外事翻译素质及技巧浅谈

本文根据笔者多年从事外事和翻译工作的经验和体会，从外事口译着眼，分析了外事翻译所应具备的素质和技巧，包括外事翻译的标准和要求、互联网在翻译方面的应用等问题。     

公示语的汉英翻译原则及翻译策略——以南宁市公示语英译为例

公示语是公开面对公众的标识语、提示语、指示语、警示语的统称。它是一种常见于公共场所的实用性文体，其目的在于把各种必要的、有用的信息传达给公众，以实现其相应的应用示意功能。翻译公示语是为了用目的语有效地传递源语信息，使公示语译文实现与源语同样的功能和目的。因此，公示语翻译是否规范非常重要，它关系到译文能否准确地传递源语信息、是否会影响对外交流、甚至是否会影响一个城市甚至国家的形象。本文以南宁市公示语英译为例，探讨德国功能派翻译理论的目的论对公示语英译的理论指导意义及公示语翻译策略。     

试论层次分析翻译法

层次分析翻译法是建立在语言系统三层次假说的基础上。语言是人脑控制的社会交往的承载人类 全部主观知识和客观知识的信息符号系统。这个语言系统由三个层次构成:即语符表层、语用修辞层和语义深 层。这个语言系统又由具有层层内包集合(inclusion set)关系的七个等级(hierarchy)的语言因子(音素、语素、词、 词组、句、超句体、篇章)构成。这样, 语言系统的结构按层次和等级纵横切分成二十一个相互管辖、相互制约、 相互转换的具有组合关系和聚合关系的语言平面。层次分析翻译法就是对照原文与译文的各个等级和各个层 次,求得哪个层面等值量较差, 以寻找改进的办法。层次分析翻译具有一定优越性, 适合用于对世界经典文学 作品的翻译和重译。     

口译教学探讨

口译教学探讨刘和平下边就口译教学问题谈几点看法。一、职业翻译教学与语言教学的差别语言教学旨在利用视、听、说、写等手段帮助学生获得语言知识，培养语言交际能力。语言教学法中的翻译法则是通过两种语言的互译，说明其表达方法的异同，帮助和促进语言学习，或者用来...     

试论英汉翻译中的熔铸技巧

英汉两种语言差异较大。汉语以意合法（ｐａｒａｔａｘｉｓ）为主，无论词素组成词，词构成词组，词组组成句，联结手段主要不靠语法制约，而靠语义，语义的决定作用较大，语符表层服从于语义深层和语用修辞层的调动，语符的自足性较小。相反，英语以形合法（ｈｙｐｏｔａｘｉｓ）为主，语义的决定作用比汉语要小些，语符虽服从于语义、语用的调动，但其自足性较大些。这种差异要求在两种语言转换中必须运用熔铸技巧。熔铸是翻译单位上升的翻译法。从大量英汉翻译实践中得出结论：大量的熔铸是在词组级上完成的。近来词组的研究越来越受到语言学的重视，越来越明显的共识是词组在句子中占核心地位。英汉两种语言的词组构成有其共性一面，亦有个性一面，其个性一面要求使用熔铸。词组中词与词的修饰关系会产生内涵意义（ｃｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎ），在翻译转换中，这种内涵意义也要求适当运用熔铸     

论清末法政翻译的发展历程

清末，随着西学东渐，大规模的翻译工作开展起来，随着国人对西学的认识从“器物”深入到“制度”，在社会的现实需要下，清末的法政翻译逐步发展起来，并取得了丰硕的成果。从海防时期到洋务运动，法政翻译缓慢起步，从维新变法到清末修律再到预备立宪，法政翻译进入迅速发展阶段。从起步阶段到迅速发展阶段，法政翻译逐渐成为翻译活动的重点。法政书籍的翻译，对清末的变法修律，对中国近代社会政治的转变起到了巨大的作用。     

混合文本·翻译·跨文化交际

任何翻译文本都是在跨文化交际中产生的混合文本。混合文本有助于目的语文化 中新语类的形成, 有助于传播源语文化知识。在实际的翻译过程中, 译者往往根据混合文本的特 点, 采取异化和归化相结合的方法来实现翻译的文化功能对等。     

翻译研习浅谈

通过对中国翻译界现状及雏形翻译理论的分析、梳理, 以及对西方现代翻译理论与学 派的介绍、评论, 旨在提供一些有价值的翻译理论资料和一些有实效的翻译原则及方法, 以期与同 行们共勉, 在翻译实践中有所遵循, 少走弯路, 创作出更多更好的译品, 逐步建立起中国自成体系的 翻译学。     

中越翻译史话

中国与越南毗邻而居 ,有陆界和海疆相连。有史以来两国官方和民间都有很密切的交往 ,由于语言不通 ,与其他民族和国家一样 ,要通过翻译交流思想 ,这一段历史很有回顾的必要 ,借此巩固、发展双方的政治、经济、文化以及其他领域的广泛交流。翻译的准确与错误会直接影响到双方交流的顺利进行与否。翻译一般是甲种语言转换成乙种语言 ,反之 ,乙种语言又转换为甲种语言。但是 ,在公元1世纪前后 ,因交通、通讯等条件的限制 ,我国中原一带的人与越南先民的接触有限 ,所以“凡交趾所统 ,虽属郡县 ,而言语各异 ,重译乃通。人如禽兽 ,长幼无别。项髻…     

论印度知识产品的生产与分配

知识产品的生产及分配是一切社会的重要职能。无论在哪个国家，负责这些职能的机构———教育、出版、新闻传播以及渐趋形成的所谓知识集团等等，都处于举足轻重的地位。在第三世界，由于基础设施较差，知识产品生产及分配部门的作用加倍重要。知识产品的生产及分配之所以...     

Challenges in donor–NPO relationships in the context of corporate social investment

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to highlight challenges in the relationship between corporate donors and recipient NPOs within the context of corporate social investment (CSI) in South Africa and to link the relational challenges to problems NPOs face in general. It is theoretically argued that CSI forms an important part of sustainable development and that NPOs, in turn, form an integral part of many organisations’ social investment. The challenges faced by them need addressing for the sake of NPOs, donors and society as a whole. It was found that although the stakeholder relationship generally shows both positive and negative perceptions of the parties involved, the challenges that exist can be traced to challenges in the everyday functioning of NPOs, including resource limitations and dependence; staffing problems; and strategy, management and environmental challenges. These challenges facing NPOs manifest in their relationship with donors and can be seen in the power imbalance in the relationship that favours donors, the lack of transparency by NPOs, divergent views on commitment, the questioned competence of NPOs, time constraints in the execution of activities, a perceived incomprehension by NPOs of the realities of the business world, and an unwillingness on the part of donors to allow NPOs some decision-making power.     

Workplace codes as tools for workers

Workers face tremendous challenges in their fight to organise, both in terms of personal risk and the sheer number of obstacles. Overcoming such challenges requires multiple strategies and broad‐ranging collaboration. In this article we begin by reviewing the repression that workers face. We then look at how voluntary workplace codes might help workers organise. Using the SA8000 standard as an example, we look at some of the elements that could be most useful in organising workers. Finally, we look at a collaborative project between the International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers' Federation and Social Accountability International to develop a training programme that not only helps workers understand how to use codes to their benefit but also builds on their current organising and education strategies.     

世界新热点与全球治理新挑战

进入21世纪,随着世界多极化、经济全球化快速推进和国际安全形势的深刻变化,各国在相互依存与合作不断深化与加强的同时,面临的共同挑战也愈益突出和严峻。尤其是近年来,太空、极地、气候等新热点问题升温,对现有国际规制和全球治理秩序提出了新的严峻挑战。     

Resuscitating voter interest in Zambia: the Adult Education Association of Zambia's role in national elections

This paper examines the role of the Adult Education Association of Zambia (AEAZ) in the Zambian national elections. Outlined in this paper are workshop topics, challenges encountered, and outcomes of the education campaign by the AEAZ in its crusade to inform voters of their rights and obligations. The six interrelated topics presented at various civic awareness campaigns were leadership qualities; community participation in national development; responsible citizenship; electoral process and the management of elections; the role of a member parliament; and human rights. The primary problem of the AEAZ campaign was language. Although English is preferred in urban areas, most of the residents in the rural areas are illiterate, and the campaign had to be conducted in several local languages, where most of the people were unfamiliar to campaigners. Other challenges affecting the AEAZ outreach efforts were lack of reliable transportation and lack of funds. Despite these challenges, the campaign was successful in encouraging citizens to vote, lobbying, advocacy, and holding political representatives accountable for their actions. This was evident in the 1996 presidential and general elections, in which there was a significant increase in the number of voters who took part in the electoral process. This paper concludes that nongovernmental organizations involved in the sensitization campaigns should coordinate and collaborate in order to enhance their capacity.     

Which Land Is Our Land? Domestic Politics and Change in the Territorial Claims of Stateless Nationalist Movements

Why do stateless nationalist movements change the area they see as appropriately constituting the nation-state they aspire to establish? This article draws a number of hypotheses from the literature on nationalism and state formation and compares the predictions of each about the timing, direction, and process of change to the empirical record in two stateless national movements in the post-Ottoman space: Fatah and the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. Based on this investigation, the article argues that shifts in the areas stateless nationalist movements seek as their nation-states occur as a byproduct of the politically competitive domestic environment in which these movements are embedded. As nationalist movements engage in the competition for mundane power and survival, their leaders may alter their rhetoric about the extent of the desired national state to meet immediate political challenges that are often only loosely related to territorial issues. If these, initially tactical, rhetorical modulations successfully resolve the short-term challenges that spurred their adoption, they can become institutionalized as comprising the new territorial scope of the desired national state.     

Re-animating a radioactive landscape: informal life politics in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster

The earthquake, tsunami and nuclear accident of 11 March 2011 posed massive and continuing social challenges to communities in the affected areas. People from wide areas around the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant received vastly conflicting information about the levels of radiation released and about the likely health effects. They were left facing agonising decisions whether to remain and face possible (but uncertain) long-term health risks, or whether to move away, leaving behind homes, friends, jobs, schools and communities. Focusing on the case of the small farming community of Tōwa in Nihonmatsu City, this article examines self-help activities that have emerged in the affected areas in the wake of 3/11. The activities have included community monitoring of radiation levels and collaborative research with academic scientists to explore ways to reduce radioactive contamination in forests, farm soil and crops. The self-help activities of Tōwa residents can be seen as an example of “informal life politics” – that is, of the way in which grassroots groups respond to challenges to their livelihood or way of life by organising themselves and taking actions outside the sphere of formal governmental structures. It is argued here that the residents of Tōwa were able to respond rapidly to the challenges of the Fukushima disaster because they had already developed informal life politics practices in response to earlier challenges of local economic decline and depopulation. I also suggest that, in responding to the Fukushima disaster, the relationship between the people of Tōwa and their landscape has been profoundly changed, and that this change has implications not just for the community itself but also for the wider world.     

Ethical predicaments for anthropologists: the Peruvian case

This article discusses the ethical challenges posed to anthropologists working as experts in mining companies and in tourism. It proposes alternative solutions that are coherent with the ethical principles of their discipline.     

Endogenous development in Somalia: bridging the gap between traditional and Western implementation methodologies

This practical note examines the implementation approach of African Development Solutions (Adeso) in Somalia, a country which is recovering from over two decades of conflict. It discusses how their endogenously derived targeting method, known as ICBT, is implemented and the way it challenges social norms for positive outcomes. Cash-based response is analysed as a recovery method as well as a way to engage community participation, particularly with marginalised groups. Implementation challenges are highlighted to explore the relationship between traditional and globalised (Western) values.     

Sustainable reintegration to returning refugees in post-Taliban Afghanistan: land-related challenges

The lives of millions of people around the world continue to be thwarted with violence, obliging them to flee from their own country or community mainly for reasons of persecution and armed conflict. Resolving this problem is a complex and pressing challenge. This is because of their needs not only while in exile, but also during their return home as the situation improves, ensuring their rights to protection and sustaining their reintegration requirements. This article focuses on the return of refugees in post-war situations, and the challenges and complexities of ensuring a durable return and sustainable reintegration in the country of return. It focuses on ‘land’, and the concerns and complexities surrounding it as one of the key obstacles to the sustainability of return and reintegration. Within a general discussion, the issue of land is explored by looking at it in the context of returnee reintegration against the backdrop of various aspects such as security, politics, disputes, restitution and livelihoods. The case in discussion is Afghanistan, referring to the voluminous return of refugees and the challenges in seeking solutions to their reintegration problems since the political changes in late 2001 underlined by the US-led military intervention, the ouster of the Taliban regime and the Bonn Agreement.     

中印信息产业合作的现状与政策选择

中印两国在信息产业发展的过程中不仅面临共同挑战，而且也有互补性，两国在该领域的合作潜力巨大。因此开展中印信息产业合作，不仅可以促进两国该产业的发展，也可以深化两国经贸关系。应当发挥政府和企业的双重作用，重点加强在技术和人才培养方面的合作。