Balancing friends and foes: Explaining advocacy styles at global diplomatic conferences

The growing attempts by non-state interests to influence global policy processes has attracted much scholarly interest in recent years. One important question thereby is what characterizes and explains the interactions of non-state advocates with policymakers. In order to clarify this matter, we analyse the advocacy strategies of non-state actors, more precisely whether and why they address opponents instead of more like-minded policymakers. For this purpose, we analyse evidence collected through 228 interviews with advocates who attended the WTO Ministerial Conferences (Geneva 2012) and the United Nations Climate Conferences (Durban 2011; Doha 2012). Our results show that transnational advocates predominantly target like-minded policymakers and that their activities are much less focused on their opponents. Variation in advocacy towards opponents or like-minded policymakers is explained by the alignment of non-state actors with policymakers, the salience of topics on the political agenda, group characteristics, and whether or not advocates hail from democratic countries.     

An Autocracy at War: Explaining Egypt's Military Effectiveness, 1967 and 1973

In the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Egypt shocked the world with its atrocious performance in battle, only to stun the world again with its remarkable military turnaround in the October 1973 war. Existing studies, which emphasize culture, social structure, and regime type, have a difficult time explaining why this single autocratic state, in such a short period of time, exhibited such extremes in its military competence. None can explain both why Egypt performed so poorly in 1967 and improved so significantly in 1973. Other explanations such as military strategy and learning explain the puzzle in part, but they alone cannot account for the outcome. This article presents a theory that accounts for the divergence in effectiveness, focusing on underlying differences in the fabric of the autocratic regime. It argues that changes in the balance of civil-military power in the state—born from more fundamental differences in domestic politics in the autocracy—shaped three areas of military activity critical to military effectiveness: strategic assessment, command, and control, and leadership. In developing this argument, the article both contributes to growing scholarship on the sources of states' military effectiveness and explains why Egypt's performance varied so significantly in these historically consequential wars.     

印度军事太空计划缘起与前景

2008年6月10日印度宣布建立综合太空部（ISC）,此举是继2007年2月宣布将成立太空司令部以来,印度太空军事化步伐向前迈出的又一大步。印度军事太空计划内容丰富,构想宏大,既有基础研发,也有机构组建,还有军事转型,并已形成一定的发展模式。但总体看,印度的太空计划还受到技术、资金、官僚作风等因素制约,前景并非一片坦途。     

印度小型企业发展的经验、教训与启示

小型企业在印度经济发展中发挥着不可替代的作用,对促进劳动力就业、维护社会和谐稳定具有积极作用。印度小型企业的发展取决于多层次的金融市场、小型企业的集群化、与大型企业的生产协作和政府的大力扶持。但任何事物都具有两面性,印度小型企业也面临诸如政府过度干预、发展资金不足和技术水平较低的问题。汲取印度小型企业发展的经验与教训为加快我国小型企业发展提供了借鉴。     

Nuclear Proliferation,the Kargil Conflict,and South Asian Security

The idea that the United States is an empire or should adopt imperial strategies has been widely criticized. One of the most persuasive sets of arguments against imperial enthusiasts is that empire is an obsolete and outdated strategy. Both systemic- and domestic-level changes are said to prevent the United States from successfully implementing an imperial strategy. I maintain that the importance of these barriers—whether technological, economic, or ideational—are greatly overstated. In contrast, I point to a number of developments, such as the rise of nontraditional security threats, the revolution in military affairs, and changing norms of humanitarian intervention, that will encourage greater American overseas adventurism.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

印度人口红利与经济增长

人口的发展趋势深刻地影响到经济增长。近年来,印度的人口红利成为热点话题。本文探讨了人口红利及其经济含义,分析了印度的人口红利状况及其收获人口红利促进经济增长所面临的主要制约。     

印度能源外交与中印合作

印度是全球主要的能源消费方和进口方,确保能源安全已成为其内外政策的重点。印度推行能源多元化战略,加大了在全球的能源竞争力度。而中印面临相似的能源安全问题。中印能源供应源逐渐交织,双方竞争态势增强。因此如何处理好与印度在全球的能源竞争与合作关系已成为中国能源安全战略的关键点之一。     

Formulating Victory and Implications for Policy

The national debate about the decisions to intervene in Afghanistan and Iraq suggests that policymakers and scholars need more precise language and concepts to define victory in war. Without clear language for victory it is difficult for policymakers to describe what they seek to achieve from military intervention. This article discusses a framework for understanding victory and evaluates its implications for policymakers who decisions about whether to intervene with military force.     

印度信息产业的发展背景与政策实施

印度的信息产业具有世界领先的地位,不但起步早,且发展也很快,这与拉吉夫·甘地个人的作用是分不开的.他在80年代就任印度总理期间,审时度势地提出了科技兴国的口号,与此同时,也出台了一系列鼓励信息产业的发展及培养这方面人才的措施.作者认为,印度信息产业成功的经验是值得我们借鉴的.     

印度外资政策改革：历程、经验教训和启示——基于文献梳理视角解读

随着外资政策改革不断深化,印度外资政策问题受到国内外学者的广泛关注,相关文献也逐渐增多。本文从印度外资政策改革历程、印度利用外资的经验教训、印度外资政策对中国的启示等方面对印度外资政策改革的研究文献进行梳理,以期深度解读和预测印度外资利用情况。     

Explaining the United States' Decision to Strike Back at Terrorists

When an anti-US international terrorism incident occurs, the preferred US counter-terrorism response is law enforcement action. Sometimes, however, US decision-makers supplement or supplant this approach with a 'power' approach via overt military action. Among the more than 2,400 anti-US incidents over a 16-year period, the US has applied military force in response to only three: the 1986 Libyan bombing of a West German discotheque; the 1993 Iraqi attempt to assassinate former President Bush in Kuwait; and the 1998 bombing of two US embassies in East Africa by bin Laden operatives. What differentiates these incidents from other anti-US attacks? Although the presidents who ordered the strikes offered justifications common to each, this article uncovers five other factors that may have greater explanatory power.     

非洲与印度的大国战略

一、印度的大国战略 近几年来,印度加快了参与非洲合作进程的步伐,这一方面是为了寻求非洲丰富的资源和巨大的市场等经济利益,以加速其国内经济的发展,另一方面也是印度推进大国战略追求大国地位的重要举措。     

印度的反腐机制及其成效

近年来,印度在国际上的影响力不断扩大,其持续快速发展的经济、日益提升的军事实力以及手握核武器使国际社会难以忽视它的存在。印度已成为世界上一个巨大的新兴市场和正在崛起的大国,在国际上发挥着越来越重要的作用。然而在国内,印度却面临着一些制约其崛起的因素,其中腐败问题尤其突出。尽管印度政府为反腐设计了一整套机制,但由于存在政治领导者缺乏反腐意志、     

他信蝉联及面临的挑战

2月6日泰国举行大选,总理他信·西那瓦领导的“泰国人爱泰国人党”(RTR,简称“泰爱泰党”)获得众议院500个席位中的377席,成为泰国自1932年实行君主立宪制以来第一个占有绝对多数议会席位的政党。3月9日,他信在新一届国会下院中当选为泰国第24任内阁总理,成为泰国历史上首位蝉联的民选总理。3月11日,泰爱泰党单独组阁,再次改写泰国70多年多党联合执政的政治历史。这对于泰国的团结统一、经济开放和发展都具有积极的意义,但却被少数泰国和西方国家的传媒形容为泰国“政治民主的倒退”。实际上,在过去四年中,他信也因为施政中频频失误而不时…