新自由国际主义与美国大战略的思想转向

冷战后,新保守主义曾在美国得势,一度成为美国战略的主要思想基础。然而,新保守主义在伊拉克战争中受到重挫,陷入低谷,美国大战略的思想基础转向何处?新自由国际主义很可能成为美国未来国际战略的思想基础。新自由国际主义一方面秉承自由国际主义传统,主张在民主自由国家之间建立以国际机制为基础、以权力为支撑、以大国自律为条件,以开放经济、集体安全为核心内容的国际秩序;另一方面将一些现实主义的特点糅合进去,在强调宪政制度的同时,也重视权力和国家利益。2002年启动的普林斯顿计划根据美国国际安全环境新特点和美国传统的国际秩序理想,提出了美国未来的安全大战略。从理论背景和实际内容来看,普林斯顿计划带有新自由国际主义战略的思想烙印,体现了国际宪政秩序、权力的自我克制、多边机制下使用武力、多边整合大国关系等新自由国际主义的原则。     

共同社会化与中国的国际秩序战略

国际秩序是由国家、国际组织等多种行为体构成的共同体,既包括确认秩序成员资格和调整成员互动的规范与规则,也包含反映秩序成员利益分配的地位或位置排序。共同社会化是崛起国与国际秩序成员共同调适,就秩序的规则与规范构成、利益分配份额以及崛起国在秩序中的地位与行为取得共识的过程。它具有调适过程的协商性、调适目标的共识性、调适结果的不确定性等特点。崛起国可从“改革+示善”两方面出发,实施共同社会化国际秩序战略。一方面,崛起国可主动改革国际秩序,加强治理能力,提升自身在国际秩序中的地位。另一方面,崛起国也需要以实际行动表明对改革秩序的善意,以获得外界的认可和支持。当今中国的国际秩序实践体现了共同社会化特点,既推动秩序改革,提升治理能力,提升中国在国际秩序中的影响力,又通过履行承诺展现改革的善意与效益。今后,中国可继续采用共同社会化的国际秩序战略,从有所作为地推进国际秩序改革、积极战略示善、理性处理对美关系、合理匹配成本与收益等方面出发,不断优化自身复兴的外部秩序环境。     

国际形势回顾与展望：寰球同此凉热：2008年国际形势新发展

岁末年初，本刊照例约请相关领域的专家、学者，就2008年的国际政治、国际经济、国际战略与安全、中国外交等问题进行回顾与总结，并对新一年的国际形势进行展望，以飨读者。     

贫富差距

中国崛起改变了国际政治经济秩序，引发了世界范围内褒贬各异的一波波“中国热”，更带来了新思维、新话语、新认知。在本书中，作者结合自己在世界各地的所见所闻，用生动平实的语言探讨了普通读者关心的诸多热点。     

大国崛起与国际秩序

本文从历史角度研究国际秩序内涵、大国崛起与国际秩序之间的关系,并从中引申出政策含义。本文的主要观点是:国际秩序是大国之间权力分配、利益分配和观念分配的结果;国际秩序之争,实质上是权力、利益之争,又主要表现为观念之争、国际机制之争;大国对国际秩序的影响巨大,大国崛起必然冲击既有的国际秩序,带动国际秩序的变革;20世纪的国际关系集中体现了大国崛起与国际秩序的互动关系,出现了三次建立国际新秩序的诉求,每次都比前者进一步推动了国际社会的进步;当前国际秩序新与旧、消极与积极并存,正处于转型期。     

自由主义的国际规范对中国是否有利?

第二次世界大战后的国际秩序建立在自由主义的国际规范基础之上,国际秩序的原则理念和决策程序总体上体现了自由主义的核心原则和精神。自由主义的国际规范主张建立开放性的国际经济和政治秩序,具有较强的包容性和非零和性。在这样的秩序中,新兴大国和守成大国都可以成为体系的受益者。中国的意识形态与西方不同,更需要一种开放的国际秩序。改革开放以来,无论在国际经济秩序还是国际政治秩序中,总的来说,作为新兴大国的中国处于一个较为有利的位置。中国应积极地利用现存国际秩序推动国内的改革与发展,继续融入现存的国际秩序而不是挑战它。     

金融危机加速世界经济秩序变迁

全球金融危机促进国际力量格局演进，加速国际经济关系调整，推动G20峰会机制化进程，为重塑国际秩序提供契机，预示着一个新时代的降临。     

中国与国际秩序笔谈:观念与战略

国际秩序是世界政治中最具全局性、长期性和战略性的重大问题。国际秩序的走向本质上是“世界向何处去”的问题。习近平主席指出:“当今世界处于百年未有之大变局”“人类又一次站在了十字路口。合作还是对抗?开放还是封闭?互利共赢还是零和博弈?如何回答这些问题,关乎各国利益,关乎人类前途和命运。”对此时代之问,追求民族复兴并已深度融入世界的中国,理应做出自己的回答。正值新冠肺炎疫情肆虐、大国竞争加剧、国际秩序“分”“合”未定之际,南京大学亚太发展研究中心会同《国际问题研究》《外交评论》和《国际展望》三本杂志,以“中国与国际秩序”为主题,邀请近二十位学者分别从历史与理论、观念与战略、议题与实践等不同路径和维度尝试进行跨学科、全方位讨论,旨在聚焦中国在国际秩序进程中的地位与作用,思考中国与世界之关系,鉴往知今、展望未来。     

国际制度竞争、利益分配与国际秩序转型

国际秩序转型的动力、过程和方向是政策界与理论界关注的核心议题。历史上的国际秩序转型通常以暴力方式实现,旧的秩序被完全推翻,获胜大国及其集团围绕自身利益建立一套新的秩序安排。在当今时代,暴力方式难以为继,新兴大国只能通过一些相对和平的手段改变既有利益分配格局,以此推动秩序的渐进调整。进入21世纪以来,国际制度竞争成为国际秩序转型的核心动力,崛起国寻求提升在制度体系内的物质利益和规则主导权,守成国则试图利用制度体系内的优势地位维护既得利益。崛起国的制度竞争策略包括改革既有制度、创建新的包容守成国的制度和排斥守成国的制度,守成国针对崛起国的行动而制定相应的反制策略。双方的制度竞争通过改变既有利益分配的不同维度来决定国际秩序的转型模式。当前,中国通过改革既有制度和创建新的包容守成国的制度实现了物质利益和规则主导权的提升,中美两国在国际制度领域的持续互动将决定未来国际秩序转型的进程。     

中美关系和国际秩序的未来

历史地看,人类社会已经经历了帝国形式、主权国家时代及现在的近乎无秩序状态等几种形式的国际秩序。现存国际秩序为西方所确立,但西方已经很难主导这个体系,如何重建国际秩序是国际社会所面临的挑战。中国现在是最大的发展中国家,必然要在未来国际秩序的改革和建设过程中起到关键作用。与美国一样,中国本身也面临着全球化所带来的问题,在这方面中美两国有着巨大的共同利益。只有中美合作,才能形成一个新的和可行的世界观和全球观,构建全球治理体系。     

Trends in Governance in Further Education

Abstract

The governance of further education colleges has two main phases since the passing of the Education Act 1944 – the period when further education colleges were under local authority control and the period from ‘vesting day’ on 1 April 1993 when colleges became incorporated and further education corporations were formed as charities. This review is primarily concerned with the landscape of college governance since 1 April 1993 and draws upon some of the very limited number of research studies into the practice of further education governance. The experience and contribution of the key governance players – chair of the corporation, governors, the principal, the senior staff, the clerk to the corporation – are discussed. Throughout the period since 1993, college governance has operated within a policy framework provided by government and, to a greater or lesser extent, the implementation of those policies by agencies of government. In simple terms, the pattern may seem to be creativity (in the early years), compliance (following some high profile college governance collapses), micro-management (through the Learning and Skills Council years) and now the most open, imaginative phase as the current government encourages the strong colleges to play a bigger part in local education provision. Perhaps now is the time when the experience of college governance to date is able to draw upon its considerable strengths and show what the accumulation of governance capital can achieve.     

Trust in public institutions in Russia: The lowest in the world

The article's topic is the attitudes of the Russians toward their social institutions. As it will be shown, Russia is a country, much more than any other, that mistrusts its social institutions, political institutions in particular. There is no one institution that can garner more than 40 to 50 percent of the nation's trust. Indeed, in terms of their lack of confidence in social institutions, the Russians are behind not only the most advanced countries in the world, but even countries known for their unstable political systems, such as Colombia or Nigeria.     

春秋两个劳动节

每年5月1日的国际劳动节,是世界上大多数国家劳动人民共同的节日,而美国和加拿大的劳动节,则是在每年9月的第一个星期一.这一春一秋两个劳动节,都是起源于19世纪末的美国.     

Suicide in Bahrain in the last decade

A combination of social, legal, and religious factors make reporting of suicide difficult in Bahrain, an Islamic country. Limited available data indicates a very low incidence rate of 3 per 100,000. The objective of the present study was to describe the pattern of suicide in Bahrain during a 10-year period. The registered suicide cases (N = 304) at the Ministry of Interior for the 10-year period from 1995 to 2004 were reviewed and analyzed. The mean suicide rate was 0.6 per 100,000 for the Bahraini nationals and 12.6 per 100,000 for the non-Bahrainis with and 17.7 per 100,000 for the Indian migrants. Men were six times more likely than women to commit suicide. The majority of the subjects were under 35 years of age with financial domestic problems being the most common reason reported in the record and hanging the mostly commonly used mode of suicide (92.8%). The suicide rate for the Bahraini population remains low compared to other countries. The higher rate of suicide among Indians merits further investigation. Moreover, more research is needed on the epidemiology of suicide risk factors in ethnic groups for further prevention and intervention.     

Impacts of Bribery in Healthcare in Vietnam

This study explores how bribery in the health sector is associated with people’s well-being and with universal health coverage. By using the data of Vietnam from 2011 and 2012, this study reveals a negative correlation between the prevalence of bribery and health outcomes and the health insurance coverage. Additionally, the results indicate that bribers feel neither cured of injury/disease nor satisfied with healthcare service quality. Furthermore, there is a significantly negative correlation between the belief of the necessity to give a bribe and the health insurance enrolment decision.     

Research and productivity in wheat in Israel

The introduction of the new Green Revolution wheat varieties to Israel is reviewed and analysed. It was found that the first stage varieties (developed from local Mexican wheats) did not have a significant impact on yields in Israel. Dwarf varieties and new crosses bred in Israel from Mexican genetic material contributed significantly to yield increases. Returns to local research are estimated. Conclusions about the role of the International Research System are drawn.