腰椎的个体识别

腰椎是人体躯干骨中的主要承重骨,其形态受多种因素影响。腰椎的研究对白骨、碎尸等类型案件尸源的寻找和古人类的体征复原均有重要意义。本文着重从身高推算、性别判定和年龄判定三个方面综述了近年来腰椎在法医人类学领域的研究进展。     

锁骨的个体识别

锁骨是人体肢带骨之一,呈S形,左右各1块。内侧胸骨端粗大,与胸骨柄相关节;外侧肩峰端扁平,与肩胛骨的肩峰相关节。长期以来,国内外学者对锁骨的形态特征与个体性别、年龄、身高的关系作了大量研究,本文将这方面的研究应用进展作一概述。     

四肢长骨个体识别1例

某年4月20日在甲地海边沙滩上发现一只人体左小腿（含左足）（见图1）.4月22日在乙地开发区附近海面发现一只人体右小腿（含右足）（见图2）.同年4月30日在丙地某村海岸边沙滩上,发现一只人体左大腿（见图3）. 2 检验 2.1 身高推断经DNA检验,三地所发现的尸块属同一女性.进一步做人类学经检验,左股骨生理长为42cm,左、右胫骨生理长为38cm,左、右足的足长为20cm.根据张继宗对中国汉族女性长骨推断身高的研究1,Y =508.464＋2.640＊左股骨生理长,则Y=161.7cm.根据万秋萍等人对成人身高与足长的回归分析2,Y=91.5761＋3.0976＊足长,则Y＝153.5cm.根据股骨长度比根据足长推断身高的结果更为准确,故推断死者身高约为162cm.     

儿童骨骼个体识别1例

儿童骨骼的个体识别研究报道较少 ,在法医人类学实践中 ,如何对儿童骨骼进行性别、年龄鉴定 ,难度较大。 2 0 0 3年在山东省某地枯井内 ,发现一具儿童尸骨 ,要求作性别、年龄鉴定 ,现报告如下。1　性别判定儿童骨骼的性别鉴定 ,在现有可查专著中[1] ,均没有提供实用的方法 ,仅提示儿童骨盆存在着性别差异。通过对送检儿童的耻骨观察可见 ,耻骨体呈三角形 ,测量左、右耻骨的缘枝角均为 14 0°。同时 ,根据Mittler的儿童骨骼性别判定的方法发现 ,送检骨骼耳状面的边缘凸起的部分小于 1/ 2 ,其余部分均不高出髂骨骨面[2 ] 。上述骨骼特征提示…     

肋骨的个体识别

根据骨骼进行身高推断、性别判定、年龄判定以及同一认定等是法医人类学个体识别的重要内容。肋骨是骨骼系统的重要组成部分,在性别和年龄的判定中具有重要的应用价值。本文主要就肋骨在性别和年龄判定两个方面的国内外研究做一概要回顾,为肋骨的进一步研究提供参考。     

利用胸骨对碎尸进行个体识别1例

<正>胸骨可为案件的法医学分析提供大量信息,尤其在颅骨、骨盆及四肢缺失的碎尸案件中更有价值[1]。笔者在1例杀人碎尸案中利用胸骨进行个体识别,现报道如下。1案例资料1.1简要案情2012年3月30日,长江某区段水域发现一尸块。尸块为躯干上部,高度腐败,皮肤部分缺损,胸腔脏器     

髂骨与性别判定

近年来,学者们在骨骼的性别推断方面进行了大量的研究,积累了丰富的资料,并不断取得了新的进展。研究的手段已由过去的肉眼观测发展到采用x线检查、显微镜检测、生化检测、计算机图像分析及数据处理等多项新技术,推断性别的准确性也有提高。本文从形态学、统计学、生物动力学等其他方面综述了髂骨性别推断的研究进展,并对髂骨性别推断的研究进行了展望。     

外耳的个体识别方法

外耳的个体识别主要用于面相鉴定。为提高面相鉴定的能力 ,本文对外耳的个体识别的发展概况 ,外耳的特征标记 ,外耳的鉴定方法 ,目前存在问题 ,以及未来的发展方向进行较全面的综述介绍     

利用额窦影像进行个体识别的研究进展

鉴于额窦不规则气腔形态的高度特异性、成熟后形态不变的稳定性以及放射学技术在临床的广泛应用,额窦影像已成为法医学个体识别的重要研究对象.利用额窦影像进行个体识别已具有法庭意义.当DNA和指纹等传统个体识别方法应用受限或无法有效进行,或缺乏相应的牙科记录等情况时,额窦影像对比是有效的个体识别替代方法.多种影像资料都可用于额...     

CT技术在法医人类学研究中应用的进展

近年来,将计算机断层扫描(CT)等影像学新技术应用于法医人类学个体识别的研究受到国内外法医人类学家的重视。CT具有清晰快速的成像能力以及强大的后处理功能,无需骨骼前处理就能提供高分辨率模型图像,对法医人类学具有重要的研究和应用价值。本文就CT技术在法医人类学研究中应用的进展进行综述,以期为相关研究和实践提供参考和借鉴。     

Forensic Age-at-Death Estimation from the Human Sacrum*

Abstract: A new method is described here that incorporates seven developmental and degenerative changes for estimating chronological age from morphological features of the human sacrum. The construction of this method involved multiple stages of trait identification, character-state definition and age correlation, rank-order phase development, and percent-correct sample testing with phase and sample aggregation, all of which resulted in a six-phase component system for application on modern individuals. This phase system was first developed on European American male and female samples from the Hamann-Todd collection; then tested on African American male and female Hamann-Todd samples as well as European American male and females from the WM Bass collection to examine possible sex and/or ancestry differences. Variation in age estimates due to sex and ancestry was negligible; thus, the multiple samples were all pooled creating a robust method with a large sample size. Overall age ranges increase in width at two standard deviations as is expected from degenerative age-related processes but retain utility in forensic situations.     

法医骨组织学研究

在实际检案中 ,当现场发现的骨骼残片体积较小时 ,用解剖学观察无法进行骨骼残片的法医鉴定 ,需使用骨组织学的方法进行骨骼残片的个体识别。目前 ,这是法医人类学中一门较活跃的领域 ,即法医骨组织学。法医骨组织学的内容主要包括两个方面 :(1)骨骼残片是否属于人类骨骼 ,或属于何种动物骨骼。这方面的研究包括人类骨骼的组织学特征研究及不同动物的组织学特征研究。 (2 )人类骨骼个体识别的组织学研究。这方面的研究主要包括 ,人类骨骼的组织学特征的年龄判断 ,例如股骨、胫骨、肱骨、锁骨等 ,以及使用骨组织学方法 ,进行人类骨骼的年龄评价的准确性研究。本文对上述内容进行了综述。     

Age estimation from the human os coxa: a test on a documented Italian collection*

Current standards for age at death estimation from the pelvis are based on Americans of European and African ancestry. Our limited understanding of population variability hampers our efforts to apply these techniques to the various skeletal populations around the world, especially in global forensic contexts. However, documented skeletal samples are rare, limiting our ability to test our techniques. This study tested the Suchey-Brooks pubic symphysis aging method and the auricular surface method originally developed by Lovejoy et al. on a large sample (n = 404) of known sex and age from the Sassari Collection, housed at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Bologna, Italy. The results indicate that for both methods, bias and inaccuracy increased with age and actual age tended to be underestimated over the age of 40. The auricular surface method performed slightly better, exhibiting slightly lower levels of bias and inaccuracy, especially for males.     

Frequencies of morphological characteristics in two contemporary forensic collections: implications for identification

Positive identification relies on comparison of antemortem and postmortem data. Some identifications are based on morphological features such as fracture, pathological condition, and surgical hardware, despite little literature indicating the frequencies of such traits. This study examines whether such features are sufficiently rare as to be deemed individualizing. Data were collected on two modern North American skeletal collections (N=482 individuals). Presence/absence of features was scored by skeletal element and side. Results indicate that frequencies vary by geographic region (higher frequency of fractures and pathological conditions in New Mexico while individuals in Tennessee were more likely to have surgical interventions), many features such as fractures are remarkably common and that even suites of traits may not be individualizing. Caution is warranted when using written data rather than radiographic comparisons as the primary source of identification. The implications of these findings to missing person databases are also discussed.     

Surgical Sutures as a Means of Identifying Human Remains*

Abstract: The Food and Drug Administration does not require surgical sutures to be tracked by manufacturer, physician, or patient; thereby, surgical sutures have been of little use to forensic practitioners who are tasked with establishing a positive identification with biological evidence. This study demonstrates the investigative process used to pinpoint suture manufacturers by presenting a case where surgical sutures were a distinctive characteristic that aided in the positive identification of skeletal remains. The suture’s manufacturer, construction material and structure, size, and medical use was determined by contacting a local surgical suture and orthopedic implant manufacturer and utilizing publicly available manufacturer websites, which provide catalogs and specific product details. This research was one of many lines of evidence used to establish the positive identification of a 47‐year‐old male.     

利用腭皱特征进行同一认定的指标体系构建

目的根据腭皱的形态图特征,进行口腔腭皱在法医学同一认定的指标体系构建。方法收集100例成年人腭皱模型,依据腭皱的形状、数量、位置分布等特征对腭皱形态图进行全面系统的编码。编码顺序采用英文字母按照先右侧再左侧,先前部再后部的顺序编码,并且右、左侧编码以破折号连接。最后依据编码,统计分析腭皱形态分布特征。结果 100例腭皱形态图中,个体间未见完全一致者,每个个体不论男性与女性均表现有独特的腭皱形态图;且同一个体左右侧单条腭皱的形态及分布亦不同。波浪形腭皱所占比例最大（23.03%）,三分叉形出现比例最小（0.74%）,不同性别的波浪形及曲线形腭皱所占比例均较大,女性波浪形（22.7%）及曲线形（18.28%）;男性波浪形（24.11%）及曲线形（21.43%）。结论口腔腭皱法医学同一认定的指标体系构建,将为法医学的同一认定提供一种新的方法。     

骨骼种属鉴定的组织学研究

目的 探求骨骼残渣的种属鉴定的组织学方法。方法 对人体不同部位骨骼,及常见动物骨骼的 77张骨组织学切片,在光镜下进行了骨组织学形态学研究。结果 不同动物骨组织学的形态学特征存在明显差异,其主要差别有：内、外环骨板的形态和相对厚度;哈氏系统之间的骨板的形态和哈氏系统的大小;哈氏环层骨板的数量及骨陷窝的数量等。结论 骨组织学的特征,不仅可以区分人与动物骨骼的残渣,也可以对不同动物的骨骼残渣进行区分。     

中国汉族人耻骨性别判定的研究

目的为了探讨耻骨性别判定的更为简便可靠的方法。方法对96副已知生前确切性别的耻骨进行了性别差异的研究,其中男性耻骨73副,女性耻骨23副。测量项目有:缘枝角,耻骨宽,耻骨联合面的高及厚。结果将耻骨的测量数据输入电脑,用SPSS软件,对耻骨的测量数据进行了统计分析,建立了耻骨性别判定的判别方程。结论其性别判别率最高可达95.5%,该方法可以用于法医学实践。