试论我国行政法援引诚信原则之意义

诚信原则,向为私法之原则,然也有学者认为此原则不独私法,对于公法、宪法亦可适用。①但是,如何将其引入公法范围且意义如何?法学界鲜有专篇论述。笔者不揣浅陋,试作此文,权当引玉之砖。诚信原则,即是要求法律关系当事人间权利行使义务履行之善意,以调整其间之利益,乃系在自由主义之基调上,由内部加以修补的一种法律原则。②释言之,该定义有以下几层含义:1.诚信原则为法律原则。与追求自律的道德律不同,诚信原则是他律的,是以社会伦理观念为其基础,肯认法律与道德之相互作用。换言之,该原则乃是道德之法律技术化的产物。2.诚信原则系发     

试论人格利益和无形财产利益的权利构造——以法人人格权为研究对象

一、人格与人格权的逻辑联系:有"法律人格"之法人有无人格权传统人格权的概念、定义及制度设计,是以自然人为基点而展开的。在中国民法典编纂活动中以及当下人格权法酝酿之时,法人是否享有人格权,法人享有哪些人格利益,法人人格权采取何种立法模式,均是存有争议的问题。对于法人人格权问题的探讨,须从"法人格"着手,即是将作为主体资格的人格与作为精神利益的人格     

行政之债理论及其现实探讨

债作为一种法律关系 ,公私法皆存。行政法上利益状态的实现与私法规定的情况类似 ,但行政之债却被传统行政法学者所忽略。本文以私法为对照 ,从基本概念出发 ,对行政之债理论作了初步的探讨与阐述 ,并以此为平台对当前行政法相关热点问题进行了扫描和分析。     

法律与社会的共同演化——基于卢曼的社会系统理论反思转型时期法律与社会的关系

转型时期法律与社会的关系是中西方学者共同关注的问题,然而对这一问题的解说却是远不够深入的,其根本原因在于缺乏一套关于现代社会中法律与社会关系的一般理论。德国社会学家尼克拉斯.卢曼的社会系统理论为此提供了一种整体性的解释,他把系统/环境的区分应用于法律与社会关系的分析,不仅明确了法律作为现代社会之独立功能系统的位置,也阐发了法律与其他社会功能系统之间复杂的互动机制。这一洞见揭示了法律与社会之间共同演化的关系,对正处于转型时期的当代中国社会而言,具有十分重要的意义。     

立法,与国际合拍

2001年12月10日,中国正式成为世贸组织成员.为了这一天,我国付出了艰苦而真诚的努力,也以积极的态度做了与之相适应的各项准备,不断完善有关法律制度,使之与WTO规则相一致即是其中之一.……     

论法律阶级性理论的新出路

法律阶级性理论,自50年代传入中国,便引发我国法理界学者的激烈争论,至今余波未息.争论主要围绕法律的阶级性与继承性、社会性、民主性三性质之间的冲突展开,为探究法或法律是否具有阶级性、法或法律是否应当具有阶级性这两大问题,各家提出了不同的观点.但不少学者混淆了法与法律二词之间的区别,使法或法律的阶级性理论研究陷入混乱状态.本文旨在理清法与法律两者之间的区别,在确认阶级性的研究主体的基础上,以比较阶级性与民主性为视角,对法律阶级性的应然性与实然性的问题进行论证分析.     

马克思法本质观视野下的法律信仰困境及其出路

法律的本质揭示了法律是阶级统治的工具这一事实,法的价值则回答了统治阶级应当以什么样的终极追求来平衡阶级关系,制定为人所认可的法律。马克思法本质观下法律作为阶级统治的工具缺失了其能够被信仰的基因,从法的价值出发重构马克思法哲学视野下的法律信仰对法制社会的建设有重要意义。     

论“folklore”与“民间文学艺术”的非等同性

“folkore”的保护诉求之核心是确立知识的团体所有，这一诉求的依据是团体所有的意愿、事实和必要性，与土著民族和传统部族的文化心理和社会结构相关。“民间文学艺术”概念未能揭示团体所有的本质，“民间”一词模糊了团体所有与公有领域的界限。以中文语境的“民间文学艺术”含义作为法律讨论的基础容易误入歧途。     

德国法律对艺术伪造行为的规制——兼与我国相关法律的比较

对艺术伪造的理解在德国有广义和狭义之分.广义的艺术伪造包括艺术模仿、艺术篡改和艺术诈骗.狭义的艺术伪造则与广义的艺术伪造中的艺术诈骗是一致的,都与被署名人的作品无关.不过,从德国法律适用的角度看,艺术伪造主要分为两类:一类是与被署名人作品无关的艺术伪造；另一类则是与被署名人作品有关的艺术伪造.对前者的认定不是依据德国著作权法,而是依据其他法律；对后者的认定则是依据德国著作权法,同时德国刑法有关规定对此亦可适用.与我国法相比,德国著作权法更强调以作品存在为前提来保护作者的著作权.另外,对与被署名人作品有关的艺术伪造的规制,德国法律严于我国.     

以“礼”为根 以“理”为本 塑造公证员良好形象

一、以"礼"为根,以"理"为本的基本涵义 第一个"礼"共有两方面的涵义:一是礼仪之礼,是指热情服务,礼貌待人,全心全意为当事人提供优质高效的法律服务之意;二是礼法之礼,我国古代文化典籍中的<礼记>即是社会中全部道德规范和法律规范的汇编.     

Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana on Avidyā

The concept of avidyā is one of the central categories in the Advaita of Śaṇkara and Maṇḍana. Shifting the focus from māyā, interpreted either as illusion or as the divine power, this concept brings ignorance to the forefront in describing duality and bondage. Although all Advaitins accept avidyā as a category, its scope and nature is interpreted in multiple ways. Key elements in Maṇḍana’s philosophy include the plurality of avidyā, individual selves as its substrate and the Brahman as its field (viṣaya), and the distinction in avidyā between non-apprehension and misapprehension. A closer investigation shows that Maṇḍana is directly influenced by Bhartṛhari’s linguistic non-dualism in developing the concept of avidyā. This study also compares other key constituents such as vivartta and pariṇāma that are relevant to the analysis of avidyā. As the concept of counter-image (pratibimba) emerges as a distinct stream of Advaita subsequent to Maṇḍana, this study also compares the application of pratibimba in the writings of Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana.     

Unraveling the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kāvyaprakāśa</Emphasis>: Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa’s idiosyncratic sequence of topics in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candrāloka</Emphasis>

In his twelfth century alaṃkāraśāstra, the Candrāloka, Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa reverses the sequence of topics found in Mammaṭa’s Kāvyapr-akāśa, an earlier and immensely popular work. With such a structural revisionism, Jayadeva asserts the autonomy of his own work and puts forth an ambitious critique of earlier approaches to literary analysis. Jayadeva investigates the technical and aesthetic components of poetry in the first part of the Candrāloka, prior to his formal semantic investigations in the latter half of the text, thus suggesting that aesthetic evaluations of poetry beneficially inform scientific investigations of language. Jayadeva’s organization of his chapters on the semantic operations, moreover, intimates that the study of suggestive and metaphoric functions of language clarifies our understanding of denotation, which is conventionally understood to be the primary and direct path of verbal designation.     

Immigration,intermarriage and the changing face of Europe in the post war period

In this article we compare the propensity to intermarry of various migrant groups and their children who settled in Germany, France, England, Belgium and the Netherlands in the post-war period, using a wide range of available statistical data. We try to explain different intermarriage patterns within the framework of Alba and Nee's assimilation theory and pay special attention to the role of religion, colour and colonial background. We therefore compare colonial with non colonial migrants and within these categories between groups with ‘European’ (Christian) and non-European (Islam, Hinduism) religions. First of all, religion appears to be an important variable. Migrants whose faith has no tradition in Western Europe intermarry at a much lower rate than those whose religious backgrounds correspond with those that are common in the country of settlement. The rate of ethnic endogamous marriages in Western Europe are highest in Hindu and Muslim communities, often regardless if they came as guest workers or colonial migrants. Whereas differences in religion diminish the propensity to intermarry, colour or ‘racial’ differences on the other hand seem to be less important. This is largely explained by the pre-migration socialisation. Furthermore, the paper argues that the attention to institutions, as rightly advocated by Richard Alba and Victor Nee, needs a more refined and layered elaboration. Institutions, often as barriers to intermarriage, do not only emanate from the receiving society, but also—be it less formalized—within migrant communities. Especially religions and family systems, but also organized nationalist feelings, can have a profound influence on how migrants think about endogamy. Finally, strong pressures to assimilate, often through institutionalized forms of discrimination and stigmatization, not only produce isolation and frustrate assimilation (with resulting low intermarriage rates), but can also stimulate assimilation by 'passing' mechanisms. These factors, together with a more comparative perspective, are not completely ignored in the new assimilation theory, but—as this study of Western European intermarriage patterns stresses—deserve to be included more systematically in historical and social scientist analyses.     

Turning a Madhyamaka Trick: Reply to Huntington

Huntington (2007); argues that recent commentators (Robinson, 1957; Hayes, 1994; Tillemans, 1999; Garfield and Priest, 2002) err in attributing to Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti a commitment to rationality and to the use of argument, and that these commentators do violence to the Madhyamaka project by using rational reconstruction in their interpretation of Nāgārjuna’s and Candrakīrti’s texts. Huntington argues instead that mādhyamikas reject reasoning, distrust logic and do not offer arguments. He also argues that interpreters ought to recuse themselves from argument in order to be faithful to these texts. I demonstrate that he is wrong in all respects: Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti deploy arguments, take themselves to do so, and even if they did not, we would be wise to do so in commenting on their texts.     

The Supreme Array Scripture: A New Interpretation of the Title “Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra”

This article argues for a new interpretation of the Sanskrit compound gaṇḍa-vyūha as it is used in the common title of the Mahāyāna text the Gaṇḍavyūha-Sūtra.The author begins by providing a brief history of the sūtra’s appellations in Chinese and Tibetan sources. Next, the meanings of gaṇḍa (the problematic member of the compound) are explored. The author proposes that contemporary scholars have overlooked a meaning of gaṇḍa occurring in some compounds, wherein gaṇḍa can mean simply “great,” “big” or “massive.” This general sense is particularly common in the compound gaṇda-śaila (a “massive rock” or “boulder”) and is found in such texts as the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, the Harivaṃśa and the Harṣacarita. Following the discussion of Gaṇḍa, the author examines the term vyūha (“array”) as it is used in the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra. The article concludes with the suggestion that a more appropriate translation of the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra would be “The Supreme array Scripture.”     

The Mūlāvidyā Controversy Among Advaita Vedāntins: was Śaṅkara Himself Responsible?

The concept of avidyā or ignorance is central to the Advaita Vedāntic position of Śȧnkara. The post-Śaṅkara Advaitins wrote sub-commentaries on the original texts of Śaṅkara with the intention of strengthening his views. Over the passage of time the views of these sub-commentators of Śaṅkara came to be regarded as representing the doctrine of Advaita particularly with regard to the concept of avidyā. Swami Satchidanandendra Saraswati, a scholar-monk of Holenarsipur, challenged the accepted tradition through the publication of his work Mūlāvidyānirāsaḥ, particularly with regard to the avidyādoctrine. It was his contention that the post-Śaṅkara commentators brought their own innovations particularly on the nature of avidyā. This was the idea of mūlāvidyā or ‘root ignorance’, a positive entity which is the material cause of the phenomenal world. Saraswati argues that such an idea of mūlāvidyā is not to be found in the bhāṣyas (commentaries) of Śaṅkara and is foisted upon Śaṅkara. This paper attempts to show that although Śaṅkara may not have explicitly favoured such a view of mūlāvidyā, his lack of clarity on the nature of avidyā left enough scope for the post-Śaṅkara commentators to take such a position on avidyā.     

Evaluation of six presumptive tests for blood, their specificity, sensitivity, and effect on high molecular-weight DNA

Luminol, leuchomalachite green, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, Hemident, and Bluestar are all used as presumptive tests for blood. In this study, the tests were subjected to dilute blood (from 1:10,000 to 1:10,000,000), many common household substance, and chemicals. Samples were tested for DNA to determine whether the presumptive tests damaged or destroyed DNA. The DNA loci tested were D2S1338 and D19S433. Leuchomalachite green had a sensitivity of 1:10,000, while the remaining tests were able to detect blood to a dilution of 1:100,000. Substances tested include saliva, semen, potato, tomato, tomato sauce, tomato sauce with meat, red onion, red kidney bean, horseradish, 0.1 M ascorbic acid, 5% bleach, 10% cupric sulfate, 10% ferric sulfate, and 10% nickel chloride. Of all the substances tested, not one of the household items reacted with every test; however, the chemicals did. DNA was recovered and amplified from luminol, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, and Bluestar, but not from leuchomalachite green or Hemident.     

Illumination,Imagination, Creativity: Rājaśekhara,Kuntaka, and Jagannātha on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pratibhā</Emphasis>

Sanskrit poeticians make the visionary faculty of pratibhā a necessary part of the professional poet’s make-up. The term has a pre-history in Bhartṛhari’s linguistic metaphysics, where it is used to explain the unitary perception of meaning. This essay examines the relation between pratibhā and possible theories of the imagination, with a focus on three unusual theoreticians—Rājaśekhara, Kuntaka, and Jagannātha Paṇḍita. Rājaśekhara offers an analysis of pratibhā that is heavily interactive, requiring the discerning presence of the bhāvaka listener or critic; he also positions pratibhā in relation to Bildung (vyutpatti) and practice. For Kuntaka, pratibhā, never an ex nihilo creation by a poet, serves as the basis for the peculiar forms of intensified insight and experience that constitute poetry; these may also involve the creative scrambling and re-articulation of the object in terms of its systemic composition. At times, Kuntaka’s pratibhā comes close to a strong notion of imaginative process. But the full-fledged thematization of the imagination, and of pratibhā as its support and mechanism, is best seen in the seventeenth-century debates preserved for us by Jagannātha. A link is suggested between the discourse of poetic imagination in Jagannātha and similar themes that turn up in Indo-Persian poets such as Bedil.     

Preventing Homelessness for System‐Involved Youth

Too many youth and young adults find themselves on the streets, couch‐surfing with friends, in emergency shelters or worse, after exiting the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. In some circumstances, youth have had court hearings until their exit from the legal system, but those hearings have not focused on long‐range plans of youth and emergencies youth may encounter. In other circumstances, there has been little or no planning prior to discharge, especially for young people who leave the juvenile justice system. Courts can and should prevent, alleviate or end youth homelessness for youth who appear before them through strategies that are enumerated in the recently‐passed NCJFCJ resolution. This article expounds on three of these strategies – coordinating transition and re‐entry plans, insisting on effective legal representation of youth, and utilizing sound judicial leadership. It also describes the concurrent efforts of the Coalition for Juvenile Justice and the American Bar Association's Homeless Youth Legal Network to remove legal barriers and improve outcomes for youth and young adults experiencing homelessness.     

Best practices for structuring a family court parenting plan evaluation under the 2022 AFCC Guidelines

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi-judicial immunity from damages claims. A well-crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process.