CPTED理论的历史梳理及中外对比

CPTED是指“通过环境设计预防犯罪”。OscarNewman的著作《防卫空间：通过城市规划预防犯罪》由于专业视角独特、理论内容富有实践性，引起了学术界和实务界的关注。Newman理论的核心概念是“防卫空间”。防卫空间的定义包含领属性（territoriality）、监控（surveillance）、景象（im．age）、其他环境四大特征。在后来的著作中他又增加了出入控制（accesscontr01）、目标强化（targethard—ening）、活动支持（activitysupport）三个要素。     

工程项目造价控制浅议

建设项目全过程造价控制，就是在项目的投资决策阶段、设计阶段、招投标阶段、建设实施阶段、竣工结算阶段，将建设项目投资控制在预期投资目标以内。控制工程造价不仅仅是防止投资突破限额，更积极的意义是要促进建设、设计单位加强管理，使人力、物力、财力有限的资源得到充分的利用，取得最佳的经济效益和社会效益。     

提升外交“四力”的重要新渠道——试析“新新媒介”在公共外交中的作用

中共中央总书记胡锦涛2009年提出，要不断提高外交工作能力和水平，努力使我国在政治上更有影响力、经济上更有竞争力、形象上更有亲和力、道义上更有感召力。要实现这一目标，一个重要途径是大力推进公共外交，而公共外交的关键环节是大众传播。     

论青少年社会保护

青少年处于由儿童向成人过渡的重要转折时期，这一时期的发展对人的一生具有关键性的作用，需要予以特别关注。一般来说，青少年成长的过程是一个不断社会化的过程，包括生活技能的社会化、行为规范的社会化、生活目标的社会化等。而这一过程总是在具体的社会环境中进行的，无时无刻不受其所在环境的影响和熏陶。因而，青少年的健康成长，除了需要家庭、学校的保护外，更需要社会的保护。在此，我们把青少年社会保护的范围界定为家庭、学校以外的涉及青少年健康成长的社会性因素。显然，实施社会保护是青少年成长过程中不可忽视的重要环节。     

越变越短的裙子

日本乒协也要让女运动员穿着短裙上场比赛了。有消息说，他们已力邀当地著名设计师，为日本乒乓球女将们设计最新款的比赛专用超短裙装。据悉，这次日本女乒的裙装将参照网球美女莎拉波娃身穿的更前卫、更性感的裙装标准来设计。     

中国社会结构转型、家庭结构功能变迁与儿童福利政策议题

本文首次从宏观社会环境、微观家庭结构功能地位变化与各式各样困境儿童形成、分类角度，从社会政策、社会福利、社会保障、社区福利、家庭福利、妇女福利与儿童福利关系的角度，从纵向历史比较与横向国际比较角度，探讨世界和中国儿童福利发展的普世性、结构性规律，目的是将儿童福利政策框架设计与儿童福利服务体系建设议题纳入国家宏观社会发展议程，为儿童少年缔造无忧无虑的生活和“生活化”、“儿童化”的儿童福利体系与政策框架，构建“中国特色”的家庭福利、妇女福利与儿童福利体系，实现构建和谐社会的最高目标。     

西方学校青少年性教育的启示

通过我国青少年性知识发展现状分析，借鉴国际上青少年性教育发展较早且又好的瑞典、美国为代表的西方国家学校青春期性教育的特点和成效，给予我国当前学校青春期性教育有益启示。本文立足于未成年人保护的视角，从学校教育保护着手，对课程内容、师资培训以及法制教育提出建议。探讨更有效的学校性教育方式，实现更高远的教育目标是我们全社会都应关心的问题。     

创建有利于青少年健康成长的法治环境

最近，全国命名了一批“优秀青少年维权岗”，最高人民检察院刑事检察厅与团中央权益部作为检察系统开展这次活动的具体工作部门，认为这项工作的开展，对认真贯彻执行党和国家对青少年的方针、政策，积极开展未成年犯罪检察工作，创建有利于青少年健康成长的法治环境，有非常重要的意义。对于首批被评为“优秀青少年维权岗”的单位，既是对他们以往工作业绩的肯定和表彰，更重要的是赋予了他们新的重任，提出了更高的工作目标；对于其它检察机关，则要以他们为榜样，努力工作，积极探索，为青少年法律保护作出贡献。检察机关在创建有利于青…     

村落在预防留守儿童犯罪中的作用

农村留守儿童成长环境的结构缺陷和功能缺失，往往造成行为失范等一系列问题，留守儿童的违法犯罪状况正是这些问题的显著表现。因此，预防留守儿童犯罪和促进其健康成长的一个重要途径是对其不良生长环境的改善，通过对村落基本状况的分析，村落功能对留守生长环境的改善具有现实性和可行性，从而能够实现预防和减少留守儿童犯罪和促进其健康成长的目标。     

低碳设计是家电企业底线责任——林内践行的环保理念

在林内人眼里,低碳设计,不仅是企业生存方式和生产方式,更是一种人文关怀。爱护地球家园,不是口号,而必须从每一件产品设计做起,才能最终为环境恶化找到更全面新颖的解决方案。     

Assessing the Terrorist Threat: Impact of the Group's Organizational Design?

Each terrorist organization faces a critical tradeoff between effectively managing the organization's violent behavior while remaining secure from counterterrorism efforts. Drawing on organization theory and terrorism literature, this article develops theoretical linkages between the organizational design of a terrorist group and this critical tradeoff. It considers the impact of four key design parameters: membership, operational space and time, formalization, and centralization. The first two structural parameters construct the physical anatomy of a terrorist organization. The latter two structuring parameters prescribe or restrict the behavior within this organizational context. Net advantages by means of rising structural design parameter values are increasingly offset by the organizational strength and security vulnerabilities that inherently follow from the rising structuring parameters.     

基于交通视频检测系统中车辆分割的程序设计

详细介绍了平均法求背景图像及利用已求出的背景图像分割车辆目标的数学模型，实现了一种C在车辆分割中的设计方案。     

Specifying Kidnapping for Ransom Epidemics at the Global Level: A Matched-Case Control Design

Criminal groups around the world frequently rely on kidnapping for ransom (K&R) to fund and further their cause. Some case studies suggest war torn, fragile, and corrupt countries experience K&R epidemics more often. While such factors may be present in some countries experiencing K&R epidemics, it remains to be seen if these failed state factors are generalizable to all nations. To date, no research has systematically examined the conditions that might facilitate K&R epidemics. This study used a case-control design comparing countries with high rates of K&R (experimental) to countries without a K&R problem (control). Findings suggest that problem K&R countries were less secure, less peaceful, and unevenly developed in relation to social and economic indicators. Better understanding of the conditions involving K&R problems offers to improve foresight and the development of effective policy responses.     

How Does Contract Design Affect the Uptake of Microcredit among the Ultra-poor? Experimental Evidence from the River Islands of Northern Bangladesh

This study examines the demand of microcredit among ultra-poor households in northern Bangladesh. We implemented a field experiment to identify what type of credit is best suited to their demand. We found that the uptake rate by the ultra-poor is the lowest for regular small cash credit, followed by in-kind credit. We also found that the ultra-poor are significantly more likely to join a microcredit programme than the moderately poor if a grace period with longer maturity is attached to a large amount of credit, irrespective of whether the credit is provided in cash or in kind.     

Massive Change: Now Everyone Can Design Solutions

Civilizations are mortal. Some rise to meet their challenges, others collapse and disappear into history. Why do some posses the capacity to change, and others not? Jared Diamond warns that the Anthropocentric Age, in which the human species for the first time is the dominant influence on the planet, could end up like the extinct Maya, terminating our civilization's accomplishments if we don't squarely face our ecological challenges. Bruce Mau, like Alvin Toffler, sees hope in the “distributed power” enabled by new technologies. Jared Cohen and Eric Schmidt examine the paradoxes of the digital age which has transformed how we live our lives in every respect.     

中国气候外交议题策略探析

在国际气候谈判中，中国的外交话语杈偏弱，特别反映在哥本哈根和坎昆气候大会上，中国总是受到西方的指责，并承受了巨大的国际减排责任压力。要想提升中国当前的气候外交话语权，应在议题策略上有所突破，最关键的是要提出国际气候治理的中国方案。中国方案的核心是为发展中国家争取经济转型的“缓冲期”策略，并在“公平承担份额”的原则指导下，制定“可实现、可完成”的“中度限额”减排方案。在此基础上，中国在气候谈判中还应更多地使用议题联系战略，迫使发达国家妥协，以更有效地维护国家利益。     

Citizens by Design? Explaining Ex-Combatant Satisfaction with Reintegration Programming

After armed conflict, there is often a surge in programmes designed to consolidate the peace. During the transition to peace, the quality of programme management has been argued to shape public perceptions about government and citizenship. What aspects of programme management are most important? What implementation failures have the greatest negative effects? We study these questions in the context of a reintegration programme for former combatants in Colombia. We find evidence that programme implementation has strong impacts on participant satisfaction, regardless of programme outcomes. This suggests that how benefits are delivered matters as much as what is delivered.     

Decentralization in Tanzania: Design and Application in Planning Decisions

Every state copes with the question of which level of government should bear responsibility for social services such as health care and education. Tanzania is no exception. The current government infrastructure of Tanzania is based on the principle of Decentralization by Devolution (DbyD) and can be seen as a reaction to previous structures based on centralized de-concentration. This article reviews the decentralization as designed in the DbyD policy and its application in planning decisions by assessing the involvement of local communities in decision making, based on a case study in two primary facilities. The conclusion is that even though policy states a strong decentralized government, in reality central preferences dominate the decision-making. Wishes expressed in local plans are ignored in the planning procedure. The article identifies the factors that contribute to this central influence and concludes with reviewing the value of decentralization policy in Tanzania and other developing countries.