Improving First Nations water security through governance

Many First Nations communities lack access to safe drinking water. In this article, we examine an under-appreciated tool for improving First Nations water security – governance – and develop a framework for guiding the design and analysis of First Nations water governance models. In particular, we argue that three key ideas from the public administration literature – financial resources, regulation, and formalization – should be integrated with Indigenous insights and philosophies that are specific to each First Nations community. We illustrate how this might work by focusing on the insights, traditions, and philosophies of an Anishinaabek community in southern Ontario.     

Appraising Canada's 1979 Indian Health Policy: Informing co-development of distinctions-based Indigenous health legislation

Aiming to improve the health of First Nations in 1979, the federal government implemented the Indian Health Policy to strengthen community development and the relationship with First Nations peoples, and nurture a trilateral relationship in the healthcare landscape. The Indian Health Policy remains the foundation for First Nations health policy and program development today, even without ever having an implementation plan. We critically appraise the Indian Health Policy to identify gaps and evaluate its impact and progress on subsequent policy evaluations, developments, and recent events in light of the new distinctions-based Indigenous health legislation underway. Based on our findings, we provide recommendations to inform the federal government's efforts to co-develop distinctions-based Indigenous health legislation.     

Building policy capacity at the Ukrainian centre: The policy units project

This article chronicles a CIDA technical assistance project to build central policy capacity in the Government of Ukraine in 2000–01. Over ten months, 48 senior officials received intensive policy training and worked in policy units on priority issues. Evidence suggests that the project was effective at the individual and institutional levels: participants expressed high satisfaction with their learning; some outputs were immediately adopted by the government; and during 2005–11, without further Canadian support, the government used the project template to develop more policy analysis units. This success stands in contrast to recent accounts of failed technical assistance programs in eastern Europe. Critical success factors were shared vision, Ukrainian ownership and direction, and professionalism. The authors call for rigorous evaluation of human resource development, and identify topics for further research.     

Cyberbullying: What's the problem?

Cyberbullying has been a difficult problem for policy makers and observers to define. For some, cyberbullying is understood as a public health problem, while others view it largely as an education issue, and still others see it as a justice problem. In Canada, while the definition of cyberbullying continues to evolve, a nascent approach assumes that it is similar to traditional face‐to‐face bullying with computer‐mediated communication as a new element. This definition is at odds with recent research on cyberbullying, which may have significant implications for policy makers seeking to design effective interventions.     

“What do we want and how do we get there”: A comparative content analysis of First Nations Comprehensive Community Plans in British Columbia

First Nations are important regional development actors, and yet their development ambitions and goals have often been ignored or poorly understood by settler governments. Since 2004, the Canadian federal government has supported First Nations governments and Tribal Councils to develop Comprehensive Community Plans (CCPs)—community planning documents that are meant to set priorities and guide development in the medium to long term. This study employs a quantitative content analysis of all publicly available CCPs and related strategic planning documents in British Columbia in order to understand development priorities and in doing so, reveals a mismatch between the interests of First Nations and settler governments.     

Evidence and equity: Struggles over federal employment equity policy in Canada, 1984–95

Abstract: This article traces debates about federal employment equity policy in Canada in the 1980s and 1990s, focusing specifically on the role of data and statistics in policy‐making. The authors interpret policy‐makers' extensive use of evidence‐based policy instruments in the implementation of employment equity as an attempt to offer a technical solution to the deeply politicized problem of workplace discrimination. By exploring policy debates from the Royal Commission on Equality in Employment (the Abella Commission) (1984) to the passage of the reformed Employment Equity Act in 1995, the authors show how recourse to evidence‐based deliberation failed to contain political conflict, because the meaning and use of statistical data became the object of political struggle among the main policy stakeholders. The article concludes by considering the implications of this case study for the broader comparative debate on the role of evidence‐based methods in policy‐making.     

Lawyers,trees and money: British Columbia forest policy and the convergence of international and domestic trade considerations

Abstract: International and domestic developments have a direct impact on forest policy in British Columbia. At the domestic level, the BC government maintains significant control over softwood lumber as a result of provincial land ownership, executive dominance, and the role of the Ministry of Forests. This is reinforced by a close relationship between the bureaucracy and key industry associations. Under the New Democratic Party government of the 1990s, however, the policy relevance of environment, labour, and aboriginal groups increased. The election of the BC Liberals, however, diminished these interests, with the possible exception of First Nations groups. It is also important, however, to acknowledge the significance of international developments. Institutionally, these pressures contributed to bureaucratic restructuring and a changing “culture” within the Ministry of Forests. Industry relations have also been influenced by consolidation of ownership, bilateral lumber disputes with the United States, and the increasing role of non‐elected legal representatives. In addition, environment and labour interests were empowered by external funding, high export demands, and a low Canadian dollar. Although these developments have created an increasingly complex policy process, it is apparent that domestic considerations remain dominant, especially traditional participants, such as the Ministry of Forests and other specific setoral interests. Sommaire: Les developements nationaux et internationaux ont des répercussions directes sur la politique forestière en Colombie‐Britannique. À l'échelle nationale, le gouvernement de la C.‐B. maintient un important contrôle sur le bois d'evre en rai‐son de la propriété foncière provinciale, de la dominance de I'exécutif, et du rôle du ministere des ForCts. Ceci est renforcb par des liens étroits entre la bureaucratie et les associations clés de l'industrie. Cependant, sous le gouvernement du Nouveau Parti Démocratique des années 1990, la pertinence des politiques des groupes environne‐mentaux, syndicaux et autochtones s'est accrue. L'élection des Libéraux et C.‐B. a réduit ces intéréts, a l'exception des groupes des Premières Nations. Cependant, il faut aussi reconnaître l'importance des développements intemationaux. Sur le plan institutionnel, ces pressions ont contribuéà une restructuration bureaucratique et a l'évolution de la « culture » au sein du ministère des Forê Les relations indus‐trielles ont aussi été influencées par une consolidation de la propriété, les conflits bilatéraux avec les États‐Unis au sujet du bois, et le rde croissant des mandataires légaux non élus. En outre, les intér& environnementaux et de main‐d'aeuvre ont vu leurs pouvoirs accrus par le financement externe, les demandes d'exportation Plevees et la faiblesse du dollar canadien. Quoique ces changements aient Créé un processus de politiques de plus en plus complexe, il est évident que les considérations nationales dominent, en particulier celles qui sont préconisées par les participants traditionnels, comme le ministére des Forêts et d'autres intérêts sectoriels particuliers.     

Toward a definition and taxonomy of public sector ombudsmen

The world‐wide diffusion of the ombudsman concept and the accompanying academic literature have failed to produce a universal definition of “ombudsman.” As a result, liberal interpretations of the concept have flourished, and the invention of technical terms has gone unchecked. This article examines the two most commonly cited definitions of an ombudsman and the wealth of technical terms for their conformity to the original concept. A definition for public sector ombudsmen congruent with primordial functions and recent conceptual extensions is proposed. The article concludes with a taxonomy of the different kinds of ombudsmen in place today.     

Cities and places in provincial policy agendas

This article uses a new dataset of coded Alberta Throne Speeches from 1906 to 2017 to identify patterns of provincial policy attention to place and urban place across policy issues and time. We discuss three main findings. First, provincial attention to place and urban place is influenced by policy domain: place‐based attention is generally absent in some policy domains, such as macroeconomic policy, and prevalent in others, such as health care. Second, place‐based attention is patterned over time, with a noticeable peak in the post‐war “province‐building” years and distinct troughs in other periods. Finally, we discuss the related but distinct patterns of attention to place and urban place across policy domains and time.     

广西农村饮用水源法律保障机制构建

由于农村饮用水源保护法律供给不足，广西饮用水源危机在一定程度上表现为农村饮用水源危机。本文在对出广西农村饮用水源保护面临的法治困境进行整理分析的基础上，结合广西农村社区饮用水源实际，提出构建农村农村饮用水源法律保障机制，旨在探索出一条适合广西农村饮用水源保护的法治之路。     

Aboriginal policy reform and the subsidiarity principle: A case study of the division of matrimonial real property on Canadian Indian reserves

Abstract: According to the Indian Act, aboriginal women in Canada do not have the same equality rights as aboriginal men living on‐reserve and non‐aboriginal women living off‐reserve. The Indian Act's provisions governing the division of matrimonial real property on Canadian Indian reserves have dispossessed many aboriginal women of their property entitlements during and after separation and divorce proceedings. Despite the existence of this problem for the last fifty‐five years, the Indian Act has proven highly resistant to reform. A number of First Nations, however, have recently been able to address this issue by developing local matrimonial property laws through the First Nations Land Management Act, a federal piece of legislation that is separate from the Indian Act. Not only have these local laws provided solutions to a policy problem left unaddressed by the federal government, they have also given aboriginal women greater equality rights during and after divorce proceedings while respecting local preferences. This article argues that government and aboriginal policy‐makers should consider making greater use of the subsidiarity principle when engaging in reforms to the Indian Act. Sommaire: Aux termes de la Loi sur les Indiens, les femmes autochtones au Canada n'ont pas les mêmes droits à l'égalité que les hommes autochtones dans les réserves et que les femmes non autochtones hors des réserves. Les dispositions de la Loi sur les Indiens régissant la division des biens immobiliers matrimoniaux sur les réserves indiennes canadiennes ont dépossédé de nombreuses femmes autochtones de leurs droits de propriété pendant et après les procédures de séparation et de divorce. Alors que ce problème existe depuis 55 ans, il se trouve que la Loi sur les Indiens a fortement résistéà la réforme. Cependant, un certain nombre de Premières nations ont réussi récemment à aborder ce problème en élaborant des lois locales sur les biens matrimoniaux par l'intermédiaire de la Loi sur la gestion des terres des premières nations, texte de loi fédéral distinct de la Loi sur les Indiens. Non seulement ces lois locales ont‐elles apporté des solutions à un problème de politique que le gouvernement fédéral n'avait pas réglé, mais elles ont également donné aux femmes autochtones de plus grands droits en matière d'égalité pendant et après les procédures de divorce tout en respectant les préférences locales. Le présent article indique que le gouvernement et les décideurs de politiques autochtones devraient envisager faire un plus grand usage du principe de subsidiarité lorsqu'ils entreprennent des réformes de la Loi sur les Indiens.     

Book reviews Comptes rendus

Book reviewed in this article: First Nations and the Canadian State: In Search of Coexistence: ALAN C. CAIRNS Forging Alberta's Constitutional Framework: RICHARD CONNERS, JOHN M. LAW Re‐imagining Policing in Canada: DENNIS COOLEY Rules, Rules, Rules, Rules: Multilevel Regulatory Governance: G. BRUCE DOERN, ROBERT JOHNSON Inside the Mosaic: ERIC FONG Public Ethics and Governance: Standards and Practices in Comparative Perspective: DENIS SAINT‐MARTIN, FRED THOMPSON Refugee Sandwich: Stories of Exile and Asylum: PETER SHOWLER     

Policy work at the sub‐national level: Analytical styles of Canadian and Czech directors and managers

This paper uses data from two countries to develop profiles of policy directors and managers in the sub‐national public bureaucracies of Canada and the Czech Republic. Canadian directors and managers undertake more analytically complex tasks for which research and evaluation is necessary. In comparison, Czech managers are more firmly engaged in project management agendas, and Czech directors tend to rely on personal experience and routine approaches. Overall, the sample shows that different policy styles are emphasized in each country and at different levels ranging from rational‐technical and advisory‐interactive (Canadian directors and managers), process expertise (Czech managers), and a combination of analytical rationality and issue activism (Czech directors).     

Book Reviews Comptes Rendus

Book reviewed in this article: Canada's Governors General, 1847–1878: Biography and Constitutional Evolution: Barbara j. messamore The Way It Works: Inside Ottawa: eddie goldenberg Riding to the Rescue: The Transformation of the RCMP in Alberta and Saskatchewan, 1914–1939: steve hewitt Transparency: The Key to Better Governance: Christopher hood, david heald Des communautés plus ou moins civiques: le capital social et la gouvernance métropolitaine au Canada et aux États‐Unis: marie‐france le blanc The New City: How the Crisis in Canada's Urban Centres is Shaping the Nation: john lorinc Auteurs et textes classiques de la théorie des organisations: De laurent bélanger ; JEAN MERCIER Reconciliation ‐ First Nations Treaty Making in British Columbia: tony penikett E‐Government in Canada: Transformation for the Digital Age: Jeffrey roy This is Not a Peace Pipe: Towards a Critical Indigenous Philosophy: dale turner     

From colonization to reconciliation: Increasing the collaborative capacity of public servants

In call to action 57, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission calls upon federal, provincial and territorial governments to enhance the skills and knowledge of public servants. Leveraging collaboration theory and collaborative capacity, this article delves deeper into the skills, attitudes and knowledge required of public servants who regularly work with First Nations organizations and governments. Using findings from a health care collaboration between First Nations, federal and provincial governments in Alberta with 25 mid- to senior-level leaders, this participatory action research highlights the importance of member capacity to strong collaboration as Canada embarks on the journey from colonization to reconciliation.     

我国大学生创业中存在的问题及对策分析

文章从创业者自身和创业环境两个层面进行分析，认为大学生自身创业准备不充分、经验与风险意识缺乏、高校的创业教育及政府支持大学生创业的政策未构成体系等是造成大学生创业成功率低的主要原因。破解大学生创业难的问题，一方面需要引导大学生做好充分的创业准备，选择合理的创业方式，组建高效的创业团队；另一方面高校要加强对大学生的创业教育和指导，同时政府要为创业者提供完善的帮扶政策和公共服务。     

Multicultural health care? Cultural accommodation in non‐devoted policy sectors

As developed states have faced increasing ethnocultural diversity, debates have arisen over what tools the state has at its disposal to help create peaceful, tolerant, and cohesive diverse societies. This research note has two purposes. First, it builds on existing theoretical research on multicultural policies to propose a typology of multicultural policies from non‐devoted immigration or multicultural ministries. Second, it argues that there is space for policies aimed to accommodate and recognize immigrants and ethnocultural minorities in health care policy and – by extension – other policy areas. Such initiatives would both improve the quality of service for immigrants, ethnocultural minorities, and majority group Canadians and greatly enhance the likelihood of recognition and comprehensive integration of minorities.     

Region‐building: Western Canadian joint cabinet meetings in the 2000s

Abstract: Joint cabinet meetings are increasingly used for inter‐governmental dialogue, at both international and sub‐state levels. Provincial governments in western Canada, in particular, have employed the joint cabinet meeting format, and, between 2003 and 2009, nine such joint cabinet meetings were held. The resulting inter‐provincial collaboration at these meetings produced over thirty inter‐provincial agreements. Using the details of these particular joint cabinet meetings as a case study, this article considers three questions: First, why do governments hold joint cabinet meetings? Second, are joint cabinet meetings effective mechanisms for inter‐governmental policy‐making? And, third, particular to the Canadian context, what are the implications of joint cabinet meetings for federalism and democracy? The author argues that joint cabinet meetings are designed to build relationships and trust between governments and to allow a “whole‐of‐government” approach for inter‐governmental policy‐making. The joint cabinet meeting model appears to facilitate expedient inter‐governmental policy‐making, but the effectiveness of the resulting policies depends on the political will of the participating governments. Furthermore, in the Canadian context, joint cabinet meetings have the potential of reinforcing regionalism and the undemocratic tendencies associated with executive federalism.     

What is a meeting? Municipal councils and the Ontario ombudsman

In recent decisions, the Ontario ombudsman has developed his own definition of a “meeting” of a municipal council. The definition derives more from American statutes and judicial decisions than from any prior interpretation of Ontario (or other Canadian) law. The ombudsman's rulings claim that the law prevents municipal councillors from meeting together informally “to lay the groundwork necessary” for the council to exercise its authority. He mistakenly suggests that the policy‐making process is much more open at the federal and provincial levels of government. His rulings unduly restrain groups of municipal councillors from organizing themselves to promote policy change.     

The impact of aboriginal land claims and self-government on Canadian municipalities

Abstract: Local governments in Canada are directly affected by federal and provincial initiatives regarding land claims and aboriginal self-government. Land claims result in new lands being created within or near urban centres, which are owned or controlled by First Nations, either as reserves under the Indian Act or as some form of “settlement land” created by a land-claims agreement. First Nations seek to not only own these lands, but also govern them. The overall jurisdiction of First Nations is still being defined. However, First Nations already have jurisdiction over local affairs on their own land. That jurisdiction is in key areas such as land use. As a result, as soon as First Nations lands are created within or adjacent to an urban centre, the local urban government must deal with a separate First Nation jurisdiction. The issues that these neighbouring jurisdictions need to resolve include compatibility of laws and enforcement of laws, tax-loss compensation and delivery of and payment for local services. There is little or no precedent for how this should be accomplished. The one common denominator that has emerged is that First Nations and urban councils, which enjoy a good working relationship, have all developed ways of dealing directly with each other on issues of mutual concern. Sommaire: Les initiatives fédérales et provinciales relatives aux revendications territoriales et au gouvemement autochtone ont une influence directe sur les gouvemements locaux au Canada. Les revendications territoriales mènent à la création, dans ou près des centres urbains, de nouveaw territoires détenus ou contrôlés par des Premières nations, soit en tant que réserves en vertu de la Loi sur les Indiens, soit come «terres conférées par l'entente». à la suite de revendications. Les Premières nations cherchent non seulement à poséder ces terres mais aussi à les gouverner. La juridiction & ensemble des Premières nations en est encore au stade de la définition. Cependant, c'est déjàà elles qu'incombe la competence des affaires locales surleurs propres terres. Cette juridiction comprend des domaines clés tels que I'utilisation des terres. Par conséquent, dès la création d'un territoire des Premières nations dans un centre urbain ou près de celui-ci, le gouvernement urbain local doit traiter avec une juridiction séparée relevant de la Première nation en cause. Parmi les questions que ces territoires adjacents doivent régler figurent la compatibilité des lois et l'application des lois, la compensation pour perte de taxes, la prestation des services locaux et le paiement de leurs coûts. Or, il n'y a pratiquement pas de précédent pour savoir comment s'y prendre. Le seul dénominateur commun qu'on ait pu relever est que les Premieres nations et les conseils urbains qui jouissent de bons rapports de travail ont tous trouvé le moyen de collaborer sur les questions d'intérêt mutuel.