司法决策如何进行后果考量

主张司法决策应当进行必要的后果考量是当前颇有影响力的一种法律思维方式,从个案裁判法律效果与社会效果相统一的目的论来看,"后果主义"似乎是一种更容易在后果意义上证明为正当的方法论思维。然而,从决策的角度来看,既然决策者需要在各种可能的后果之中去追求最可欲的后果,就必然意味着对某种特定后果进行工具性控制的决策逻辑和权力支配...     

Procedural Rationality and Regulatory Decision-Making: A Decision Framework Approach

This paper presents the methodology and some preliminary findings from an ongoing study of the procedural rationality of regulatory decisionmaking in the occupational health arena. The author employs the concept of procedural rationality in the sense used by Herbert Simon to refer to the logic of decision-making as it is shaped by institutional constraints. Of particular interest here is the impact of provisions for the involvement of affected interests in and public scrutiny of the regulatory process. The methodology presented involves a charting of the "decision frameworks" adopted by participants in the process at various stages. The methodology is illustrated through its application to the particular case of the development of a regulation governing occupational exposure to inorganic lead in the Canadian province of Ontario.     

司法过程的性质

司法过程是一种基于经验的判断,是一种利益衡量和自由裁量,在当前中国转型时期体现出协调与变通的特点.司法过程受到各种主客观因素的影响,但促使法官作出公正裁判的关键因素是法官的良知.基于良知的衡平,是司法过程最重要的特征.     

双层互动决策模型:近十年来中国政策过程的一个解释框架

近十年来,在决策环境影响下,互动关系成为影响中国公共政策过程的关键变量。通过对中国新医改方案制定过程的案例研究发现,当下中国公共政策过程是官僚体系层面(政策前台)的制度环境、社会网络层面(政策后台)的博弈格局和两者界面的互动结构共同作用的过程。这种双层互动决策模式在新常态下仍然具有强大的生命力,应得到积极的推广和发展。发展双层互动决策模式,尤其关注充分发挥执政党意识形态的政策价值导向功能、创造各利益群体平等参与公共决策的博弈平台以及以程序公正保障政策公正等三个问题。     

当代中国的自主型司法改革道路——基于中国司法国情的初步分析

在当代中国,坚持自主型司法改革道路,是中国司法国情状况的必然要求,体现了鲜明的自主品格与中国特色。自主型司法改革是社会主体从本国国情条件出发对司法改革方案、进程、目标和路径的自主选择,体现了司法改革的“中国中心主义”。坚持自主型司法改革,实际上就是坚持司法改革的中国经验,坚持司法改革的中国道路,坚持司法改革的中国模式。只有正确认识固有的司法国情条件,才能科学选择司法改革的中国道路。     

司法过程中的“协调”——一种功能分析的视角

协调在本质上是一种规避正式制度的非制度化行为,是法官对调解制度的变通运作。正式制度的缺陷、当事人和法官的理性选择、司法机能不足以及司法与其他纠纷解决机制分工不明等,是促使法官运用协调方式处理案件的主要原因。法院正积极推动协调的正式制度化。协调具有使司法介入公共政策制定、刺激制度创新、导致公权力的可交易性、司法与行政界限模糊化、使非正式制度进入司法过程等潜功能。而为了控制协调的负功能,应当将之置于正式制度之下。     

医疗侵权过错司法鉴定之缺陷与改革

我国医疗侵权诉讼中,要件事实涉及医学专业知识,法官通常委托司法鉴定人进行侵权“过错”与“因果关系”鉴定。然而,司法权之公权性决定了在诉讼中法官垄断案件的事实认定权和法律适用权。法官只能将部分医学专业事实委托司法鉴定人进行事实判断,司法鉴定人绝无权认定属于法律事项的当事人的“过错”,唯有法官有权进行“过错”认定。因此,在医疗侵权民事诉讼中,法官的法律适用权与司法鉴定人之医学专业事实判断权应当协同进行“过错”认定。     

论司法过程中的价值衡量

严格形式主义法律思维方法对于解决疑难案件的作用是有限的,甚至是无效的.疑难案件中包含着复杂的法律价值冲突,法官的价值判断不可避免.价值衡量是法官在司法过程中解决疑难案件的一种重要的法律思维方法.为推进法律思维方法的理论创新,在实践中培育法官符合现代法治精神的职业法律思维方法,有必要在学理上探究价值衡量的判断标准、运用规则和制度保障,促进价值衡量的理性化、规范化与职业化.     

Use and Misuse of Language in Judicial Decision-Making: Russian Experience

In my paper I will analyze decisions of the Russian Constitutional Court and courts of general jurisdiction, in which they interpret ordinary and seemingly unambiguous words and phrases. In a number of cases this interpretation is made in a manner, which is suspect from a linguistic point of view. The analysis shows that there is no consistency in the application by Russian courts of the “plain language” rule and that literal interpretation may be used selectively as a means of legitimizing the decisions made on non-linguistic grounds. Though literal interpretation can be often incompatible with the concept of justice and therefore judges should also take into account other criteria, there are examples of court decisions, in which literal interpretation would have been more appropriate from the perspective of justice, separation of powers and human rights. The article shows how use and misuse of language by judges is employed as a tool in judicial decision-making.     

司法过程中的法律方法论

法律方法是法治理想成为可能的条件之一。本文通过对种种法律方法关系的梳理,揭示了法律方法对维护法治的积极意义。作者认为,法律发现是法律方法中首先使用的方法,而法律推理则是由成文法向判决转换的必用方法。在法律发现到法律推理的过程中,法律解释、法律论证、价值衡量、漏洞补充等都发挥着重要作用。     

Judicial Decision-Making,Ideology and the Political: Towards an Agonistic Theory of Adjudication

Law and Critique - The present paper puts forward a first outline of a possible agonistic theory of adjudication, conceived of as an extension of Chantal Mouffe’s agonistic theory of...     

司法过程能动性的理性思考

随着民事纠纷的复杂化,大量的现代型诉讼将各种对社会、政治以及政策决定都非常重要的问题带入法院.面对日益增多的虽无制定法上既有权利依据,但人们似乎在根据一种新的权利诉诸司法的要求时,法院应如何处理就涉及到对司法过程功能的理解.以松花江污染案为契机,在对司法过程的能动性进行解析并从诉的利益角度予以审视的基础上,进一步对其现实性进行理论阐释.     

慎用死刑——刑事司法实践中死刑适用问题探讨

慎用死刑是刑事司法中一个十分重要的问题,慎用死刑必须正确掌握死刑的适用条件"罪行极其严重".如何判断"罪行极其严重"是一个难题,应该加强立法和司法的解释.与此同时,正确地适用"死刑缓期二年执行"是正确适用死刑的又一个重要课题.     

商业标识权利冲突司法处理的逻辑标准与政策标准

涉及商业标识的知识产权权利冲突既包括商业标识之间的权利冲突,又包括商业标识与其他知识产权之间的冲突.对于司法是否受理及受理哪些此类权利冲突争议,实践中存在较大争议.本文剖析了当前司法处理此类权利冲突争议的现状及成因,从逻辑标准和政策标准的新角度界定了司法处理此类权利冲突的基本法律界限.     

Search for the Hidden Punishments: An Alternative Approach to Studying Alternative Sanctions

Objectives

Most existing studies of sentencing focus on the decision of whether or not to incarcerate a convicted individual. However, many cases do not involve incarceration, and there is a considerable amount of freedom to mete out alternative sanctions as part of a sentencing decision. This study addresses this gap in the literature by investigating the patterns of sentences among those individuals not sentenced to prison.

Methods

This study used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify unobserved “classes” based on packages of sentences, which may involve both jail and non-incarceration alternative sanctions imposed on defendants not sentenced to prison. This study also demonstrates the potential use of LCA by (1) comparing and contrasting the results of LCA and the sentence severity scale approach, and (2) investigating how class membership could be explained by legal and extralegal characteristics of the cases.

Results

LCA identified four latent classes among individuals who were not sentenced to prison, two of which could not be differentiated by the severity scale approach. Regression models demonstrated that legal variables were better at explaining the incarceration decision, whereas extralegal variables were better at explaining some of the margins between the classes.

Conclusion

Compared with the incarceration models and severity scales, LCA revealed variations that could not be detected by either of the approaches. LCA also has the potential to be a helpful tool in future analysis of sentencing decisions utilizing large-scale, administrative datasets.

     

论董事竞业在司法中的认定

董事负有竞业禁止义务.以<公司法>第149条的规定为准,董事竞业表现为董事谋取了公司的商业机会和从事了与公司同类的业务两大类型.公司业务边界是判断董事竞业的形式标尺,董事行为与公司利益存在冲突的可能性,才是判断董事竞业的实质准则.     

司法判决过程中的道德论证

当非理性民权表达充斥司法判决之时,势必要澄清和阐明司法判决过程中的道德论证,势必要在柔性实证主义(分离命题)和吸纳性整体阐释(统一命题)之间交往商谈,从这个意义上说,道德是可以论证的。在司法判决现实情境之下,道德论证在大前提论证中起到经验论证、非实证和非经验论证两项作用。     

司法警察死刑执行心理防护研究

人民法院司法警察在死刑执行工作中经常会面对各种极端应激源,所造成的应激反应往往是强烈的、反复的,若不加以适当干预,将会发展为应激障碍等心理疾患。通过与美国死刑执行程序进行比较,从人丈关怀的角度出发,我们对死刑执行人员的确定、执行装备的选择、死刑罪犯的押解、刑场操作、执行后心理调适与干预等均应进行针对性的心理防护设计,从制度上保证司法警察的心理健康,防止非战斗减员的发生。