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1.
Recent research suggests that attitudes toward police hinge upon the procedures officers use in their interactions with the
public. Using survey data collected from a sample of adults arrested and booked into a local jail in Washington County, Arkansas,
this paper examines some of the factors that influence arrestees’ satisfaction with police. Results reveal that the most important
factor influencing arrestees’ opinions of police was their belief in the benevolence of police actions, followed by their
perceptions of the effectiveness of police, whether or not their arresting officer treated them with respect, racial group
membership, and total household income. These findings lend support to the “normative” or “process-based” model of policing.
The authors discuss the implications of these findings for police and jail administrators. 相似文献
2.
Amy Dellinger Page 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2008,33(1):44-58
Research has shown that prosecutors rely more heavily on victim characteristics and other extralegal factors than on criteria
set forth by the law, when evaluating the merits of a rape case. Little is known, however, about the factors police officers
use when assessing the merits of a rape case. The current study contributes to what is known about police officers’ attitudes
toward rape. A survey was administered to 891 sworn police officers in two states in the southeastern United States. The surveys
were designed to assess police officers’ acceptance of rape myths. Police officers who accept more rape myths were less likely
to believe victims who did not adhere to the stereotyped “genuine victim.” This research contributes to what is known about
the factors affecting police officers’ decision-making in rape cases. This study has implications for assessing the effectiveness
of rape law reforms, inasmuch as these reforms are conveyed through police work. 相似文献
3.
The “Rotten Apple” theory states that deviant police officers are those who psychological testing fails to screen out. This
concept is favored by police administrators because it offers a quick and easy solution to police deviant behavior. However,
there is a growing body of literature that suggests that it is the stressful occupation that is policing that is the fertile
soil from which police deviant behavior springs otherwise known as the “Rotten Barrel” theory. This article shall explore
police deviant behavior from the perspective that it is the “Rotten Barrel” that leads to police deviant behavior. 相似文献
4.
This paper examines whether the psychological sequelae of rape relate to rape case attrition by leading police to see the
victim as less reliable. A mixed methods approach with two linked studies, one qualitative and one quantitative, was used.
In Study 1, the qualitative study, interviews with 12 specialist police officers were analysed using Framework Analysis. In
Study 2, the quantitative study, 76 specialist officers completed an online questionnaire to assess the generalisability of
Study 1’s findings. In Study 1, officers’ perceptions of victims clustered into three stereotypes, which we label “the real
victim”, “the mad discloser”, and “the bad discloser”. Victims who exhibited signs of shame, self-blame, and post-traumatic
stress reactions which impeded their ability to give a coherent account of the rape were perceived as less reliable “mad”
or “bad” victims. The findings of Study 2 supported these results. Although police interview strategies have improved in recent
years, there is evidence that signs of trauma and shame in the victim are sometimes misinterpreted as signs of lying. This
may affect attrition by impacting on victim-officer relationships. Further training on recognising trauma and understanding
its consequences is recommended both for specialist officers and front-line staff. 相似文献
5.
Jack E. Call 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2005,29(2):247-267
The 2003–2004 term of the Supreme Court was the most important term of the Court for the law enforcement community in the
last decade. The Court decided 11 cases dealing with issues concerning actions taken by police officers, the largest number
of “police practices” cases decided by the Court in the last nine years. In addition, several of these cases are among the
most important of the 49 police practices cases decided during this time period. The Court: 1) upheld the arrest of all the
occupants of a car when drugs are found in it; 2) permitted police roadblocks seeking information from the public in certain
circumstances; 3) refused to suppress physical evidence obtained from Miranda violations; 4) expanded the availability of
warrantless car searches incident to arrest to include arrests of recent occupants of the car; and 5) upheld statutes requiring
persons stopped on reasonable suspicion to identify themselves. 相似文献
6.
James L. Greenstone Ed.D. 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》1994,10(1):57-61
Summary While Crisis Management training and intervention skills are not new areas for police officers or for police crisis negotiators,
it is certainly true that such training must be included in the overall preparation for police officers in general and for
police crisis negotiators in particular. Not to do so ignores the need for such skills in the day-to-day functions and calls-for-service
of these groups. It has been the experience of this author, in talking with police negotiators, that more and more calls for
their services are being made, in situations which are non-hostage related, than ever before. These areas continue to include
barricaded individuals, suicidal persons, family disputes in which one member of the family is holding other members of the
family against their will, and abuse situations including spouse abuse and child abuse. Additional areas include those in
which there are juveniles involved as well as within school settings. Some of the latter may involve hostages while others
do not. Finally, it is becoming less unusual for negotiators to be summoned only to find that the subject has engaged in acts
designed to evoke fatal responses from those officers involved. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as “death by cop.”
Further, it is also important that those indirectly involved in these situations receive this type of Crisis Intervention
training. These may include first response officers, first response police and security personnel in our public and private
schools, security officers in our hospitals and courthouses, and others who, due to their particular jobs, may be involved
in these types of incidents. 相似文献
7.
Conclusion Recently theory and scales measuring authoritarianism and cynicism of police have come into close scrutiny. In particular,
Langworthy (1987:28,33) has concluded from his review of 21 empirical studies that police cynicism appears to have several
different dimensions and that the “failure to detect cynicism or a factor closely related to it is a product of reliance on
a very flawed instrument the Niederhoffer index.” To address that criticism of a faulty instrument, this research has utilized
scales measuring directiveness and proauthority.
For reasons of alpha coefficients, only the scores on the pro-authority scale were analyzed. Mean scores on the pro-authority
scale between law officer, students, townspeople and police officers were not significantly different. When investigating
variables relating to the high scores of proauthority of police officers, rank was statistically significant while age was
not. For future research, separate population should be continued as well as random sampling. In addition, variables of age,
sex, ethnic, rank and departmental/organizational dimensions should be explored. 相似文献
8.
American Muslims may be the most diverse group of Muslims in any country in the world. There are an estimated 5–7 million
Muslims in the United States. They represent a number of different nationalities, ethnicities, and interpretations of Islam.
Moreover, over the past few years there appears to be an increase in the immigration of Muslims to the United States. Law
enforcement agencies are currently concerned with the danger of “homegrown” terrorists and terrorism in the U.S. American
Muslims likely represent the best source of information regarding those who have been dangerously radicalized within their
various communities. To cull important information from the community, police agencies need to contact and communicate with
their Muslim population. The ability to achieve these goals would seem to be shaped by both organizational and individual
officer understanding and perception of both Muslims and Islam. Organizations and officers with accurate views would likely
find efforts at communication and information exchange more fruitful. The current research seeks to assess the knowledge of
and attitudes toward Muslims and Islam among our sample of American police officers. Four general areas will be explored in
the survey. First, we examine the respondents’ general understanding of many of the basic tenets of Islam. Next, we wish to
explore some of the respondents’ attitudes regarding Muslims and Islam. Third, we explore the respondents’ perception of media
treatment of Muslims and Islam. Last, the level of officer contact with Muslims is examined. 相似文献
9.
In jurisdictions across the United States, the mandated arrest of individuals perpetrating domestic violence crimes termed
“mandatory arrest” or “pro-arrest” policies has become a key policy solution to the issue of domestic violence. The purposes
of the policies are to standardize the police response to, and increase the number of, arrests stemming from domestic violence
incidents by removing or reducing police discretion to arrest. In 1994, the New York state legislature passed the Family Protection
and Domestic Violence Intervention Act, which contained provisions enacting a mandatory arrest statute. Using information
from 183 callers to a telephone helpline for victims of domestic violence, we describe four unintended consequences of the
policy: “unwanted,” “dual,” “retaliatory,” and “no” arrest. Bi- and multivariate analyses are used to identify victim and
perpetrator sociodemographic, situational, and legal factors associated with each arrest type. Results are discussed in the
context of the effects of mandatory arrest policies and minimizing problems associated with it in the future.
Victoria Frye Was the Director of Epidemiology and Surveillance for the Injury Prevention Program of the New York City Department of Health. 相似文献
Victoria FryeEmail: |
Victoria Frye Was the Director of Epidemiology and Surveillance for the Injury Prevention Program of the New York City Department of Health. 相似文献
10.
This research provides helpful information for those who evaluate police performance. While researchers commonly espouse the
merit of using more than one form of research police evaluation often involves citizen surveys exclusively. Demographic factors
and the “halo effect” can influence police evaluations, particularly in rural communities which are especially vulnerable
to political agendas and personal relationships that can skew survey data. Our research finds that while citizens generally
evaluate police favorably, a high percentage of “don't know” responses suggest that citizens are not prepared to evaluate
all aspects of police services. Furthermore, police evaluator observation reveals that police services were inadequate, both
within the organization of the department and the patrol practices. Finally, some questions, not traditionally included in
police evaluation surveys reveal high levels of fear among citizens. These inconsistencies question the exclusive use of citizen
surveys and may indicate indirect evidence of a “halo effect”. A conscientious effort to combine quantitative and qualitative
measures may better capture relevant information concerning the quality of police services.
Authors' Note: Loreen Wolfer, Ph.D., and Thomas E. Baker, M.S., M.ED., are Assistant Professors in the Department of Sociology/Criminal
Justice, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18510. This research was supported by a federal grant, number, ORI# FBI ID #
PA 040-2500, U.S. Department of Justice (Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services (COPS). Points of view or opinions
expressed here do not necessarily represent the official position of U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice
or the COPS office 相似文献
11.
Claire Hamilton 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2011,17(4):253-266
Relying on Brown's (2005a, b) thesis that contemporary shifts in penal policy are best understood as a reprisal of colonial rationality, so that offenders
become “non-citizens” or “agents of obligation”, this article argues, firstly, that this framework (with certain important
refinements and extensions) finds support in developments in Irish criminal justice policy aimed at offenders suspected of
involvement in “organised crime”. These offenders have found themselves reconstituted as “agents of obligation” with duties
to furnish information about their property and movements, report to the police concerning their location and, importantly,
refrain from criminal activity or face extraordinary sanctions. Secondly, it is submitted that this draconian approach to the control of organised crime is built on false premises;
specifically the idea that “organised crime” as such exists and is best controlled through restrictions on the freedom of
key groups or “core nominals”. 相似文献
12.
Assessing the Relative Importance of the Child Sexual Abuse Interview Protocol Items to Assist Child Victims in Abuse Disclosure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study identifies (1) the importance of using the Child Sexual Abuse Interview Protocol for multiple disciplines to obtain
detailed information of what the alleged child victims say and claim, and (2) the concurrence of multiple professionals about
the relevance of items in the protocol in their practice. A survey with 100 items based on the Child Sexual Abuse Interview
Protocol was self administered by 36 professionals working at a child advocacy center including administrators, attorneys,
child advocates, support persons, physicians, police, psychologists, and social workers. These respondents unanimously felt
it was very important for interviewers to complete two specific items during the course of an investigative interview: “showing the interviewer
is listening to the child” and “showing patience with the child.” As indicated by the average rating scores, 89 items were
perceived between very important and important, and nine items as somewhat important. No item on this scale was rated as doesn’t matter or unimportant. Social workers and police officers did not differ significantly in their ratings of the importance of these items. Both
quantitative and qualitative results support four major considerations when using an interview guide: 1) flexibility in opening
and closing the interview, 2) professional and appropriate use of the anatomical dolls, 3) assessment of the age and mental
state of the child, and 4) determination of the order of questions based on severity of incidents. This study provides data
to identify the importance of using a comprehensive interview protocol for multidisciplinary professionals who work with alleged
victims of child sexual abuse. The use of these 100 items will enhance the effectiveness of conducting a one-time interview
to avoid repeated interviews. This study that was originally aimed at comparing differences among professionals has, in fact,
demonstrated the similarities across disciplines, as agreement among various professional groups was substantial. This finding
dissolves the myth that multiple disciplines brought forth diverse opinions and instead encourages the “working together”
concept of a team. 相似文献
13.
Douglas Gentz 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》1994,10(2):35-37
Conclusions The results of the 1993 survey can be interpreted as a validation of the findings of the 1983 study. Most of the common reactions
to critical incidents that were documented in the earlier study were also reported in the later survey. It is certainly of
interest to note that not only were most of the same reactions reported 10 years later, they were also reported in roughly
the same frequency. This supports the idea that although what constitutes a critical incident varies from person to person,
the reactions to critical incidents are fairly predictable.
The number of surveys completed and returned in this study was over twice as great as the number returned in the 1983 study
(a 49% return rate as compared to a 22% retum rate in 1983). This significant increase in the number of surveys returned suggests
a greater awareness by officers regarding critical incidents. It may also suggest an increased willingness on the part of
officers to identify reactions to critical incidents as predictable and “normal”. This shift in perception compared to perceptions
in 1983 may be a result of the educational efforts of the Critical Incident Response Team members in Apprentice Police Officer
Training, In-Service Training, and other informal training over the last 10 years. The core of that training has been to communicate
the concept that reactions to critical incidents are normal, temporary, and treatable. It is hoped that training can continue
to provide this “inoculation effect” which seems to reduce the possible negative, long-term impact of critical incidents on
police officers who have been exposed to such situations. 相似文献
14.
Corina Schulze 《Critical Criminology》2011,19(2):137-153
The women of United States police departments challenge traditional gender role expectations by exhibiting equal competence
in a job with a masculine identity. Women also modify police culture in a myriad of ways, one of which is through the special
work-related needs that accompany motherhood. Results from a survey of police officers suggest that gendered perceptions regarding
work and family persist indicating that a value shift within police departments has occurred. Findings derived from qualitative
responses suggest that women’s entry in policing, along with shifting societal attitudes about work and family, could transform
the institution’s “hegemonic masculinity,” an enduring characteristic of many police departments. 相似文献
15.
Probation officers exercise substantial discretion in their daily work with troubled and troubling juvenile offenders. In
this experiment, we examine the effect of psychopathic features, child abuse, and ethnicity on 204 officers’ expectancies
of, recommendations for, and approach to supervising, juvenile offenders. The results indicate that officers (a) have decision-making
and supervision approaches that are affected by a youth’s psychopathic traits and history of child abuse—but not ethnicity;
(b) view both abused youth and psychopathic youth as highly challenging cases on a path toward adult criminality; and (c)
have greater hope and sympathy for abused youth than psychopathic youth. For abused youth, officers are likely to recommend
psychological services and “go the extra mile” by providing greater support, referrals, and networking than is typical for
their caseload. For psychopathic youth, officers expect poor treatment outcomes and are” extra strict,” enforcing rules that
typically are not enforced for others on their caseload. 相似文献
16.
This study explored gender differences in how correctional officers react to severe occupational stress and addressed differences
in coping processes and social support utilization. The subjects were 244 correctional officers (167 men and 77 women) employed
in Kentucky medium security institutions for male offenders. The study employed a survey administered to the volunteering
participants. The Ways of Coping Questionnaire was used to assess coping processes used to deal with a stressful work event,
and the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to assess severe occupational stress. Statistical analyses revealed that correctional
officers experience high levels of occupational stress but did not indicate gender differences in emotional exhaustion or
depersonalization. The results indicated that female officers more frequently than male officers processed stress by seeking
social support, while male officers more frequently than female officers processed stress by “planful problem solving.” No
differences were found in correctional officers’ relationships with oppositesex peers. The results suggested that male and
female correctional officers follow traditional sex roles in coping with occupational stress, but they revealed no differences
in how they are affected by occupational stress in terms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. 相似文献
17.
Jesse C. Brown 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》1987,11(2):227-248
Television has become “the” medium of the masses in contemporary America. However, there has been very little systematic investigation
about television’s impact upon agents of political authority, such as municipal police agencies.
This research analyzes potential linkages between voter support for local police and voter viewing habits of local television
news. The impact of television news upon voter support for police is assessed in the context of a multivariate model, which
includes media and non-media predictor variables. Voter “support” for a municipal police agency is deemed a multidimensional
concept and is measured in absolute and relative terms.
The findings of this exploratory study suggest that local television news has minimal or no impact (positively or negatively)
upon voter attitudes toward local police agencies. The inability of mediaand non-media variables to explain voter support for municipal law enforcement indicates the need for a completely new paradigm
to guide research in this niche of criminal justice. 相似文献
18.
《Justice Quarterly》2012,29(1):96-126
Since the 1960s, one of the major reform efforts in law enforcement has been to increase the number of Black Americans within police agencies and on patrol in the streets. The general premise behind these efforts has been that increased diversity will improve police–community relations and will decrease biased police behavior, particularly against Black citizens. Policies seeking to reform policing through increasing the numbers of African American officers have been implemented with little empirical evidence that an officer's race (or ethnicity) is actually related to their behavior towards citizens, in particular arrest decisions. Using data from systematic social observations of police–citizen encounters in Cincinnati, OH, this study examines the influence of officer race on arrest outcomes, focusing on the behavior of Black officers. Findings suggest that officer race has direct influence on arrest outcomes and there are substantive differences between White and Black officers in the decision to arrest. In general, White officers in our study were more likely to arrest suspects than Black officers, but Black suspects were more likely to be arrested when the decision maker was a Black officer. 相似文献
19.
The study compared pre-employment and current MMPI/MMPI-2 Basic Scale scores of small- and mid-size city Texas municipal police
officers to assess longitudinal personality change. Participants had at least five years continuous, “street level” police
experience. Twenty-three veteran police officers from a mid-size city and 19 small-city police officers volunteered to participate.
Pre-employment MMPI/MMPI-2 information was obtained from police department records. Current MMPI-2 data was collected in small
group or individual administrations. Significant increases in K-corrected T-Scores occurred on Scale F and eight of the Basic
Scales; L and K decreased significantly. Mean scores remained within the normal range. Mid-size city officers produced higher
K and 5 scores than small-city officers.
Authors' Note: We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Rick Bradstreet, Ph.D., and E. S. Collins, Chief of Police, in the data collection
process. The results of this study were presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society in Denver,
Colorado, in June 1999. 相似文献
20.
Most of the empirical literature on gender and policing has assessed gender differences in arrest levels and police use of force. While simple gender differences in police behavior are important for understanding skills men and women bring to the policing occupation, research must also determine under what conditions gender differences emerge and what factors impact the relationship between officer gender and behavior for this knowledge to be constructive. Although sexy, arrest and force decisions occur when police discretion is often limited, adding little to the knowledge of how gender affects everyday police-citizen encounters. Using data from systematic social observations of police-citizen encounters in St. Petersburg, Florida and Indianapolis, Indiana, this article replicates past analyses of gender differences in police utilization of controlling and supporting behaviors, but also extends the analyses by assessing the possible impact of intervening situational and organizational characteristics, determining under what conditions female officers utilize different behaviors from their male counterparts. The findings provide mixed support for the general hypothesis of gender-specific responses. Consistent with previous literature, this research suggests that women are much less likely than men to utilize extreme controlling behavior, such as threats, physical restraint, search, and arrest. Surprisingly, the findings do not confirm that women are more likely than men to use supporting behaviors, even when controlling for women's greater likelihood to hold community policing assignments. These findings, while unexpected, are important. Simply assuming female officers manifest stereotypically feminine traits in policing tasks is clearly an overly simplistic conceptualization of the meaning and impact of gender in policing. The implications for female officers, policing, and future research are discussed. 相似文献