2005年《选择法院协议公约》拒绝承认与执行外国判决的理由

2005年<选择法院协议公约>中的拒绝承认与执行规则是迄今为止最为详尽的关于间接管辖权的国际统一规则,其中的拒绝承认与执行的理由是间接管辖权规则的核心问题.起草者希望公约能与1958年纽约公约处理国际仲裁一样成功,新公约有可能成为国际民商事诉讼领域第一部全球性的多边条约.公约的间接管辖权规则虽然仅适用于协议管辖权依据,但是对于因其他管辖权依据引起的判决承认与执行,也具有非常重要的参考作用.     

建立国际统一的管辖权和判决承认与执行制度--海牙《选择法院协议公约》述评

海牙国际私法会议于2005年6月所通过的<选择法院协议公约>系迄今为止国际社会在法院管辖权和外国法院判决承认和执行方面意义最为深远的一个公约.本文首先介绍了本文公约产生的背景以及公约的结构.之后,作者就公约中关于统一管辖权的规定进行了较为详细的评述被选择法院行使管辖权的权利和应该行使管辖权的义务、未被选择法院不行使管辖权的义务以及临时保护措施不受公约约束的例外规定.关于公约中所规定的外国法院判决的承认与执行制度作者从六个方面进行了探讨承认与执行外国判决的一般义务、承认与执行外国判决的例外情形、不审查与事实认定、先决问题、损害赔偿问题以及承认和执行外国判决的法律适用问题.     

Improving the recognition of foreign judgments: model law on the recognition and enforcement of Foreign Judgments

This paper contains the Commonwealth Model Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Bill. The paper describes the background to the Model Bill, including its relationship with The Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements, and the present resumed Hague Conference work on a possible Convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. The paper highlights the differences between these different initiatives and the relative advantages of the draft Commonwealth Model Bill.     

瑞典国际民事诉讼制度初探

除了参加的有关国际公约和欧盟理事会有关规则以外 ,瑞典法院通常类推适用《司法程序法典》中有关法院特定管辖区的条款来解决国际民事诉讼的管辖权问题。域外送达依 1970年的《送达法》和《海牙送达公约》进行。《司法程序法典》对国际民事诉讼的起诉、答辩、反诉、临时保护措施、审理和判决以及上诉等问题作了规定。外国判决的执行依《判决执行法》、欧盟理事会的有关规则和《卢迦诺公约》及其参加的有关海牙公约的规定进行     

Application of private international law conventions in hong kong of china

The conflict of laws of Hong Kong has predominately preserved traditional common law rules of pre-England conflict of laws. It is considered as the legal basis of the harmonization of law conflicts between different legal units, which mainly include three parts: jurisdiction, choice of law, judicial assistance in civil and commercial matters. As far as the legal source of the conflict of laws of Hong Kong is concerned, convention is an important part of international law sources. Currently, there are ten special conventions related to private international law, one of which is the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards, and the other nine are the conventions consulted by the Hague Conference on Private International Law (“HCCH”), including the Statute of the Hague Conference. Also, there exist non-special conventions relating to private international law, which play an important role in Hong Kong. These conventions have brought tremendous benefits to Hong Kong. More attention needs to be paid to the conventions of private international law to assist Hong Kong in cooperation with other more jurisdictions.     

海牙《选择法院协议公约》之防御性机制研究

作为目标宏大的《民商事管辖权与判决公约》难产的情况下达成的最大共识的产物,《选择法院协议公约》包含了大量的排除公约适用的防御性条款,对此深入研究可以为我国批准和加入公约后更好地解决国际民事诉讼中管辖权的冲突,以及更好的保护我国的司法主权提供理论基础。     

海牙《选择法院协议公约》对国际商事仲裁的影响

历经十多年的艰苦努力,海牙《选择法院协议公约》终于缔结。公约的目的是制定一个公约从而使法院判决可以在全球范围内得到承认与执行,正如《纽约公约》之于国际商事仲裁一样。公约的缔结有利于该目标的实现,与此同时,该公约的缔结与生效,将会对国际商事仲裁造成相当的影响与冲击,因为该公约所产生的判决承认与执行的国际性效果,将使《纽约公约》对国际商事仲裁所形成的优势变得相当不明显。     

Chapter 10: International Child Custody and Abduction Cases

This chapter will familiarize judges in the U.S. with the state and federal law applicable to international child custody, visitation and abduction disputes. These laws are UCCJA s? 23, the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (Hague Convention), and the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (ICARA). When a custody order from a foreign country is presented for recognition and enforcement, UCCJA § 23 controls. If notice and opportunity to be heard were given to all affected persons, state courts are to enforce foreign custody decrees. When a petition is filed seeking the prompt return of a child to another country based on allegations that the child's removal or retention was wrongful, the Hague Convention and ICARA govern. If the child's removal or retention is wrongful within the meaning of the Convention, and no exceptions to return are proved, a court in the U.S. must order the child's return forthwith. A return order is not a decision on the merits of custody.     

中国国际私法诉讼竞合探究

诉讼竞合是由于各国对管辖权规定的差异而产生的一种现象。但对诉讼竞合 ,迄今我国既无相应的立法可资因应 ,亦没有形成判例规则。这种状况不仅不利于保护我国当事人的合法权益 ,而且亦使我国法院在面临此类问题时无所依循。因此 ,我国除应积极参与《国际民商事管辖权和判决的承认与执行公约》(即《海牙管辖权公约》)以及相关国际公约的制定之外 ,还需进行相应的补充立法以更好地协调国际私法诉讼竞合之法律冲突 ,促进国际司法协助的顺利进行     

中国拒绝承认与执行外国仲裁裁决实务研究

国际仲裁是解决跨国商事纠纷的主要方式。《纽约公约》使外国仲裁裁决在几乎全球范围内获得承认及执行。中国是《纽约公约》的成员国,中国法院在判断是否应拒绝承认和执行某一外国仲裁裁决时,主要是以《纽约公约》作为法律依据。结合《纽约公约》的规定和司法实践,本文分析了中国对外国仲裁裁决的界定标准,并系统地论述了中国拒绝承认与执行外国仲裁裁决的理由。     

Private International Law in Chinese Courts

After the entry of China into World Trade Organization, there are problems such as jurisdiction, application of law, and judicial assistance, which need to be resolved step by step in judicial practice on foreign-related civil and commercial matters. As for private and international law problems in the Chinese courts, this paper analyses some general issues, including renovi, inter-temporal conflicts, and proof of foreign laws; reviews jurisdiction problems, for example, common jurisdiction versus special jurisdiction, selective jurisdiction versus presumptive jurisdiction and exclusive jurisdiction; discusses the choice of law problems such as the principle of party autonomy, the principle of the most significant relationship and dépeçage method; and studies recognition and enforcement of foreign judgment and international commercial arbitral award.     

An Intertribal Business Court

Few Indian reservations have any semblance of a private sector. Consequently, poverty and unemployment are major problems in much of Indian country. While there are many reasons why private enterprise is scarce in Indian country, one of the foremost reasons is businesses do not trust tribal courts. Businesses' distrust of tribal courts is not unique as outsiders often fear bias in foreign tribunals. Similarly, businesses are often concerned about a court's capacity to adjudicate complex disputes. Federal diversity jurisdiction was developed to allay fear of bias, and many states have developed business courts to address questions about court capacity. Tribes can overcome these issues by creating an intertribal business court (IBC). Tribes will be free to sculpt the IBC as they see fit. However, the IBC's intertribal nature will help reduce fears of bias, and an IBC's focus on business disputes will answer doubts about court capacity. An IBC will also make tribal law more accessible, further increasing confidence in this new tribunal. As businesses gain greater confidence in tribal legal institutions through the IBC, they will be more likely to operate in Indian country. Accordingly, the IBC could help to transform tribal economies.     

The Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Judgments: The Way Forward

This article analyses the proposed Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Judgments, which has been the subject of lengthy and ongoing negotiations. The issues that continue to divide the parties centre on differences between approaches to jurisdiction broadly similar to those used in Europe, and the approach used in the United States. The most comprehensive draft of the Hague Convention starts from a European approach, but makes a number of concessions to the US approach. The United States has rejected this draft, and the parties appear to have accepted this rejection and are now discussing whether a narrower convention can be drafted upon which the parties can reach consensus.
The article argues that the broad draft convention was a sound one, that it made all of the concessions to the US approach that were warranted, and that the goal of harmonising world approaches to jurisdiction in civil cases would be better promoted by adopting the broader convention, if necessary without the participation of the United States.     

Swiss taxation of trusts currently and in the future

At the International Trust & Tax Planning Summit Conference,held from 30 October to 1 November 2006 in Coral Gables, Florida,Frédéric Vuilleumier considered the Swiss taxregime in a paper entitled ‘Inbound Guide: What ShouldYou Do When Assumptions Change?’ In this article, theSwiss direct tax system was discussed and the distinction madebetween federal and cantonal taxation, tax residence in Switzerlandand the question of jurisdiction under Swiss private internationallaw and the application of Swiss civil law where Swiss courtshave jurisdiction and the applicable law in matrimonial matters.The article is part of that paper and concentrates on the taxtreatment of trusts in Switzerland, the current position andthe impact of the draft circular to accommodate the then expectedaccession of Switzerland to the Hague Convention.     

我国涉外民商事诉讼管辖权制度的完善

我国现行民事诉讼法有关涉外民商事诉讼管辖权的规定实施已15个春秋,面对新形势下日趋复杂的涉外民商事法律关系以及轰轰烈烈的民事司法改革大潮显然已捉襟见肘。鉴于十届全国人大常委会已将民事诉讼法的修改纳入本届人大立法规划内,这无疑为完善我国涉外民商事诉讼管辖权制度提供了难得的契机。对该制度作一全方位的扫描,着重分析其亟需弥补的缺陷与不足,推动我国国际私法学界对这些问题的深入研究,并对民事诉讼法的修改工作产生持续、有效的影响,是极为必要的。     

Jurisdiction for Consumer Contracts: European Union: Modified Rules of Jurisdiction for Electronic Consumer Contracts

The Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Recognition of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (the Brussels Convention) is to be replaced in 2002 by a Community Instrument: The Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (the Regulation).¹ The Regulation is an important measure approved by the European Union to simplify rules of jurisdiction and recognition of judgments for the benefit of the Internal Market. Amongst other matters, the Regulation updates existing jurisdiction rules for a consumer contracts. The rules for consumer contracts apply where a consumer and a business are domiciled in a Member State or the business has a:“branch, agency or other establishment” in a Member State. Importantly, the Regulation clarifies jurisdiction rules for consumer contracts conducted over the World Wide Web (WWW). These rules are to be welcomed, as they provide guidance on what rules of jurisdiction apply to consumer contracts over the Web, albeit that they are limited to where the parties are domiciled in Europe. This article outlines the rules of jurisdiction for consumer contracts provided by the Regulation, and where appropriate, highlights some aspects of the new rules that will possibly require further discussion and clarification by the European Court of Justice once the new rules are in force.     

论《罗马条例Ⅰ》对欧盟合同冲突法的发展及对我国的启示

在国际民商事判决的执行和非合同之债法律适用领域,欧盟已经成功地以条例的形式进行了统一立法。但在合同冲突法领域,欧盟却迟至2008年才将1980年《罗马公约》转化为共同体立法——《罗马条例Ⅰ》。转化使得欧盟合同冲突法融入了共同体这一自足的法律体系,规则的解释得以统一,和其他领域的冲突法规则得以协调。在内容方面,《罗马条例Ⅰ》对《罗马公约》进行了一定发展,适度强化了当事人意思自治原则;对客观选择方法做了较大调整,降低了最密切联系原则的地位;以惯常居所统一了属人法;排除了客观选择方法中合同分割法的适用。这些发展均以追求合同法律适用的确定性、可预见性等欧洲大陆国际私法的传统价值为目标。这些发展对我国即将进行审议的《涉外民事关系法律适用法》中的合同冲突法部分的规则设计具有莫大的借鉴意义。     

论国际私法中识别的误差

在国际民事诉讼中 ,法院为了确定国际民商事争议的管辖权和应适用的冲突规则 ,都要根据一定的法律观念对争议的有关事实构成的性质进行识别。在不同的诉讼阶段 ,法院对有关事实构成的性质的识别可能有所不同 ,这种现象 ,笔者称之为识别的误差。本文试对识别误差及其产生的原因、识别误差引起的管辖权问题和法律适用问题的解决略作探讨 ,以期同行们对该问题给予必要的关关注     

法律交融中的国际贸易行政诉讼

国际贸易行政诉讼是在国际法与国内法交融、公法与私法交融过程中生成的行政诉讼特殊类型。在我国法制语境中,国际贸易行政诉讼是指在WTO制度的框架下,人民法院依法审理国际贸易行政案件并做出裁决,以保障和补救受损方国际贸易权益的具有专项性、涉外性与国际性的诉讼活动与制度。国际贸易行政诉讼具有特定的制度结构、主体结构与利益结构。考察其影响,它具有国际法定义务履行功能、国际贸易行政争端解决功能、国际贸易权益救济等复合功能。     

论涉外民事法律适用中的定性——兼评《中华人民共和国涉外民事关系法律适用法》第8条

定性是国际私法理论研究和司法实践普遍关注的问题之一。我国《涉外民事关系法律适用法》虽然对定性作出了具体的规定,但由于各国学者对于定性的对象、范围以及定性冲突有着不同的认识,实践中很容易造成法官在涉外民事法律适用认识上的困难。从法学方法论意义讲,涉外民事裁判中定性的本质在于将案件事实与不同国家实体法进行比对的过程,其间贯穿着冲突规范连结点的解释以及相关国家法律对同一事实评价的利益衡量。就我国立法中有关定性问题的解释而言,法院地法应在国际私法语境下作广义理解。