展的前提和基础。现行农村公共物品供给制度在以政府为中心的一元思维下步履维艰,表现为供给总量短缺、结构失衡、制度低效、需求与供给偏离。从我国农村公共物品供给制度的历史演进来看,自上而下供给决策机制导致的低效率是农村公共物品供给陷入困境的根源所在。农村公共物品的有效供给必须依靠制度的重构,其关键在于农民需求表达基础之上的多元主体的引入。应该通过政府、企业、第三部门和农村社区等多元主体和融资、竞争、监管和绩效评价的多元运行机制的共同作用,来实现农民公共物品的有效充足供给。     

论我国转型时期公共物品供给中的过度市场化及其对策

在我国转型时期，一些地区和部门在公共物品供给领域出现了过度市场化的错误倾向。当前，反思这一问题，既要科学认识公共物品供给的发展趋势，坚持公共物品市场化方向，同时也应通过强化公共物品市场化的政府责任，完善公共物品市场化的法律法规，选择符合国情的公共物品市场化范围和方式，以及构建三个部门共同提供公共物品的基本格局等途径来完善我国公共物品供给市场化改革。     

市场失灵、政府失灵与非营利组织失灵及三者互动的公共服务体系

市场失灵、政府失灵和非营利组织失灵的共存表明,在为社会大众提供公共物品活动之中,仅有市场、仅 有政府或仅有第三部门都是不够的,一个健全的社会体系必须同时包含这三种机制和三种力量。应充分发挥政府、市场 和第三部门三只手的作用,建立新的公民与政府、市场之间的联系与交往方式,构建充满竞争和活力的公共服务体系,寻 求政府、市场和社会在公共服务供给领域的均衡点,建立公共服务供给的多中心体制和互补机制。     

充分发挥区域公共物品供给中的多元主体作用

随着人民群众物质文化生活水平的大幅度提高,由政府供给公共物品的单一化模式,不再能够满足人们对公共物品的需求。因此,当前在区域公共物品供给中,不仅要发挥地方政府的作用,还要发挥其他主体如民营经济组织和非政府组织的作用。发挥地方政府的作用,应改变自上而下的决策机制,完善地方政府财政收入体制,调整绩效考核标准;发挥民营经济组织的作用,应打破垄断行业准入限制,转变政府干预调控方式,建立健全相关法律法规;发挥非政府组织的作用,应完善监督管理体制,提高非政府组织的人员素质,组建区域性非政府组织。     

我国第三部门在公共产品供给中的阻力与对策分析

我国的第三部门起步较晚发展较快,但是我国的第三部门在提供公共产品的过程中更多地体现出对政府的依附性,陷入了自治性、非营利性特征不够明显等困境之中,因此我们应当理顺政府与第三部门的关系,完善第三部门法律体系,建立制度化管理渠道,加强其自身建设,切实发挥第三部门在供给公共产品中的优势,最终促使第三部门走出困境。     

外溢性地方公共物品的有效供给:政府合作社制度--地方政府间博弈的一个林达尔均衡

公共物品的层次性决定了地方公共物品只能由地方政府供给;而外溢性地方公共物品的存在使得地方政府在这类公共物品供给的过程中相互博弈。地方政府间博弈必然引致地方公共物品供给的有效性问题。有效的制度创新是解决地方公共物品供给困境的基本路径。政府合作社制度使地方政府间合作通过经济契约制度化,是地方公共物品供给过程中政府博弈的一个有效的林达尔均衡。     

基于PPP模式的城市社区公共物品供给机制创新探析

公私合作伙伴关系(Public-Private-Partnerships),简称PPP,是公共部门与非公共部门为提供公共产品和服务而建立的一种利益共享、风险共担的合作机制。与传统的公共物品供给方式相比,PPP模式可以将公共部门与非公共部门的优势结合起来,有效解决公共产品和服务供给中存在的资金、技术、管理等方面的问题。目前我国城市社区公共物品供给机制存在诸多问题,原因主要是:思想观念落后;缺乏相关的法律法规和相应的制度安排;供给主体的供给范围划分不清,资金供给不足、供需不配,供给产品质量低劣;第三方监督机制缺失等。将PPP模式应用于我国城市社区公共物品供给机制,必须打破思想禁锢,合理界定政府供给职责,加强私人部门参与力度;创新城市社区公共物品供给模式,完善相关政策法规;拓宽融资渠道。     

地方政府公共物品供给的理念创新

地方性公共物品因其区域性宜实行分别供给,地方政府应承担起地方性公共物品的供给职能。由于传统行政文化的牵引、计划经济体制的惯性和公共物品供给的复杂性等,地方政府供给理念存在偏差,即片面追求政绩,对民众需求考虑不够;供给物品的质量不高,质量意识不强;政府垄断供给,没有认识到其他主体在供给中的重要作用;地方政府责任意识不强等。因此,地方政府应进行理念创新,即树立以民为本,质量至上,供给主体多元化以及责任理念,保证为民众提供优质高效的公共物品。     

Homeownership and Nontraditional and Subprime Mortgages

This article documents the growth and geographic distribution of nontraditional mortgages (NTMs) and subprime mortgages during 2000-2006, and examines the association between these products and homeownership at the county level between 2000 and 2012. It finds a significant relationship between the origination of NTM and subprime mortgages during the boom and changes in the number of homeowners (positive during the 2000-2006 period and negative during the 2006-2012 period) but no significant relationship with the change in the homeownership rate. Looking at specific categories of the population, the results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of NTMs and subprime mortgages and increased numbers of homeowners for young households as well as for low income and minority households, but the relationship is smaller than for the general population. Overall, the relationship between NTMs and homeownership is stronger than the relationship between subprime mortgages and homeownership during the boom and it is less negative during the bust.     

Civic engagement and participation among Ghanaian and Kenyan students and their correlates

This article examines levels of civic engagement among university students in Ghana and Kenya and identifies factors that may account for their civic engagement. Overall, the students reported low civic engagement, with the Kenyans reporting higher engagement. Demographic factors (gender and age) and personal values hardly contributed to the students’ civic engagement. Political interest and attentiveness, barriers and motivation towards participation made a consistent and significant contribution to political participation and future participation. Furthermore, trust, social endorsement and social efficacy showed a consistent and significant contribution to civic engagement. The findings underscore the need to work towards getting the youth more engaged.     

Concept and Politics in Derrida and Deleuze

Abstract

This paper points to significant similarities between the political orientations of Deleuze and Derrida. Derrida's appeal to a pure form of existing concepts (absolute hospitality, pure forgiveness, and so on) parallels Deleuze and Guattari's distinction between relative and absolute ‘deterritorialisation’. In each case, the absolute form of the concept is a condition of the possibility of change.     

Ontological Anti-naturalism and the Emergence of Life and Mind: Castoriadis and Deacon

This essay compares the ideas of Cornelius Castoriadis and Terrence W. Deacon. Castoriadis’s anti-Naturalistic ontology, with its conception of radical ontological creation and fundamental indeterminacy, along with his analysis of the category of the “for-itself”, comprising all subjective beings from the living organism to the social-historical, is compared to Deacon’s exploration of the emergence of life and mind, which sees the emergence of teleological beings as resulting from the creation of form-generating constraints that involve new types of dynamic process. Significant parallels and convergences between Castoriadis and Deacon are uncovered and explored.     

Between ballots and bullets: elections and citizenship in and beyond the nation-state

This article approaches electoral acts and performances as central sites for the negotiation of citizenship relations. I argue that, in order to understand how these relationships are shaped, we must attend to governmental actors beyond the nation-state, from trade unions to criminal organizations. Focusing on the case of Jamaica, I show how non-state actors have come to play a central role in hybrid forms of governance, shaping citizens' allegiances to multiple, overlapping political communities. How are campaigning and voting affected by such multiple allegiances? What new understandings of citizenship can we develop if we take the role of non-state actors in the electoral process seriously? I suggest that we should study elections as a site where citizenship – understood here in its broad sense of membership of a political community – can develop both within and beyond the nation-state.     

Beyond silence and voice: gender,sexuality and antimilitarism in Turkey and Israel

Turkey and Israel project two distinct military regimes which construct gender and sexuality in specific ways as part of their respective security agendas. Despite the differences, however, both entitle women and LGBTQs to certain exemptions from the military service, and in doing so silence their antimilitarist activism. Women and LGBTQs counter this process through their acts of conscientious objection, through which they claim a voice in matters of militarism, security and war. While doing so, however, they reproduce a dichotomous conceptualisation of silence and voice, which falls short of explaining their agency as well as its outcomes. Drawing on a comparative analysis, I argue that a more nuanced understanding of agency necessitates deconstructing the dichotomy between silence and voice, each of which may have multiple meanings, connotations and consequences. Whereas silent acts of grey objection do not always point to a lack of agency and resistance, or domination, and may indeed create change; voice and visibility that follow their declared acts of objection may entail costs and loss of agency, in that not only does it come at the expense of the masculinisation/militarisation of their acts but may also result in the immediate deterioration of their rights to refuse.     

Religion and National Identity in America and Europe

America and Europe have had very different religious experiences, and these differences have continuing consequences. In America, the preponderance of Reform Protestantism gave rise to religious and political pluralism, a religious marketplace, and the continuing vitality of the churches. In Europe, the dominance of state churches gave rise to the eventual rejection of these churches and religions when the traditional political and social authorities were rejected, particularly by the Generation of 1968. However, Europe’s extreme secularization has rendered it confused and ineffective in dealing with the new religious challenge posed by Muslim immigrant communities.

道德与法律的冲突与和谐

道德与法律作为人类社会的两种重要的调整机制,各自具有独特的功能,同时又都存在着局限,它们之间既有着对立的一面,也有着相互依存的一面。本文重点探讨了道德与法律的这种矛盾关系,一方面分析了它们的矛盾冲突并探寻了缓解冲突的途径,一方面从目的、内容与功能三方面分析了它们之间和谐统一的另一面。     

Antisemitic and anti-Israel actions and attitudes in Canada and internationally: a research agenda

ABSTRACT

Brym’s article critically reviews data and the small body of published research on the relationship between antisemitic and anti-Israel attitudes in Canada and internationally with the aim of identifying key questions that Canadian and non-Canadian researchers who are interested in this contentious issue might profitably address. It derives a series of hypotheses from the literature review and discusses methodological approaches to testing them.