Women in Law Enforcement and Police Use of Deadly Force

We test the hypothesis that law enforcement agencies that have a larger share of female officers should experience lower rates of police use of deadly force. We use the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics 2013 survey of police and sheriff departments (N?=?1,983). We measure police-involved violence as the number of civilians killed by law enforcement officers from 2013 through 2015 as reported by the website Mapping Police Violence. Using a variety of empirical estimators to take into consideration the structure of the distribution of police-caused deaths, we find consistent results that a higher share of female officers is associated with a higher likelihood of police-caused deaths. These results are consistent with prior findings within the literature and implies that in order to “fit in” with their male counterparts female officers will use coercive tactics to the same extent.     

Perceived Discrimination Among Women in Law Enforcement

ABSTRACT

This work explores the depth and dimensions of gender-based discrimination as perceived by female police officers. Using snowball sampling, 27 currently employed female law-enforcement officers in a large metropolitan area of the Southwest were interviewed. Qualitative data analysis techniques were used to analyze the findings and to extract the themes that emerged from the women's perceptions of discrimination coming from their male peers, from male supervisors or administrators, and from citizens of both sexes. Most of thepolicewomen interviewed reported experiencing discrimination from one or all of these sources. However, almost without exception, they saw their situation today as improved over that of the past policewomen. No consistent differences in perceptions emerged related toage, race-ethnicity, rank, employer, or length of service.     

警察执法权益保护论纲

警察权益具有普遍性和特殊性,既包括警察的执法权益,也包括警察作为公民应享有的基本权利。警察权益遭受侵害,既有社会转型期社会矛盾加剧、公民法律意识淡薄、违法犯罪暴力化倾向严重和法制不健全、对侵害警察权益行为惩治力度不够、暴力袭警成本较低等原因;也有警察自身执法能力不高、自我防护意识不强和防护装备落后,以及公安机关不善于充分利用现有法律武器维权等多方面的原因。由此看来,保护警察权益是一项系统工程,必须采取多方面的措施。     

Women Police Officers and the Use of Coercion

Abstract

Despite numerous advances in the last thirty years, women police officers continue to face acceptance issues in a male-dominated occupation. Qualitative accounts of policewomen have noted that many of the integration barriers stem from traditional assumptions about police work, much of which revolves around the cultural mandate to display one's coercive authority over citizens. Female officers are often perceived as unwilling (or lacking in ability) to use coercion when encountering citizens. Unfortunately, little empirical evidence is available to support this claim, as gender studies that specifically examine the use of coercion have tended to focus on excessive force. Using data collected as part of a systematic social observation study in Indianapolis, Indiana, and St. Petersburg, Florida, this research examines both verbal and physical coercion that policewomen use in day-to-day encounters with citizens. The results of this study challenge one of the most fundamental stereotypes levied against women police officers. Contrary to traditional assumptions, female police officers (compared to their male counterparts) are not reluctant to use coercive force, and examinations of both verbal and physical force reveal few differences in not only the prevalence of each behavior, but also in the commonly associated explanatory factors. The article concludes with the implications of these     

Crime Mapping and the Training Needs of Law Enforcement

This paper explores some of the more recent developments within crime mapping and the broader application of geographical information technology within law enforcement. The information technology (IT) revolution and the reduction in computing costs since the 1980s has brought a range of analytical tools within the budgets of most police services, and one of the most significant changes has been in the way that spatial data are handled. Law enforcement has strong geographic currents at all levels of the organisation, and this paper examines three applications of geographical information systems (GIS) within policing: hotspot mapping; CompStat; and geographic profiling. The paper concludes by discussing the future training needs using a simple model of intelligence-led crime reduction. This model suggests that training for managers to enable a greater understanding of the analyses presented to them, and how to use mapping to further crime prevention and reduction, may be as important as increasing the technical ability of crime analysts. The challenge for the immediate future of crime reduction practice in law enforcement is less to worry about the training of analysts, and more to address the inability of law enforcement management to understand and act on the crime analysis they are given.     

民商法在公安执法中的地位研究

民商法的平等、权利保护、诚信等基本原则对树立人民警察的执法理念具有重要作用,对维护人民警察自身合法利益也具有重要意义。现在,公安机关在具体执法工作中愈来愈多地应用民商法知识。因此,研究民商法在公安执法工作中的地位,有助于扭转以往公安工作重刑轻民的传统观念,提高警察的素质,更好地发挥人民警察的作用。     

我国警察执法权益保护机制探析——运行实效与制度完善

自2000年以来,学界和实务界关于警察执法权益保护的讨论逐渐增多。总体而言,我国以法律法规等规范性文件为基础,以警务督察制度为核心的內部保护机制和以社会建设为中心的外部保护环境已逐步建立和形成。但是这一机制尚存诸多不足。立足于对这些制度的运行实效分析和运行环境评估,辨析其利弊,进行有针对性的改进和改善乃当务之急。     

论警察执法能力建设与和谐社会的构建

人民警察执法能力是党的执政能力在公安工作中的具体体现。社会主义和谐社会作为党的执政能力建设的主要任务,理 应成为人民警察执法能力建设的重要内容。人民警察必须加强执法能力建设,切实担负起巩固共产党执政地位、维护国家长治久安、 保障人民安居乐业的重大政治和社会责任,为社会主义和谐社会的构建作出应有的贡献。     

构建和谐执法环境与提升警察管理水平的思考

构建和谐社会,要求警察管理者能够把握管理学科的系统框架,深入了解现有警察管理法律法规,注重管理者与被管理者素质的共同提升,不断推动管理创新。构建和谐执法环境是社会建设与发展的客观要求,提升警察管理水平是构建和谐执法环境的必要条件,通过实现优化警察执法环境和提升警察管理水平,将有效促进实现构建和谐社会的最终目标。     

行政法结构失衡与行政诉讼功能变迁——一个结构功能主义的维度

结构功能主义者视角中,结构是社会系统的框架模式,功能则体现为社会关系的实际运行,结构的变迁必会导致功能的调整。合作理念与公共治理模式的出现打破了传统行政法结构的平衡,在消极立法、积极行政的情境下,司法理应发挥利益协调的社会整合功能来缓解这一结构的紧张关系,以维系结构的适应能力。     

A Comparative Perspective of Community Policing in Taiwan and Washington State

This study explores the attitudes and behaviors of Taiwanese police officers regarding community oriented policing (COP) by comparing their attitudes and behaviors with those of officers in Washington State. Data used in the study were collected from 375 Taiwanese line officers assigned to the city of Tainan and 167 American line officers from various police and sheriffs’ departments in Washington State. The study finds that (1) Taiwanese and American officers hold similar opinions of COP’s potential to reduce crime; (2) both groups are similarly involved in implementing the various strategies of COP; yet (3) American officers are more involved in formulating (planning/devising) COP strategies; and (4) are more receptive to citizen involvement in COP; while (5) Taiwanese officers are more receptive to civilian oversight, and (6) are more amenable to applying COP outcomes for evaluative purposes than are their American counterparts. Policy implications and areas for future research are discussed.

公安执法适用非法证据排除规则的实证研究

证据问题不但是诉讼的核心问题,也是公安执法办案的中心问题。而公安机关是证据的收集者,研究非法证据排除规则在公安执法中的适用问题,对推动非法证据排除规则的贯彻实施与完善,遏制公安机关的非法取证行为具有现实意义。     

Exploring the association between organizational structure variables and work on family strain among Indian police officers

Work-family conflict occurs when the domains of work and home spill over into one another leading to conflict, which is a real possibility for the unique occupation of policing. Work on family conflict, a subdomain of work-family conflict, occurs when issues at work spill over impacting home life. One form of work on family conflict is strain-based conflict, which is when work problems results in conflict at home, such being irritable at home or arguments with family members and friends. This study examined the relationship between organizational structure variables and work on family conflict strain among Indian police officers. India is the most populous democracy in the world, but little has been published in Western journals of how workplace variables maybe related to work on family strain among Indian officers. Among the organizational structure variables, instrumental communication, organizational support, formalization, distributive justice, and procedural justice each had negative relationships with work on family strain. Input into decision-making had a nonsignificant association.     

The Impact of Incarceration in State Prison on the Employment Prospects of Women

This paper uses a unique data set constructed from two sets of administrative records to examine the relationship between incarceration and employment rates for former female state prisoners from Illinois. Our analysis indicates that although prison is associated with declining employment rates during the quarters leading up to women’s incarcerations, it does not appear to harm their employment prospects later on. In the short-term, we estimate that women’s post-prison employment rates are about 4 percentage points above expected levels. However, these employment gains do not persist and gradually fall back to pre-prison levels. These results indicate that time out of the work force is not a cost associated with incarcerating women.

基于派出所法律实施的基层社会治理法治化——以浙江K派出所为例

改革开放三十多年来,"严打"、"普法"、"社会治安综合治理"以及"社会管理综合治理"等方式可以看作是国家对基层社会进行治理的探索.十八届四中全会提出"推进基层治理法治化"吹响了全面依法治理基层社会的号角.作为拥有执法人员数量最多的基层执法机构,处在社会矛盾解决第一线的派出所的法律实施依据、方法和技术理应为基层社会治理提供法治资源和法治路径.浙江省K派出所的案例、做法和制度有力地诠释了派出所的法律实施契合基层社会治理.派出所法律实施所展现出来的四大法治功能是推进基层社会治理法治化的桥梁.派出所应从人口管理、行政执法、刑事司法、服务社会、走群众路线、严格遵守程序原则和善于运用非正式制度性因素等方面来为基层社会治理法治化提供理念支持和行动榜样.     

《劳动合同法》的立法价值、制度创新及影响评价

《劳动合同法》自制定、通过到实施,一直受到社会广泛的关注。人们所关注的热点、难点和疑点并没有随着该法的施行而结束,反倒对实施前该法引起的劳动关系变动、实施后该法的社会效果进行了更多的思考。本期刊发的几篇对热点、难点进行解读,对实施效果进行前瞻的文章,意在为读者准确理解和适用该法提供参考。     

论强制性调解对法治和公平的冲击

调解是不发达社会主导的纠纷解决制度.在社会进化过程中,调解退化成一种基层社区自治的制度和司法程序中"依附于"判决的制度.在大型有组织社会,发达的调解与人治并存;判决的权威是法治社会的标志.东方发达的调解制度是人治社会的一部分,它不是先进文化,恰恰是东方落后于西方的重要制度原因.解放后我国调解的走俏正是我国的人治社会使然.改革开放以后判决的短期走强是社会法治冲动的产物.强制性调解构成对法治基本价值的损害.既然我国已经选择了法治之路,我们就只有选择以判决为主导的纠纷解决制度,坚持调解的自治与自愿原则,并对调解进行法律规制.     

财税法的衡平发展功能及其法治构造

当前我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡、不充分发展之间的矛盾。在"不平衡不充分"问题中,最关键的是"发展不平衡"问题。作为一种回应型法,财税法的社会利益本位性质和对社会经济发展的调控性决定了财税法具有促进社会平衡发展的作用。财税法衡平发展功能的内涵可从税收公平、财政转移支付和创新驱动发展三个维度展开。税收法定、预算公开和创新激励财税政策法治化形塑了财税法衡平发展功能的法治结构。财税法衡平发展功能是对发展不平衡不充分问题的能动回应,统一于促进社会平衡发展和人民共享发展成果的宏伟目标中。     

社会救助体系组织结构之内涵及其构建路径简

社会救助体系组织结构是由主管部门、管理体制、运行方式和监督机制等四个方面组成的制度体系.目前,我国已经初步形成了具有鲜明特色的“政府主管、部门协作、民间参与、基层落实”的社会救助体系,但现行的社会救助体系仍存在管理体制未理顺、主管部门不统一、运行方式不共享和监督机制不规范等组织结构方面的缺陷,因此,应从政策、技术、制度、人才方面加以建构.