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1.
Peng Wang 《Trends in Organized Crime》2013,16(1):49-73
‘Red Mafia’ is the collective term for corrupt public officials in mainland China, mainly from the criminal justice system, who attempt to monopolise the protection business in the criminal underworld by abusing power. In contemporary mainland China, the Red Mafia has developed into an alternative system of governance that can control organised crime groups, enable them to flourish, and protect them where strong government and effective self-protection associations are absent. The author examines organised crime and corruption by analysing the Wen Qiang case, one of the most famous and widely publicised cases in Chongqing’s latest crime crackdown campaign. Drawing on interview data and extensive published materials, this paper offers a tentative definition of ‘Red Mafia’, develops a typology of organised crime, describes the emergence of the Red Mafia in China, explores how gangsters developed relationships with public officials, suggests why organised crime groups chose the Red Mafia as their preferred protection and enforcement mechanism, examines patterns of services provided, and explores the differences between the Red Mafia and other Mafia groups. 相似文献
2.
Taiwan is known for rapid economic growth, but in 1988, the government ended 40 years of martial law, resulting in greater political and social freedoms. This paper explores the influence of economic, social, and political structures on crime in the Republic of China on Taiwan. A time series analysis examines the structural correlates of crime in Taiwan from 1964 to 1990. Both total crime and burglary/larceny rates are regressed on seven independent variables derived from various theoretical perspectives. The results support Hagan's power-control and Christie's crime-industry perspectives for total crime, while measures assessing lack of economic means and the economic deprivation were significant for burglary/larceny. 相似文献
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Organized crime in Ukraine has helped to derail the transition to a democratic polity and a free market economy, has generated
considerable violence and corruption, and has contributed significantly to the development of a climate that does little to
encourage foreign direct investment. Consequently this article explains why Ukraine, along with other states of the Former
Soviet Union, developed a major organized crime problem during the 1990s. Having done this, it delineates some of the major
contours of organized crime in Ukraine, identifying the major participants in organized crime, the variations in the phenomenon
in different cities and regions, and the major activities of organized crime. The article also examines the kinds of initiatives
that have been taken by the government of Ukraine in its efforts to combat organized crime, before suggesting some areas in
which these efforts could be significantly improved. 相似文献
5.
Alexander G. Kalman 《Trends in Organized Crime》2001,6(3-4):68-76
The collapse of communism in Ukraine created opportunities for organized criminal groups to expand their economic criminal
activities in the “shadow economy” by penetrating all levels of public and economic administration. Ukrainian law enforcement
agencies are poorly equipped to handle this increase in criminal activity, especially with respect to uncooperative foreign
and domestic economic institutions. State machinery for regulation and control of industry and commerce was easily accessible
to organized crime through bribing of state officials, who received no supervision during economic restructuring. Notwithstanding
the active assistance of corrupt government officials, organized economic crime has benefited from chaos and lost government
control as the result of recent economic reforms in Ukraine. Researchers in this study hypothesize that the social and economic
disorder, as well as a common and justified mistrust of state officials, fosters a pessimism and erodes moral standards, which
in turn fosters criminal activity. Of late, judicial sentencing for those convicted of economic crimes has become lighter
while many economic criminal cases are never investigated or prosecuted in the first place. In order to combat large-scale
corruption, there must be better supervision of government officials and better monitoring of foreign economic transactions.
One of the most disastrous consequences of the collapse of the Ukrainian communist system has been the widespread increase
of economic crime. This phenomenon is self-sustaining, penetrating all levels of Ukraine's economy and administrative sectors.
Criminal activity helps to sustain the shadow economy in Ukraine, which has been estimated by various sources to constitute
50 to 60 percent of the economy. Law enforcement and administrative efforts have been largely futile in curbing this corruption.
Nevertheless, it is possible to overcome the criminal social and economic order that has become ingrained in this “shadow
economy.” This paper seeks to propose policy solutions for Ukrainian economic crime and corruption that could be implemented
at the national level. 相似文献
6.
Angela Gorta 《Crime, Law and Social Change》1998,30(1):65-87
This article explores how the criminology literature, particularly the literature on crime prevention, might supplement current
efforts to minimise corruption. It seeks to identify and apply approaches to offenders and offending to the problem of minimising
corruption. In summary, this article demonstrates that the crime prevention literature does have a number of applications
for those interested in minimising corruption. In general terms, this literature advocates, amongst other things, taking an
informed approach to corruption minimisation by developing an understanding of the process of engaging in corrupt conduct.
Exploring the offender's perspective and considering different types of corruption separately are two strategies suggested
to facilitate understanding the factors which underlie corrupt conduct. In this way those seeking to minimise corruption would
be better placed to identify how and where to intervene to optimise the likelihood of prevention and hence be able to tailor
prevention techniques to individual types of corruption. Six specific lessons from the crime prevention literature and their
applications are illustrated in this article. This current article is intended to promote discussion of potential strategies
for combating corruption by the growing numbers of people interested in this challenge.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
本文主要从四个方面论述了中国近代法学留学生与新中国法制建设的关系。第一 ,许多近代法学留学生没有跟随国民党政权前去台湾而留在大陆的原因。第二 ,近代法学留学生对新中国的立法、司法和法学教育所作的贡献。第三 ,1957年反右斗争中近代法学留学生对自身生存方式的呻吟。第四 ,1957年反右斗争中近代法学留学生对新中国法制建设中一些错误做法的批评。 相似文献
8.
The research goals of this study, undertaken on behalf of the National Strategy Information Center (NSIC), were to describe
the evolution of the political-criminal nexus (PCN) in China and predict its development, examine the causes and patterns
of PCN in China, assess the anticipated threats of Chinese PCN, and identify options for external factors—inside and outside
government—to weaken PCN in China. The researchers used a variety of techniques as part of an overall exploratory methodology,
including interviews and field observations in three Chinese provinces. Key informants included law enforcement officers,
government officials, scholars, prosecutors, judges, businessmen, and underworld figures. Interviews and site visits were
supplemented with the review of a large collection of English and Chinese literature on the subject. The major findings are
(1) in China, PCN is primarily a nexus between gangsters and low- and mid-level government officials from the criminal justice
system; (2) the Chinese government is concerned with the problem of PCN mainly because it is eroding the authority of the
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and not because of the threat of organized gangs to social and economic stability; (3) organized
crime in China is going to be a local problem for many towns and cities in the foreseeable future; (4) reasons for the development
of PCN in China could be categorized as economic, structural, social/cultural, and psychological/ideological and the impact
of PCN could be categorized as social, economic, and political; and (5) several options exist for external governmental and
nongovernmental measures to curb or at least control PCN in China, including research, education, and judicial reform. 相似文献
9.
《Justice Quarterly》2012,29(1):25-52
An analysis of New York City press accounts and official documents from 1894 to 1908 challenges many assumptions about Chinese organized crime in the United States. Contrary to conventional wisdom, this analysis provides strong evidence that Chinese organized crime is neither “emerging” nor “nontraditional” and that it predates, in structure and sophistication, organizations of other ethnic origins later recognized as “modern” organized crime by academics, the media, and the government. A qualitative, document-based case study of the first “tong war” between the Hip Sing Tong and the On Leong Tong (1899–1907) shows that both organizations were heavily involved in a multiethnic social system of organized crime that extended across the United States and to China itself. The turn-of-the-century tongs were involved with police and political corruption, labor racketeering, price fixing, prostitution, gambling, immigrant smuggling, slavery, drug trafficking, and violent crimes. They are still associated with these activities. 相似文献
10.
Both too much and too little: From elite to street crime in the transformation of the Czech Republic
A social capital theory of crime proposes that both excessively high and low levels of trust lead to crime. Low levels of
trust are associated with predatory forms of street crime, while high levels of trust can lead to white collar crime and political
corruption. This paper explores the role of social capital and trust in the causation of under and upperworld forms of crime
in the rapidly changing circumstances of the Czech Republic. Connections between social capital and crime are the product
not only of the transition to a market economy, but also of the problems of the pre-transition Czech society.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
近年来,台独分子的“法理台独”愈演愈烈。前不久陈水扁的“废统”闹剧又引起两岸形势紧张。台湾问题有国内和国际两大因素,台湾问题的解决也要从国内和国际两个层面出发。无论是从国际法还是国内法层面分析,法律手段都是解决台湾问题以和平统一祖国的重要途径和有效手段。 相似文献
12.
Street crimes are a primary concern of most criminologists in Taiwan. In recent years, however, crimes committed by corporations have increased greatly in this country. Employing the empirical approach to collect data about causal factors of corporate crime, the research presented in this article is the first systematic empirical study concerning corporate crime in Taiwan. The research sample was selected from a corporation with a criminal record of pollution caused by the release of toxic chemicals into the environment and a corporation with no criminal record. Questionnaire survey and interviews of corporate employees and managers were conducted, and secondary data were collected from official agencies. This research indicated the causal factors of corporate crime as follows: the failure of government regulation, lack of corporate self-regulation, lack of public concern about corporate crime, corporate mechanistic structure, and the low self-control tendency of corporate managers. 相似文献
13.
Jan Van Dijk 《Trends in Organized Crime》2007,10(4):39-56
This study develops a causal model of the independent effect of organized crime, rule of law, and corruption on national wealth.
To measure the level of organized crime a Composite Organized Crime Index (COCI) is constructed combining data on the perceived
prevalence of organized crime, unsolved homicides, grand corruption, money-laundering and the extent of the black economy,
drawing on the World Economic Forum’s annual surveys among CEOs of larger companies, the Merchant International Group’s assessments
of investment risks in 150 countries, studies by the World Bank Institute, and official crime statistics. The findings of
the explorative analysis show that a political strategy of tolerating activities of local criminal groups in the hope of beneficial
effects on the wealth of a nation is unlikely to bring the expected results. Although some types of organized crime may bring
in significant revenues, tolerating Mafia-type activities implies letting the Trojan horse of racketeering and grand corruption
into the walls of government.
相似文献
Jan Van DijkEmail: |
14.
Margaret E. Beare 《Crime, Law and Social Change》1997,28(2):155-172
The intention of this paper is to serve in part as a warning to the international community concerned about corruption, to
keep the focus based on the critical analysis of empirically verifiable information. In ways similar to how theorists spoke
about organized crime in the 1960's and 1970's, articles today attempt to refer to corruption as if there were one agreed
upon definition. However, like the concept “organized crime”, the term “corruption” involves diverse processes which have
different meanings within different societies. Corruption (or a focus on corruption), may be the means toward very diverse
ends and each may have a different impact on the society. While in some societies corruption may correctly be seen to be the
“cause” of forms of social disorganization, in other situations corruption may be the “result” of larger changes. Understanding
the processes within a specific context allows one to understand the nature of the corruption. Corruption rhetoric may too
easily become apolitical platform for ranking and evaluating nations as to their worth based on criteria that lose meaning
when applied across jurisdictions.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
祖国大陆与我国台湾地区的毒品犯罪立法比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
刘湘廉 《西南政法大学学报》2009,11(3):111-121
科学而严密的刑法规范是有效打击毒品犯罪的重要手段。通过比较分析,借鉴我国台湾地区的经验之所长,是进一步完善祖国大陆地区法律规范的重要途径。我国台湾地区在防制毒品犯罪方面有着比祖国大陆地区更长的历史,其立法经验也显得更为成熟。我国台湾地区将毒品依其成瘾性、滥用性及对社会危害性的不同予以分级,对不同级别的毒品所涉及的犯罪行为分别设置轻重不同的刑罚,将制造、贩卖、运输、持有专供制造或施用毒品器具的行为、转让毒品行为、服毒驾驶行为等予以犯罪化,其刑罚规范具有明确化特点。这些立法经验,都是值得祖国大陆借鉴的。 相似文献
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17.
Xu J 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2012,56(2):239-264
Using the example of motorcycle ban policy in Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong province, this article examines how situational crime prevention strategies are used in contemporary urban China. The article argues that although a motorcycle ban policy may reduce motorcycle snatch theft (feiche qiangduo) in Guangzhou, it inevitably caused a problem of displacement. However, some types of displacement are desirable for local government. An argument about drive-away policing is proposed in this article to understand policing styles in contemporary China. In addition, the article argues that motorcycle ban, as a strategy to prevent snatch theft and robbery, is also a strategy to deal with the crisis in police legitimacy. Therefore, crime prevention in China has more social and political significance than just reducing crime. 相似文献
18.
Kristy Holtfreter 《Journal of criminal justice》2005,33(4):353
Controversy over the appropriate unit of analysis plagued the white-collar crime literature. This state of affairs was a product, at least in part, of the continued development of two distinct research traditions. Researchers interested in “occupational crime” focused on individuals, whereas “corporate crime” researchers studied organizations. As a result, assumptions persisted about the “typical” offender and organizational setting for white-collar crime. Using a sample of 1,142 occupational fraud cases, the present study addressed voids in the literature by comparing differences in individual offender characteristics (i.e., age, gender, education, and position in the organization) and organizational victim characteristics (i.e., size, type, existing control mechanisms, and revenue) for three types of occupational fraud: asset misappropriation, corruption, and fraudulent statements. The analysis revealed that individuals who committed fraudulent statements conformed to the literature's “high status” image, while those involved in asset misappropriation or corruption more closely resembled D. Weisburd, S. Wheeler, E. Waring, and N. Bode's (1991) “middle-class” offenders. Moreover, organizations victimized by corruption were similar to the literature's depiction of the large, profit-making company setting for white-collar crime, while the other two types of occupational fraud occurred in distinctly different settings. Implications for future research and fraud prevention are provided. 相似文献
19.
Glen Wright 《Trends in Organized Crime》2011,14(4):332-346
To date, transnational environmental crime has been poorly attended to by the transnational organised crime and transnational
policing discourse. Academics have focused on individual elements of environmental crime, neglecting a broader theoretical
discussion, while national and international institutions have prioritised other forms of organised crime, giving little thought
to the nuanced nature of transnational environmental crime and how this should be reflected in policing and countermeasures.
This paper attempts to rectify this by conceptualising transnational environmental crime and suggesting ways forward for countermeasure
development. The paper will begin by looking at the problem of environmental crime, its value, scope and effects, concluding
that the damaging nature of transnational environmental crime demands a greater focus on its policing. The nature of transnational
environmental crime will then be discussed by reference to traditional forms of organised crime. It will be argued that, while
transnational environmental crime is a form of organised crime, and has some features in common with the traditional organised
crimes, such as drug smuggling and people trafficking, it is the substantial differences that should guide the approach to
developing countermeasures. The development of effective countermeasures, it is concluded, requires a significant change in
policy at every level. 相似文献
20.
Undertaken on behalf of the National Institute of Justice between July 2003 and August 2004, the research goals of this study
were to (a) determine high priority areas for research on Asian transnational organized crime (TOC); (b) assess the impact
of Asian TOC on the United States; (3) identify relevant data and information sources in Asia; and (4) identify potential
collaborative research partners and institutions in Asia. The aim was thus not to examine in detail the organized crime situation
in this region, but rather to lay the foundation for a research agenda and strategy that would accomplish that purpose.
In seeking to achieve this aim, the researchers used a variety of techniques as part of an overall exploratory methodology.
They included four months of interviews (andfield observations) with experts in eight Asian sites, including law enforcement
officials, policymakers, and scholars, as well as American officials in each site. Meetings were also held with Asian crime
experts in the United States. Interviews and site visits were supplemented with surveys and analyses done by local Asian researchers,
an analysis of U.S. indictments, and the review of a large volume of literature. The sites covered by this research are China,
Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Japan, Philippines, Thailand, and Cambodia.
The major findings are first, that there is little consensus among the Asian authorities on just wliat their main organized
crime problems are. Whereas the Asian authorities give higher priority to traditional organized crimes, e.g., gambling, extortion,
prostitution, etc., the American authorities focus more on transnational crimes. Consistent with this view, Asian authorities
do not see much linkage between the local or regional crime groups about which they are most concerned, and transnational
organized crime. Next, contrary to the views and expectations of some American authorities, the commonly expressed view among
the respondents in this study is that there is no collaboration or linkage between transnational organized crime groups and
terrorists. Finally, the transnational organized crime networks operating in the region are said to be highly specialized,
with any overlapping of criminal activities occurring mostly at the level of transportation of goods or people.
It is recommended that future collaborative research efforts focus on trafficking in women and children, human smuggling,
and drug production and trafficking. These are likely to continue to have the most impact upon the United States and upon
U.S. interests in the region. It is further recommended that these research efforts be both bi-lateral (principally with China)
and multi-lateral in nature. A wide variety of potentially willing research partners are identified and their strengths and
weaknesses are assessed. Finally, a specific strategy for accomplishing the research agenda is proposed.
Support for this research was provided by TDL# 1700-215 from the National Institute of Justice. The opinions are those of
the authors and do not reflect the policies or views of the National Institute of Justice. 相似文献