司法证明同一论

同一是人类思维活动的基本范畴,同一认定是人类认识活动的基本方法,也是司法证明活动中认定案件事实的基本方法.传统的同一认定理论把同一认定局限在物证技术鉴定的范畴.实际上,同一认定是刑事诉讼证明的最终目标,同一认定理论对整个案件的司法证明活动都有指导意义.在刑事诉讼中,整个案件的同一认定就是"人事同一认定".同一认定的依据是客体特征.同一认定的条件包括特征组合的特定性、稳定性和反映性.同一认定的基本方法是特征排除法,包括直接排除法和间接排除法.同一认定的基本步骤包括对客体特征或诉讼证据的分别审查、比较审查和综合审查.同一认定理论是刑事诉讼证明的基本原理之一.     

同一鉴定规则研究

同一鉴定是同一认定的重要组成部分,它在刑事司法实践活动中起着重要的作用。但是,目前学界对同一鉴定规则还存在一些误解,这些误解一定程度上影响着同一鉴定作用的充分发挥。在本文中,笔者试图廓清学者们对同一鉴定的一些误读现象。在此基础上进而阐述笔者对同一鉴定的几点认识,如同一鉴定的基础和条件、同一鉴定的基本类型、同一鉴定的基本步骤及方法、同一鉴定结论的证据价值及审查评断等。     

对“三同案件”集中审理好处多

一九八五年,我院审结了案由同一、争议标的同一、适用法律同一的“三同案件”共四十二案。可分为二类,一类是同一原告同时分别起诉多个被告拖欠货款纠纷,共十五案;一类是同一原告同时分别起诉多个被告拖欠加工费纠纷,共二十七案。从这二类案件看,有以下共同特点:第一,都是同一原告同时起诉多个被告;第二,案由同一、争议标的同一、适用法律同一;第三,案情简单,事实清楚,争     

再论刑事侦查中同一鉴定的几个问题——兼与高进同志商榷

<正> 拙文《刑事侦查中同一鉴定的几个问题》发表后,高进同志就拙文中"关于同一鉴定的概念问题"提出了异议.本文愿对此再作申述,并与高进同志商榷. 一、分歧的问题将同一鉴定称为"同一认定"的观点认为:"把进行同一认定的主体限定在‘侦查部门指派、聘请'的专家、鉴定人员的范围"是"不够全面的".理由是:"犯罪侦查中的同一认定是一个充满各种方法和技术的过程,这些方法和技术构成了同一认定不可分割的     

论刑法中重复评价的本质及其禁止

犯罪行为的本质是客观上侵犯了刑法所保护的法益,主观上反映出行为人反规范的人格态度。所谓重复评价,表面上是在定罪量刑时对存在论上的同一犯罪行为进行了重复使用,但本质上是对其所反映出来的同一不法内涵和同一罪责内涵进行了重复考量,结果导致重复处罚。禁止重复评价的本质则相应表现为禁止对反映同一不法内涵和同一罪责内涵的同一犯罪行为进行重复使用。     

论司法鉴定结论之同一认定理论

司法鉴定结论在诉讼中运用广泛,它和其他事物一样存在自身的理论基础。同一认定理论经过发展,逐步奠定其作为鉴定结论理论基础的地位。在同一认定的鉴定中由于鉴定客体本身具有同一性,同时具有相对稳定性和区别于它物的特殊性。在此基础上对鉴定客体进行同一认定,最终得出鉴定结论。在诉讼中要正确认识这一理论,同一认定并非要得出“完全同一”的结论,同一认定也不是种类认定,同一认定的客体必须在人们的认识过程中出现两次以上,不能作偏向理解。     

论有供述案件的同一认定

有被告人供述的案件和没有被告人供述的案件,在进行同一认定时,其证据的质和量应有所区别。有被告人供述案件,它的小同一认定之和达到一定量时,就可推导出大同一认定,即人、事同一认定结论;而没有被告人供述案件,只有当它的小同一认定之和等于大同一认定时,才能作同一认定结论。     

澄清同一认定

同一认定理论的流行让人认为它是有用的,但它实际上是无用的。运用现代逻辑方法分析同一认定命题,在特定案件中,被寻找客体是限定摹状词,受审查客体是专名,单称的同一认定命题是一个含有限定摹状词的句子,它赋予个体一个性质。同一认定涉及的是个体识别问题,全称的同一认定命题实际上是不存在的。全称的同一认定命题是在语言形式上对全称理论命题的模仿,在逻辑上制造了混乱,对同一认定命题意义的澄清可以消除这种混乱,在刑事技术中恢复清晰的逻辑。     

放射影像学在法医学同一认定中的应用

应用放射影像学进行同一认定是法医放射学重要的研究方向之一。本文通过阐述放射影像学在法医学同一认定中的应用范围、历史性回顾、可用于同一认定标志的类型、注意事项和今后发展方向，为进一步完善放射影像学在法医学同一认定中的应用提供参考。     

头颅CT片同一认定研究

目的探寻头颅CT片同一认定的方法。方法分别计算同一被检查者不同次头颅CT片指标差值和不同被检查者头颅CT片指标差值，再应用二分类logistic回归分析相同被检查者和不同被检查者指标差值，建立头颅CT片同一认定回归方程。结果建立头颅CT片同一认定方程46个。结论通过头颅CT片测量可以进行有效同一认定。     

论科学主义心理学的困境与出路

科学主义心理学的发展面临着许多困境。这主要是由于它本身存在着自身无法解决或克服的局限性或缺陷：对心理学研究对象的理解偏差和对心理学研究范围的不恰当缩小;对人性的偏离和对心理学学科性质的认识偏差;“价值中立”与对“普遍性”知识的片面追求;对方法和技术的过分崇拜和对理论的极端轻视以及由此导致的与现实生活相脱离。因此,科学心理学要走出困境,就需要与其它心理学取向加以整合,以弥补它自身的不足;加强心理学的哲学研究,从宏观把握心理学的发展方向,并以科学的方法论作指导;加强理论研究和理论思维,把材料系统化;加强与现实的联系,增强心理学的价值。     

Competing Knowledge Systems in the Management of Fish and Forests in the Pacific Northwest

In this paper I investigate the interaction of knowledge and institutions in the context of First Nations in the Pacific Northwest of Canada who have evolved management systems for fish and forest resources over hundreds of years. These management systems are viewed as institutions that are based on and apply knowledge systems over time. In the Nisga'a and Haida nations, knowledge systems guide management regimes that govern access, rights and responsibilities, harvesting, allocation of benefits and costs, technology, education and training. For the past hundred years these institutions and knowledge systems have come into conflict with knowledge and management systems imposed first by missionaries, settlers and colonizers and later from Provincial and National governments and corporations holding tenure rights assigned by those governments. National and international regimes such as the Law of the Seas and the Exclusive Economic Zones conflict with traditional institutions and knowledge systems by privileging one level of governance and consequently one form of knowledge and devaluing others. The paper is based on research conducted in the Pacific Northwest over the past eight years, primarily through interviews with elders, decision-makers, and resource users, as well as observation of cultural and resource practices. The research investigated the impacts of conflicting knowledge systems and the attempts to resolve those conflicts. The paper raises questions about knowledge systems and institutions, about institutional interplay, and the impact of international institutions on local institutions as they come into contact and conflict.     

Best practices for structuring a family court parenting plan evaluation under the 2022 AFCC Guidelines

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi-judicial immunity from damages claims. A well-crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process.     

基于固定参数的汽车与行人碰撞计算机模拟实验

目的选定固定参数进行计算机模拟碰撞实验．分析不同车型、碰撞车速以及碰撞接触位置对事故过程及人体损伤情况的影响。方法基于多刚体动力学方法建立汽车（大客车、小客车、小轿车和货车）和人体模型,并按照不同碰撞车速（20、30、40、50和60km／h）和不同碰撞接触位置（行人正前方、侧方和正后方）进行模拟碰撞．分析碰撞运动过程以及生物力学响应情况（头部、颈部及下肢）。结果碰撞车型和碰撞接触位置一致的情况下碰撞过程相似（碰撞车速≤60km／h）．头部加速度、上颈部轴向受力以及下肢轴向受力呈现一定的生物力学响应规律。结论基于多刚体动力学方法的模拟碰撞技术研究可再现事故过程中人体的生物力学响应规律。     

What drones inherit from their ancestors

Any specific technology derives attributes from the generic technologies of which it is an instance. A drone is a flying computer. It is dependent on local data communications from its onboard sensors and to its onboard effectors, and on telecommunications links over which it receives data-feeds and command-feeds from terrestrial and perhaps airborne sources and from satellites. A drone acts on the world, and is therefore a robot. The remote pilots, and the operators of drone facilities such as cameras, depend on high-tech tools that interpret data that display transmitted, enhanced and generated image and video, and that enable the composition of commands. So drone operators are already cyborgs. Many drones carry cameras and are used for surveillance. Computing, data communications, robotics, cyborgisation and surveillance offer power and possibilities, but with them come disbenefits and risks. Critical literatures exist in relation to all of those areas. An inspection of those literatures should provide insights into the limitations of drones, and the impacts and implications arising from their use.     

Technology transfer perspectives in globalising India (drugs and pharmaceuticals and biotechnology)

The paper briefly outlines the status of technology transfer related issues in drugs & pharma and biotechnology sectors in India. The paper also outlines the contemporary business strategies including R&D and technology transfer models. The study indicates that present technology transfer policies and mechanisms are weak and need to be restructured. The current fiscal incentives and tax concessions etc. available for R&D in industry seem to have outlived and are no longer attractive because of continuous lowering of tariff rates and tax rates in the context of WTO and liberalization of policies. Moreover, the issue of R&D support to industry is not covered in the WTO as in case of subsidies. Therefore, it is advisable for the government to revisit the existing promotional measures for R&D. FDI policies also need to be tailored to encourage Technology transfers and capability building. Recommendations are made for making Technology Transfer more effective for the growth and competitiveness of the industry. A technology transfer management model is suggested.      

Research note: The founders and survivors project

This paper describes the multidisciplinary project Founders and Survivors: Australian Life Courses in Historical Context. Individual life courses, families and generations through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are being reconstituted from a wide range of data including convict records; birth, death and marriage registrations; and World War I service records. The project will result in a longitudinal study of Australian settlement, the long-run effects of forced labour and emigration on health and survival, family formation, intergenerational morbidity and mortality, and social and geographic mobility.     

调解、诉讼与公正——对现代自由社会和儒家传统的反思

调解作为一种解决纷争的做法和制度 ,是我国传统法律文化尤其是儒家法律文化的重要部分。在现代法治社会中 ,调解否已经过时 ?本文首先介绍中国的调解传统的哲学基础、理论和实践 ,然后从现代自由主义和法治理想的角度 ,对传统的调解提出批判。本文进而指出 ,调解在当代的中国以至西方仍有顽强的生命力 ,西方学者对调解作为“解决纠纷的另类选择”之一提出了多种理论依据 ,其中不少与儒家传统的睿见不谋而合。本文的结论是 ,经过“创造性转化”后的调解理论与实践能对现代文明作出贡献 ,由此可见 ,传统文化遗产在现代仍是十分宝贵和有用的资源。     

Families,Foreignness, Migration

Introducing the special issue on ‘Families, Foreignness and Migration. Now and Then’, this essay starts from the observation that in Western Europe migrating with or without one's family in the last century was increasingly shaped by state policies. As a result, migrants' identities and family experiences not only depended, and still depend, on their cultural backgrounds but also on very time-specific politics of foreignness and citizenship. The essay's main argument is that comparing and deconstructing perceptions, policies and practices of ‘family’ and migration help to overcome the limited attention given to age and kin in the study of gender and migration. From an overview of contributions to this interdisciplinary issue, it is clear that deconstructing ‘family’ in migration studies should be developed further along three axes: child migration, the multi-level analysis of family and migration, including societies of origin and migrant organizations, and the comparison of ‘visible’ and ‘invisible’ migrants, which contributes to uncovering the relationship between foreignness, gender and age.     

MOVING BEYOND GENERALIZATIONS AND STEREOTYPES TO DEVELOP INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACHES FOR WORKING WITH FAMILIES AFFECTED BY PARENTAL INCARCERATION

Competing narratives about incarcerated parents and their children are provided by the Adoption and Safe Families Act (“ASFA”) and the Children of Incarcerated Parents Bill of Rights (“Bill of Rights”). Both the “child‐at‐risk” narrative of ASFA and the “good mother” narrative of the Bill of Rights are stereotyped and oversimplified and contribute, in opposite ways, to misperceptions about incarcerated parents and their children by suggesting a uniformity of situations and appropriate responses that does not actually exist. The time‐driven approach of ASFA—and many state termination of parental rights statutes—is overly rigid, while the Bill of Rights overlooks important differences among families, as well as tensions and trade‐offs among policy choices. In actuality, the situations of the parents and children involved vary widely and defy easy analysis and solutions. We should therefore be taking an individualized, qualitative approach that is nuanced and based on actual information about incarcerated parents and their children, rather than a quantitative, categorical approach based on generalized and simplistic assumptions. Only if we recognize and grapple with the complexities of parental incarceration can we develop sound legal and social policy to meet the needs of these families.