共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
Ego Strength Development of Adolescents Involved in Adult-Sponsored Structured Activities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Markstrom Carol A. Li Xaioming Blackshire Shana L. Wilfong Juanita J. 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2005,34(2):85-95
A psychosocial conception of ego strengths is presented in relation to adolescent involvement in adult-sponsored structured youth activities. Five-hundred and seventeen high school students completed measures on their involvement in structured activities and on 8 ego strengths. Gender, age, and SES were controlled in a MANCOVA procedure and it was found that extracurricular activities of sports, student government, and belonging to an issues group, as well as engagement in volunteerism were related to several of the ego strengths. Religious attendance was not related to the ego strengths. In longitudinal analysis, it was shown that ego strength at Time 1 predicted involvement in structured activities at Time 2 (8 months later), but structured activities at Time 1 did not predict ego strength at Time 2. The findings are discussed relative to theory and research findings on the topic.Carol A. Markstrom is a Professor in Family and Consumer Sciences, West Virginia University. She received her Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology in 1988 from Utah State University. Her research interests include adolescent identity formation, positive youth development, American Indian adolescents, and indigenous models of human development.Xaioming Li is a Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University. He received his Ph.D. in Educational Psychology in 1992 from the University of Minnesota. Research interests (in general) include child development, adolescent health risk prevention and intervention, research methodology, and biostatistics.Shana L. Blackshire is a M. S. Instructor, Child Development and Family Studies, Division of Family and Consumer Sciences, West Virginia University.Juanita J. Wilfong is a graduate student, Elementary Education, West Virginia University. 相似文献
2.
This study extends previous understanding of the association between adolescent extracurricular activity participation and
adjustment by asking whether participation in school-based extracurricular activities is associated with lower substance use
and depression, higher grades and academic aspirations, and more positive attitude toward school. In addition, it examines
the role of life events stress and time spent in activities as potential moderators of the association. Data come from an
ethnically diverse sample of adolescents from 6 California highschools (N = 3,761). Cross-sectional results suggest participation is associated with more positive adolescent outcomes for all variables
except alcohol use and depression, controlling for gender, ethnicity, and grade. Longitudinal analyses are consistent with
these findings. Cumulative participation over a 3-year period predicts adolescent outcomes controlling for both Time 1 outcomes
and demographic characteristics. In addition, within-person analyses reveal year-to-year covariation of participation and
positive outcomes.
Dr. Darling is a developmental psychologist whose research focuses on social relationships during adolescence, with a special
interest in contextual variation in developmental processes. 相似文献
3.
In this article we investigate the extent to which the relationship between extracurricular activities and youth development
depends on situational contexts. Using a national sample including 13,466 youths in grades 7–12 across 120 schools, we conduct
school-level analyses of the association between extracurricular activities, delinquency, and depression. Three main findings
are reported. First, we observe near-normal distributions across schools in the proportions of delinquent or depressed youths
involved in extracurricular activities, illustrating that extracurricular activities can be positive, neutral, or negative
settings for youth development. Second, within individual schools we fail to uncover consistent associations in the propensity
of delinquent or depressed youth to be involved with different types of extracurricular activities. Third, standard macro-level
context variables do not explain the observed variations within or between schools. The results suggest that the relationships
between extracurricular activities, delinquent conduct and depressive symptoms among youth ultimately depend more upon micro-level
contextual factors than the type or content of the activities themselves.
相似文献
Andrew M. GuestEmail: |
4.
Participation in extracurricular activities is purported to protect the broad spectrum of youth from a host of behavioral
risks. Yet, empirical research on the extent to which this assumption holds for involvement in violence by immigrant youth
is limited. Thus, using data for 13,236 (51.8% female) adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health,
this study explores how the relationship between extracurricular activities and youth violence varies by type of extracurricular
activity profile (sports alone, non-sports alone, and a combination of sports and non-sports) and by generations of immigration
(first, second, and third-plus). The sample is composed of 9.3% (n = 1,233) first-generation youth, 15.7% (n = 2,080) second generation, and 74.9% (n = 9,923) third-plus generation. The results reveal that adolescents from the third-plus generation (i.e., non-immigrant youth)
who participate in non-sports alone or sports plus non-sports have lower odds of involvement in violence than adolescents
from the same generation who do not participate in extracurricular activities. However, for first- and second-generation adolescents,
participation in extracurricular activities is associated with higher rather than lower odds of violence compared to their
non-participating counterparts. These findings challenge the viewpoint that participation in mainstream extracurricular activities
as afforded by US schools is equally beneficial for all youth. They also call for additional research that explores why immigrant
youth are less likely than non-immigrant youth to gain violence-reducing benefits when they participate in extracurricular
activities. 相似文献
5.
Research on adolescent self-esteem indicates that adolescence is a time in which individuals experience important changes in their physical, cognitive, and social identities. Prior research suggests that there is a positive relationship between an adolescent??s participation in structured extracurricular activities and well-being in a variety of domains, and some research indicates that these relationships may be dependent on the type of activities in which adolescents participate. Building on previous research, a growth-curve analysis was utilized to examine self-esteem trajectories from adolescence (age 14) to young adulthood (age 26). Using 3 waves of data from National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 5,399; 47.8% male), the analysis estimated a hierarchical growth-curve model emphasizing the effects of age and type of school-based extracurricular activity portfolio, including sports and school clubs, on self-esteem. The results indicated that age had a linear relationship with self-esteem over time. Changes in both the initial level of self-esteem and the growth of self-esteem over time were significantly influenced by the type of extracurricular activity portfolio. The findings were consistent across race and sex. The results support the utility of examining the longitudinal impact of portfolio type on well-being outcomes. 相似文献
6.
Fredricks JA 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2012,41(3):295-306
There is a growing concern that some youth are overscheduled in extracurricular activities, and that this increasing involvement
has negative consequences for youth functioning. This article used data from the Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS: 2002),
a nationally representative and ethnically diverse longitudinal sample of American high school students, to evaluate this
hypothesis (N = 13,130; 50.4% female). On average, 10th graders participated in between 2 and 3 extracurricular activities, for an average
of 5 h per week. Only a small percentage of 10th graders reported participating in extracurricular activities at high levels.
Moreover, a large percentage of the sample reported no involvement in school-based extracurricular contexts in the after-school
hours. Controlling for some demographic factors, prior achievement, and school size, the breadth (i.e., number of extracurricular
activities) and the intensity (i.e., time in extracurricular activities) of participation at 10th grade were positively associated
with math achievement test scores, grades, and educational expectations at 12th grade. Breadth and intensity of participation
at 10th grade also predicted educational status at 2 years post high school. In addition, the non-linear function was significant.
At higher breadth and intensity, the academic adjustment of youth declined. Implications of the findings for the over-scheduling
hypothesis are discussed. 相似文献
7.
The present study examines how exposure to relational aggression at school is associated with adolescents’ perceptions of,
and participation in, a hostile school environment. Participants were 1,335 African American and European American adolescents
in grades 7 through 12 (52% female, 49% African American). Results indicate that exposure to relational aggression is associated
with several components of adolescents’ perceptions of the school climate. Adolescents exposed to high levels of relational
aggression perceived their school to be less safe, and were less pleased with the general social atmosphere at school. Moreover,
for males, but not females, exposure to relational aggression was associated with carrying a weapon to school. Implications
and suggestions for future research are discussed in terms of working toward safer school environments for adolescents.
Sara Goldstein is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Child Studies at Montclair State University. She received her Ph.D. in Psychology from Bowling Green State University. Her major research interests include peer relationships, aggression, and gender. Amy Young is an Assistant Research Scientist at the Institute for Research on Women and Gender at the University of Michigan. She received her Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Michigan. Major research interests include gender, sexual assault, substance use, and developmental psychopathology. Carol Boyd is a Professor of Nursing and a Professor of Women’s Studies and is Director of the Institute for Research on women and Gender at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. She received her PhD, in Nursing (cognate Anthropology). Her major research interests include gender and substance abuse. 相似文献
Sara E. GoldsteinEmail: |
Sara Goldstein is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Child Studies at Montclair State University. She received her Ph.D. in Psychology from Bowling Green State University. Her major research interests include peer relationships, aggression, and gender. Amy Young is an Assistant Research Scientist at the Institute for Research on Women and Gender at the University of Michigan. She received her Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Michigan. Major research interests include gender, sexual assault, substance use, and developmental psychopathology. Carol Boyd is a Professor of Nursing and a Professor of Women’s Studies and is Director of the Institute for Research on women and Gender at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. She received her PhD, in Nursing (cognate Anthropology). Her major research interests include gender and substance abuse. 相似文献
8.
The authors investigated the dimensions and mechanisms of belonging relevant to motivation and achievement among high school students representing 4 ethnic groups. Using survey data from 9th to 12th grade students (N = 5,494) attending 7 ethnically-diverse high schools, structural equation modeling was employed to explore, independently for each ethnic group, the relationships between students’ perceptions of their belonging (encompassing relationships with teachers and peers, extracurricular involvement, and perceived ethnic-based discrimination), motivation (efficacy beliefs and valuing school activities), and academic success. All 4 measures of belonging were significant for European-American and Latino students. However, friendship nominations were not significant for all groups, suggesting potential variability in perspectives across ethnic groups. The strength of the structural model postulating belonging as a mediator, including statistically significant indirect paths, supported the hypothesis that the belonging construct accounted for much of the relationship between student motivation and success across groups.Beverly Faircloth is a doctoral candidate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her research interests include the developmental and motivational processes that support adolescent school engagement in ethnically diverse settings.Jill Hamm is an Assistant Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1996. Her research interests are adolescents’ peer relations in ethnically diverse schools and classrooms. 相似文献
9.
Casey A. Knifsend Daisy E. Camacho-Thompson Jaana Juvonen Sandra Graham 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2018,47(6):1208-1220
Participating in school-based activities is linked to positive academic engagement and achievement, but less is known about how peer relationships within activities affect these outcomes. The current study examined friends in extracurricular activities as a predictor of academic outcomes in multiethnic middle schools in California. Specifically, the mediating role of school belonging, and interactions by ethnicity and type of activity, were examined in a sample including African American or Black, East or Southeast Asian, White, and Latino youth in extracurricular activities (N?=?2268; Mage?=?13.36 in eighth grade; 54% female). The results of multilevel mediational models suggested that school belonging mediated the link between friends in activities and academic outcomes, and these findings replicated across groups based on ethnicity and the type of activity in which one was involved in general. These results are discussed in terms of how activities can be structured to promote positive peer relations in ways that are linked with academic engagement and achievement. 相似文献
10.
Although adolescents often participate in multiple extracurricular activities, little research has examined how the breadth
of activities in which an adolescent is involved relates to school-related affect and academic performance. Relying on a large,
multi-ethnic sample (N = 864; 55.9% female), the current study investigated linear and non-linear relationships of 11th grade activity participation
in four activity domains (academic/leadership groups, arts activities, clubs, and sports) to adolescents’ sense of belonging
at school, academic engagement, and grade point average, contemporarily and in 12th grade. Results of multiple regression
models revealed curvilinear relationships for sense of belonging at school in 11th and 12th grade, grade point average in
11th grade, and academic engagement in 12th grade. Adolescents who were moderately involved (i.e., in two domains) reported
a greater sense of belonging at school in 11th and 12th grade, a higher grade point average in 11th grade, and greater academic
engagement in 12th grade, relative to those who were more or less involved. Furthermore, adolescents’ sense of belonging at
school in 11th grade mediated the relationship of domain participation in 11th grade to academic engagement in 12th grade.
This study suggests that involvement in a moderate number of activity domains promotes positive school-related affect and
greater academic performance. School policy implications and recommendations are discussed. 相似文献
11.
This study used hierarchical linear modeling to compare longitudinal patterns of adolescent religious service attendance and
club attendance, and to contrast the longitudinal relations between adolescent adjustment and religious service versus club
attendance. Participants included 1050 students (47% girls) encompassing a school district in Canada, who completed the survey
first in grade nine and again in grades 11 and 12. Results demonstrated that patterns of religious service attendance over
time were quite different from other clubs. Religious attendance was uniquely associated with several indicators of positive
as well as negative adjustment. Club involvement, conversely, was only associated with positive adjustment––particularly for
individuals who reported sustained involvement over time. Findings suggest that religious services may provide some unique
experiences––both positive and negative––over and above what may be provided in other clubs, and that sustained, rather than
sporadic participation in clubs, may be especially important for adolescent adjustment.
Marie Good is a Ph.D. candidate in Developmental Psychology at Brock University. Her research interests include adolescent religion and spirituality, adolescent identity development, and youth risk-taking. Teena Willoughby is a Professor in the Departments of Child and Youth Studies and Psychology. Her research interests include adolescent resilience, particularly with regard to academic underachievement, risk behaviours, optimal experiences, and media/technology influences on lifestyle choices. Jan Fritjers is an Assistant Professor in the Departments of Child and Youth Studies and Psychology. His research interests include the role of motivational, volitional, and relationship factors in children’s learning. 相似文献
Jan FritjersEmail: |
Marie Good is a Ph.D. candidate in Developmental Psychology at Brock University. Her research interests include adolescent religion and spirituality, adolescent identity development, and youth risk-taking. Teena Willoughby is a Professor in the Departments of Child and Youth Studies and Psychology. Her research interests include adolescent resilience, particularly with regard to academic underachievement, risk behaviours, optimal experiences, and media/technology influences on lifestyle choices. Jan Fritjers is an Assistant Professor in the Departments of Child and Youth Studies and Psychology. His research interests include the role of motivational, volitional, and relationship factors in children’s learning. 相似文献
12.
To explore predictors of adolescent participation in structured out-of-school activities, various types of structured out-of-school time use and their correlates were examined among 454 adolescents in Grades 9–12 in a rural southeastern state. Using a developmental-ecological model as an organizing framework, four different uses of time were explored with regard to self, family, and friend systems. Regression analyses revealed that time in after-school extracurricular activities was predicted by parent endorsement of activities, ethnicity, and friend endorsement of activities, whereas time spent in nonschool clubs was predicted by peer pressure, parent endorsement, and grades. Socioeconomic status, parental monitoring of activities, school grade level, and family structure predicted time spent in volunteering, and time spent in religious-related activities was predicted by ethnicity, family structure, friend endorsement, and gender. 相似文献
13.
Extracurricular activities provide adolescents with a number of positive personal and interpersonal developmental experiences. This study investigated whether developmental experiences that occurred during extracurricular activities were linked to a more positive self-concept for Australian adolescents, and whether this link was particularly salient for youth from disadvantaged schools. Adolescents (N = 1,504, 56% Female) from 26 diverse high schools across Western Australia were surveyed. The findings revealed that adolescents from low socio-economic status schools who participated in extracurricular activities had a more positive general self-worth and social self-concept than adolescents from similar socio-economic schools who did not participate in any extracurricular activities. Furthermore, the positive developmental experiences that occurred during extracurricular activities predicted a more positive general self-worth and social and academic self-concept, and this link was stronger for youth from low SES schools. These findings suggest that the developmental experiences afforded by extracurricular activities may foster positive adolescent development. 相似文献
14.
Alexander T. Vazsonyi Elizabeth Trejos-Castillo Maureen A. Young 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(7):798-811
The current study provides new information on the etiology of adolescent problem behaviors in African American youth by testing
the importance of known predictors, namely parenting measures (monitoring, support, and communication), peers, and neighborhood
characteristics across rural and non-rural developmental contexts. More specifically, the study examined whether rural versus
non-rural developmental contexts moderated the relationships between known predictors and a variety of problem behaviors (alcohol
use, drug use, delinquency, and violence). Data were collected from N = 687 rural and N = 182 non-rural African American adolescents (mean age = 15.8 years). Findings indicate that both parenting constructs and
peer deviance had significant effects on problem behaviors and that these effects were consistent across rural and non-rural
developmental contexts. The study results are discussed in terms of their implications for ecological frameworks for testing
problem behavior etiology.
Alexander T. Vazsonyi Professor of Human Development and Family Studies at Auburn University. He received his Ph.D. in 1995 from The University of Arizona. His research interests include etiological risk factors in adolescent problem behaviors, deviance, delinquency, and violence, employing a cross-cultural/cross-national comparative method in the study of human development and behavior. Vazsonyi is the Editor-in-Chief of The Journal of Early Adolescence and an editor of the Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior And Aggression. Elizabeth Trejos-Castillo Assistant Professor of Human Development and Family Studies at Texas Tech University. She received her Ph.D. in 2006 from Auburn University. Her current research interests include the importance of family processes and contextual factors on the etiology of risky and problem behaviors in youth as well as internalizing behaviors with a particular emphasis on ethnic minorities and immigrant populations. Maureen A. Young Master’s student in Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University. She received her BS in 2004 from the University of New Orleans. Her current research interests include sexual behaviors (particularly risky sexual activity), deviance, and parent–child relationships in youth. 相似文献
Maureen A. YoungEmail: |
Alexander T. Vazsonyi Professor of Human Development and Family Studies at Auburn University. He received his Ph.D. in 1995 from The University of Arizona. His research interests include etiological risk factors in adolescent problem behaviors, deviance, delinquency, and violence, employing a cross-cultural/cross-national comparative method in the study of human development and behavior. Vazsonyi is the Editor-in-Chief of The Journal of Early Adolescence and an editor of the Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior And Aggression. Elizabeth Trejos-Castillo Assistant Professor of Human Development and Family Studies at Texas Tech University. She received her Ph.D. in 2006 from Auburn University. Her current research interests include the importance of family processes and contextual factors on the etiology of risky and problem behaviors in youth as well as internalizing behaviors with a particular emphasis on ethnic minorities and immigrant populations. Maureen A. Young Master’s student in Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University. She received her BS in 2004 from the University of New Orleans. Her current research interests include sexual behaviors (particularly risky sexual activity), deviance, and parent–child relationships in youth. 相似文献
15.
Daniel S. Shaw Eric F. Wagner Ph.D. student in clinical psychology Jeffrey Arnett Mark S. Aber 《Journal of youth and adolescence》1992,21(3):305-323
In this study, the relative fits of three different factor-structure models of adolescent reckless behavior were examined using the Reckless Behavior Questionnaire (RBQ) with individual samples of college and high school students. Both one- and two-factor models were found to be satisfactory representations of the RBQ with both samples. In order to test the construct validity of the one- and two-factor models, relations between instruments generally associated with reckless behavior were examined by gender. Using the two-factor model, gender differences were found for both the college and high school samples; thus, it was determined to be the more parsimonious fit of the data given previous research supporting gender differences. Findings are discussed in terms of current conceptualizations of factor patterns of adolescent problem behavior and implications for future investigations.B.A. from Oberlin College, and M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from University of Virginia. Research interests are development of aggression and correlates of reckless behavior.B.A. from University of Akron and M.S. from University of Pittsburgh. Research interests are addictive behaviors and psychopathology in adolescence.Formerly Assistant Professor at Ogelthorpe University (1985–1988). Received B.S. from Michigan State University, and M.A. and Ph.D. from University of Virginia. Research interest is development of reckless behavior.Received B.A. from Yale University, and M.A. and Ph.D. from University of Virginia. Research interests are developmental psychopathology and adolescence. 相似文献
16.
Marion Bowman 《Women: A Cultural Review》2013,24(1):106-108
Tributes for the daughters of earth Mary Jacobus, First Things: The Maternal Imaginary in Art, Literature and Psychoanalysis, London and New York: Routledge, 1995, £14.99. Adeline Virginia Stephen . . . Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf, London: Chatto and Windus 1996, £20, £8.99 (pbk.). Virginia Woolf: not so common destinations Rachel Bowlby, Feminist Destinations and Further Essays on Virginia Woolf, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997, £16.95 pbk. Gillian Beer, Virginia Woolf: The Common Ground, Essays by Gillian Beer, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996, £14.95 pbk. Running on empty? Parveen Adams, The Emptiness of the Image: Psychoanalysis and Sexual Differences, London and New York: Routledge, 1996, £37.50, £11.99 pbk. Refusing to ‘Pass‘ Lola Young, Fear of the Dark ‘Race’, Gender and Sexuality in the Cinema, London: Routledge, 1995, £40, £13.99 pbk. 相似文献
17.
In the present study we examined associations between young women's romantic relationships and their body image. Ninety-five heterosexual couples (women's mean age=22.46 and men's mean age=24.38) participated in this study. We examined young women's satisfaction with their own bodies, their perceptions of their significant others’ satisfaction with their bodies, and their significant others’ actual satisfaction with their bodies using the Contour Drawing Rating Scale women's weight status was assessed using body mass index (BMI). Relationship constructs examined included relationship quality and the length of couples’ romantic relationships. Results indicated that females were more dissatisfied with their bodies than they perceived their significant others to be and were more dissatisfied than their significant others actually were. Analyses further indicated that the longer women had been in a relationship with their significant other, the more likely they were to incorrectly believe that their significant other wanted them to look thinner.Assistant Professor at Rutgers University. She received her PhD in psychology from the University of California at Riverside in 2002. Her research focuses on the development of body image and dieting behaviors and on understanding relations between personality and health.Assistant Professor at Villanova University. He received his PhD in psychology from the University of California at Riverside in 2002. His research focuses primarily on interpersonal theory. 相似文献
18.
Linda R. Stanley Maria Leonora G. Comello Ruth W. Edwards Beverly S. Marquart 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(2):225-238
The primary purpose of our study was to explore the effects of rurality on school adjustment and other school-related variables.
Using data from 167,738 7th–12th graders located in a national sample of 185 predominantly white communities, multilevel models
were estimated for perceived school performance and school liking using a variety of individual-level (e.g., gender, ethnicity,
and peer school performance) and community/school-level variables (e.g., school size, rurality, and percentage free/reduced
lunch) as predictor variables. Rurality was not significantly related to school adjustment, but rather, the characteristics
of individuals living within those communities were. Results also indicated that participation in school and non-school activities,
a strength of rural schools, can play a positive role in school adjustment. Given the significant relationships of income
and parental education to all of the school-related variables, a key long-term strategy may lie in improving the economic
climate of rural areas.
相似文献
Linda R. StanleyEmail: |
19.
Philippa Levine 《澳大利亚女权主义者研究》1988,3(6):129-136
Olive Banks, Becoming a Feminist. The Social Origins of ‘First Wave’ Feminism (Wheatsheaf) Brighton, 1986; Barbara Caine, Destined To Be Wives. The Sisters of Beatrice Webb (Clarendon) Oxford, 1986; Sandra Stanley Holton, Feminism and Democracy. Women's Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain, 1900–1918 (Cambridge University Press) New York, 1986; Pat Jalland, Women, Marriage and Politics 1860–1914 (Clarendon) Oxford, 1986; Sylvia Walby, Patriarchy at Work. Patriarchal and Capitalist Relations in Employment (Polity) Cambridge, 1986. 相似文献
20.
Gustavo Carlo Lisa J. Crockett Jamie L. Wilkinson Sarah J. Beal 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(9):1192-1202
While many adolescents and young adults experiment with substances (e.g., alcohol, cigarette smoking, marijuana), recent research
suggests that rural youth and young adults may be more at risk for substance use than their urban counterparts. This study
was designed to examine the longitudinal relationships between rural adolescents’ prosocial behaviors and substance use in
young adulthood. Furthermore, we examined the potential mediating effects of adolescent substance use, academic investment,
and delinquency. Rural youth (N = 531; 263 girls) were surveyed in grades 10–12 (Time 1; M age = 16.17; SD = .91) and again in early adulthood (Time 2). Measures of prosocial behaviors, substance use, academic investment,
and deviant activities were assessed at Time 1. At Time 2, measures of marijuana use, cigarette smoking, and getting drunk
were administered. Overall, the findings showed that rural adolescents who frequently exhibit prosocial behaviors are less
likely to engage in substance use in young adulthood than those who exhibit relatively low levels of prosocial behaviors.
These findings indicate that prosocial behaviors may have positive health consequences, establishing behavioral trajectories
that lead to lower levels of risky health behaviors in adulthood in rural populations. 相似文献