用髋臼直径与耻骨长比值加坐骨长进行性别判别的研究

通过对已知性别的190副中国汉族成人干燥髋骨的耻骨长、坐骨长、髋臼直径等值进行观测、统计研究,发现该三项指标男、女性间存在着显著性差异,且单独使用该三项指标进行性别判别的准确率分别为62.11％、72.63％及84.21％。本研究建立了中国汉族成人利用髋骨髋臼直径/耻骨长加坐骨长进行性别判别的方程式,其性别判定的准确率可达88.95％,为中国汉族成人利用髋骨进行性别判别又提供了一种新的方法。     

利用右侧髋骨正位DR片判定贵州成人性别

目的建：抗利用成人右侧髋骨数字X线摄影DR片判定性别的厅法,并评价其应用价值。方法收集203例贵州地区成人右侧髋骨正位DR片,根据髋骨骨骼标本测量方法,结合DR片特点,选定9项测量指标（MI～M9）进行测量,运用SPSS统计软件分析测量数据,进行正态性检验、厅差齐性检验、T检验及秩合检验。结果剔除不符合条件的2项指标（M1、M7）,建立7项指标单项、7项指标联合使川以及3项指标（M2、M4、M9）逐步分析的判别方程,各方程判别函数回顾性与交叉性考核结果：单项指标59．6％～93．6％,7项联合和逐步分析均为95．1％。结论本文建立的利用成人右侧髋骨DR片判定性别的方法判别准确率最高达95．1％,町存实践中选用,并为相关研究提供数据参考。     

利用复合弧对中国男女性别鉴定的研究

通过对已知性别的190副中国汉族成人干燥髋骨的复合弧形态进行观察,发现该弧男女性间存在着差异.利用该弧的形态进行性别鉴定,男性性别判别准确率可达97.56%,女性性别判别准确率可达85.07%.     

利用Phenice征判断中国人性别的研究

对已知性别中国人的干燥髋骨191副(其中男性126副,女性65副)进行现察,发现利用Phenice征判断性别的准确率为87.1%,利用腹侧弧耻骨下支的凹凸程度以及耻骨下支的宽窄判别性别准确率分别为82.3%、93.8%及85.1%,其中利用耻骨下支凹凸程度判别性别的准确率最高.并将本研究成果与其他人群进行了比较.     

中国汉族男女股骨性别差异

经测量235副（男158副，女77副）已知生前确切性别的成年股骨的21项指标，对单一测量项目判定股骨性别的效果进行了检验。结果表明，21项测量指标中有11项单一指标的判别效果达80％以上。采用Fisher两类判别分析法对测量数据进行统计处理，得到根据单侧股骨测量值判别性别的函数方程14个；对南方和北方人群组的测量数据，分别用Fisher两类判别法进行统计，建立了根据单侧股骨测量值判断性别的函数34个，判别率最高达98．23％。与盲测判别准确率相近。该法可用于法医人类学的个体识别。     

中国人胫骨的性别判定

目的建立中国人胫骨性别判定的方程。方法测量来自全国14省区已知生前确切性别的180例（男150例,女30例）个体的跫侧胫骨的13项指标,使用统计软件SPSS13．0,对所获得的测量数据进行同一性别双侧间以及不同性别同侧间胫骨测量项目的t检验,最后用Fisher判别分析法,建立国人胫骨性别判定的方程式。结果单一测量指标的性别判别方程13组,其性别判别准确率为66．7％～96．7％,总判别方程的判别准确率为男性97．3％,女性93．3％。结论本研究提供的判别方程式判别准确率较高,适用于中国人胫骨的性别判定。     

中国南方汉族人残碎股骨上端的性别判定

目的建立中国南方地区汉族人残碎股骨上端性别判别方法。方法对国内南方九省市的已知确切性别的100具股骨进行研究，测量股骨上端的7项指标，应用SPSS统计软件对数据进行分析，建立性别判别方程。结果7项指标中6项指标存在显著的性别差异，建立全指标及单指标的性别判别方程，判别率在59．6％～92．9％。结论建立的性别判别方程可以用于法医学实践。     

舌骨的法医人类学研究

目的建立利用舌骨形态测量值判别性别的方法,并探讨其在法医学应用中的价值。方法对于河北地区收集的108例舌骨样本(男78例,女30例)进行观察研究,确立11个观测指标并进行测量,测量值采用SPSS统计软件进行统计学分析,建立利用舌骨形态测量值判别性别的方程,并进行Fisher判别分析。结果在11项观察指标中,8项测量指标男女性别间存在显著性统计学差异(P<0.01);利用8项测量指标中的任一指标或之中的多个指标组合建立线性性别判别方程,方程判别性别的准确率在66%～92%,其中多指标的方程判别性别准确率较单一指标的方程高,最高达到92%。结论舌骨形态存在着性别差异,利用多个舌骨形态学测量值建立的性别判别方程准确率较高,可用于无名尸骨的性别判别。     

中国人股骨的性别鉴定

目的建立中国人股骨性别判定的方程。方法测量来自全国14省区的已知生前确切性别180例（男150例,女30例）个体的双侧股骨21项指标。使用统计软件SPSS13．0对获得的股骨测量项目数据,进行同一性别双侧间及不同性别同侧间的t检验,然后采用Fisher判别分析法和Bayes逐步判别分析法,建立股骨性别判定的系列判别函数。结果股骨单一测量指标中男性判别率最高指标为股骨上髁宽,为94．0％,女性判别率最高指标为股骨头周与股骨颈垂直径,为93．3％,总判别方程的判别率为男性98．0％,女性93．3％。结论本研究提供的判别方程式判别准确率较高,适用于中国人股骨的性别判定。     

中国黄种人与白种人脑颅骨特征差异初探

目的建立利用脑颅骨特征推断黄种人和白种人种族的判别方程,并评价其法医学意义。方法收集141例成年人脑颅骨样本,其中黄种人60例,白种人81例。选取脑颅骨lO项特征指标,对125例样本进行测量,运用SPSS16．0软件对指标数据进行t检验和Fisher判别分析,建立判别方程。并使用16例样本对方程的判别正确率进行盲测。结果本文选择的10项脑颅骨特征指标变量均具有显著性种族差异（P〈0．05）;建立了5组单项指标和4组多项指标进行种族推断的判别方程,综合判别率为74．4％～94．4％;随机选取16例样本的盲测结果,正确率为81．3％-100％。结论脑颅骨具有种族差异性,本文建立的判别方程可在黄种人和白种人的种族推断中选用。     

Test of an alternative method for determining sex from the os coxae: applications for modern Americans

A recently proposed method for determining sex from the os coxae reports a 98% success rate using European collections. The purposes of the present study are to (1) evaluate the success rate of this proposed method using modern American os coxae from different population subgroups; (2) compare the success rate of the new method with that obtained using traditional techniques; and (3) determine replicability of the new method and interobserver error. Eight hundred and seventy-six adult left os coxae were independently evaluated by both authors. Summary statistics for sex classifications were calculated for the total sample and for a random sample of 400 individuals. The impact of sex and ancestry on the success of each method was calculated on the random sample using Pearson's chi2 values. Results demonstrate that for modern American os coxae, neither sex nor race have a significant impact on the success rate for either the new or traditional methods (p < 0.01). Additionally, the success rate of the new method is comparable with that obtained using traditional techniques. Finally, interobserver error using the new method for overall sex determination is low.     

A Method for Estimating Sex Using Metric Analysis of the Scapula*

Abstract: The most accurate and precise methods for the assessment of age and stature often require knowledge of sex. Thus, being able to correctly identify sex from skeletal remains is critical in the forensic context. The presence of the os coxae or skull can never be guaranteed, making the development of reliable methods of sex estimation using other skeletal elements necessary. Using a 724 individual calibration sample from the Hamann‐Todd collection, this study identifies sexual dimorphism in the human scapula, and presents a new five‐variable discriminant function for sex estimation. The overall accuracy of this method proved to be 95.7% on the cross‐validated calibration sample, 92.5% on an 80 individual test sample from the Hamann‐Todd collection, and 84.4% on a 32 individual test sample from the skeletal collection of the Wichita State University Biological Anthropology Laboratory. Additionally, a slightly less accurate two‐variable model was developed and has cross‐validated accuracy of 91.3%.     

Metric assessment of race from the pelvis in South Africans

It is well known that there are measurable differences between whites and blacks in the size and proportions of skeletal components. There are also metric differences among populations within these racial phenotypes. The population specific quantification of this variation can be used to aid in the identification of racial affinity in the absence of a more racially definitive skeletal element like the skull. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to quantify these differences in the pelvis of South African whites and blacks. A sample of 400, ostensibly healthy known sex/race os coxae was examined. Skeletal material was obtained from the Pretoria and Dart collections. A series of 13 measurements were taken Data were subjected to SPSS stepwise and direct discriminant function analysis. Pubic length was chosen as best for discriminating between races for males and iliac breadth as best in females. Highest average accuracies (Function 1) were 88% for males (pubic length, greater sciatic notch posterior width, acetabulum diameter, total height) and 85% for females (pubic length, greater sciatic notch posterior width, acetabulum diameter, iliac breath). In conclusion, this research resulted in the development of standards of identification tailored to this population and unquestionably demonstrates that race differences in the skeleton are highly significant and must be considered in all skeletal analyses.     

The Impact of Racial Metric Variation in the Os Coxae on the Morphological Assessment of Sex*

Abstract: This study examines whether sex determination based on morphological traits in the os coxae is impacted by racial quantitative variation. Nineteen traits were evaluated independently by two observers in 876 os coxae. Chi‐square test was used on a random sample of 400 individuals to assess whether the distribution of correct sex assessment varied for white and black individuals based on each trait individually and all 19 traits collectively, as well as on inter‐observer agreement in correct sex assessment. Results indicate that accuracy of sex assessment varied between white and black individuals in certain individual traits; however, accuracy was not impacted when all traits were considered together. Furthermore, traits that showed significant variation in correct sex assessment between races generally were not related to size, but instead were “discrete.” Finally, analyses of inter‐observer variation suggest that disparities in sex assessment for some traits may be related to differences in trait interpretation between observers rather than morphological dissimilarities between races.     

Metric sex determination from the pelvis in modern Greeks

The ability to determine sex from unknown skeletal remains is vital, and methods to do this on the various bones of the human skeleton have been researched extensively. Many researchers have emphasized the need for population specific data for methods which are based on measurements, as there are vast differences in body size in various populations. The pelvis is known to be the most sexually dimorphic part of the human body, and no discriminant function formulae for this bone are available for Greek or other Mediterranean groups. The purpose of this study was therefore to develop discriminant functions which can be used for sex determination on measurements of the pelvis of modern Greeks. A sample of 97 male and 95 female pelves in a skeletal collection housed in Heraklion, Crete, was used. Measurements were taken from the articulated pelvis, single os coxae and the sacrum. Discriminant function formulae for all measurements and various combinations were used in order to assess the degree of sexual dimorphism in various parts of the pelvis, and to make the formulae usable on fragmented remains. For the single os coxae, average accuracies of 79.7-95.4% (79.1-93.5% on cross-validation) were found. However, it was found that measurements of the sciatic notch were unreliable and yielded poor results, and it is advisable that this characteristic must only be used as a last resort. Dimensions of the sacrum were not very dimorphic (average accuracy 60.9%), while measurements from the articulated pelvis yielded poorer results than that from single innominate bones. The diameter of the acetabulum was the single most dimorphic characteristic, providing on average 83.9% accuracy when used in isolation.     

Bootstrap methods for sex determination from the os coxae using the ID3 algorithm

This study presents a method for identifying small subsets of morphological attributes of the skeletal pelvis that have consistently high reliability in assigning the sex of unknown individuals. An inductive computer algorithm (ID3) was applied to a bootstrapped training set/test set design in which the model was developed from 70% of the sample and tested on the remaining 30%. Relative accuracy of sex classification was evaluated for seven subsets of 31 morphological features of the adult os coxae. Using 115 ossa coxarum selected from the Terry Collection, a selected suite of the three most consistently diagnostic attributes averaged 93.1% correct classification of individuals by sex over ten trials. Attribute suites developed collaboratively with three well known skeletal experts averaged 87.8, 91.3, and 89.6% correct. The full set of 31 attributes averaged 90.0% accuracy. We demonstrate a small set of three criteria, selected and ordered by ID3, that is more accurate than other combinations, and suggest that ID3 is a useful approach for developing identification systems.     

An Investigation into the Relationship between Human Cranial and Pelvic Sexual Dimorphism

When faced with commingled remains, it might be assumed that a more “masculine” pelvis is associated with a more “masculine” cranium, but this relationship has not been specifically tested. This study uses geometric morphometric analyses of pelvic and cranial landmarks to assess whether there is an intra‐individual relationship between the degrees of sexual expression in these two skeletal regions. Principal component and discriminant function scores were used to assess sexual dimorphism in 113 U.S. Black individuals. Correlation values and partial least squares regression (PLS) were used to evaluate intra‐individual relationships. Results indicate that the os coxae is more sexually dimorphic than the cranium, with element shape being more sexually dimorphic than size. PLS and correlation results suggest no significant intra‐individual relationship between pelvic and cranial sexual size or shape expression. Thus, in commingled situations, associations between these skeletal elements cannot be inferred based on degree of “masculinity.”     

Virtual determination of sex: metric and nonmetric traits of the adult pelvis from 3D computed tomography models

Examination of the adult os coxae and sacrum is one of the most common methods of sex estimation from bone. Medical imaging, such as computed tomography (CT), provides the opportunity for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the skeleton from clinical scans of known individuals in situ. In this study, a randomly selected subset of abdominopelvic CT-derived models were used to evaluate simple, repeatable metric methods of sex estimation based on a combination of obstetric measurements and the traditionally nonmetric Phenice-derived traits. A four-variable discriminant function for sex estimation was developed based on statistical analyses. Overall, the cross-validated accuracy of this method was 100%, with inter-observer error showing an average of only 2.2%. Comparative analysis was run on the data set using FORDISC 3.0. This study shows that current sex determination standards from the pelvis should be updated to include more in vivo data to increase the accuracy of identification.     

The Use of Entheseal Changes in the Femur and Os Coxa for Age Assessment

This study examined the relationship between age and entheseal modifications in the femur and os coxa for estimating age at death. Five areas on the os coxa and four on the femur were scored in 200 white individuals over 40 years of age. Statistical analyses assessed the relationship between age and entheseal modification using both raw scores and scores adjusted for body size, for each sex, and for sexes combined. Results indicate that significant relationships exist between age and entheseal modification at three sites on the femur and four on the os coxae, but the relationships are not strong enough to generate age predictions. Conversely, the most severe entheseal modifications show promise as an indicator of age in older adults. Although further research is needed using larger samples for robust statistical analyses, current data indicate these modifications can suggest an age >60, or in some cases 70, years.     

Metacarpal sexual determination in a Spanish population

Anthropologists and forensic pathologist determine the sex of skeletons by analyzing quantitative and qualitative characters in the bone remains. Generally, the skull and os coxae are the elements most used, but they are not always preserved. In such cases, the investigator needs to have available other techniques based on different remains. The aim of the present work is to develop and describe discriminating functions for sex determination in a recent Spanish population using metacarpal morphology. A sample of bones corresponding to a contemporary Spanish population deposited at the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) was analyzed. This sample comprised 697 metacarpals, corresponding to 79 adult individuals (37 men and 42 women). These allowed us to obtain 120 unifactorial discriminant functions. We selected the 10 equations, one for each metacarpal from both hands, that provided the best sexual discrimination. The correct sex classification rank progressed from 81%, for right (R) metacarpals IV and V, to 91%, for left (L) metacarpal II. The results suggest that metacarpals are structures that can be used for sex determination in paleoanthropological and forensic identifications.