从《中国文献解题》看伟烈亚力对中西文献学交流的贡献

《中国文献解题》是1867年在上海出版的一部有关古代中国文献的西文目录学著作,作者为英国新教来华传教士、著名汉学家伟烈亚力.作为目前所见西方世界第一部按中国古代四部分类法编撰的指南目录,该书对2000多部中国古代文献进行了分类解说,撰写了较为详细的提要,为西方学者准确了解和认识中国文化典籍提供了第一手资料.在西方汉学史上,《中国文献解题》因其资料翔实、考据权威,成为19世纪以来西人研究中国典籍最实用的参考书之一,在近代中西文献学交流史上具有重要的学术价值.     

浅析《书谱》的语言艺术

孙过庭所著《书谱》,在中国古代书法理论史上占有重要地位。《书谱》是中国古代书法艺术宝库中的一颗璀璨明珠,具有很高的语言艺术价值。从声律协调、用字对举避复、修辞纷繁及用典精妙的角度来分析《书谱》的语言艺术,可知《书谱》不仅是书法研究上的瑰宝,也是语言研究上的一座丰碑。     

浅析《圣经》的经典文学特质

作为一部神学典籍,《圣经》也是一部经典的文学作品。本文从文本修辞、思想内容、文化和文学四个方面分析了《圣经》的经典文学特质。了解《圣经》的经典文学特质,对了解和欣赏西方文学乃至世界文学具有重要的意义。     

中国古代的"四海"意识与艾儒略《四海总说》

中西交流是以地理知识的沟通揭启序幕的,但来华传教士所带来的西方地理新知识,往往难以一时被中国古代士人所接纳.其中诸多细节,体现了两种不同文化间的差异与冲突,例如中西关于"四海"的诠定.中国古代文献记载中的"四海"从传统的经史体系而来,是以中国为中心的天下意识.而在利玛窦、艾儒略等传教士的地图和著述中",四海"从西方的航海大发现而来,用来唤醒中国古代士人的世界意识.两者之间的冲突与矛盾,反映了中西交流的曲折历程.     

但丁的政治思想浅论

但丁不但是伟大的诗人,还是一名伟大的政治家。通过剖析《神曲》和《论世界帝国》两部著作中的政治思想,揭示了但丁的政治观点并论述了其重要特征和影响。但丁的政治思想具有鲜明的时代特征,但他的思想在西方政治思想史上却占有重要的地位。     

吕宋唐字书中的"神魂"论 ——亚里士多德灵魂学说最早的汉语概说

16世纪末17世纪初,在菲律宾马尼拉的多明我会士译介了亚里士多德的灵魂学说.高母羡在《辩正教真传实录》初涉此话题,提出游魂、神魂等概念,并主要对禽兽游魂展开论述,且多汲取中国思想文化.多麻氏继续高母羡的未竟之业,在《新刊格物穷理便览》中综论神魂三品之说,进而聚焦人的神魂,涉及人神魂的三种机能、感觉机能的生理基础、理智灵魂及其内容、主动理智和被动理智的关系、神魂不朽等话题,由此西方灵魂学说首次获得较为系统的汉语呈现.在论证过程中,多麻氏忠实于亚里士多德的灵魂观,并按照托马斯神学路线,适时宣讲神学教义,而对于儒家文化的借鉴则十分有限.     

《中国古代文论》教学的现代转型——以曹丕《典论·论文》为例

对于《中国古代文论》教学现代转型的探讨,目前大多还停留在理论层面,付之于实践的非常有限。曹丕的《典论·论文》是中国古代文论史上的第一篇专论,主要内容有关于文学的价值和地位、文气说、文体观、文学批评的态度和方法、文学流派等。就此内容对当代语境中教学的现代转型进行分析,望能达到小中见大、窥斑见豹的目的。     

欧洲对中国存在三大疑虑

中央党校副校长兼中国改革开放论坛副理事长陈宝生认为在世界格局大发展和大调整过程中，欧洲对中国既有期待，也有疑虑。陈校长在完成为期一周的欧洲访问之前接受《中国日报》独家专访时表达了中欧战略互信的重要性。     

全球化时代美籍华裔的离散身份建构——以汤亭亭小说《女勇士》和《中国佬》的分析为例

《女勇士》和《中国佬》在文体特征和主题思想上的近似性使对这两个文本的对照阅读充满意义和富有成效。拟从司徒亚特.霍尔的文化批评理论中关于离散族裔身份建构的"差异理论"入手,分析这两个文本中所共有的身份建构主题,以期对美国早期华人移民的生存状况及文化应对策略有更多的了解,并对我们今天所面临的全球化形势下新的文化认同问题提供一些借鉴。     

明末清初“西学东渐”对纳兰性德的影响

清初西学在中国的传播,可由纳兰性德《通志堂集》所含西学知识窥见一斑。《通志堂集》为清初学者徐乾学于纳兰逝后所编,其中有若干内容涉及西学知识,包括天文历法、科技制作、医药学、宗教及语言文字等方面。纳兰西学知识的来源,其中对自鸣钟的了解,来自于直接接触实物,其他则主要依赖阅读与传闻。纳兰直接阅读过的西学书籍至少有《七克》和《西儒耳目资》,很可能还包括《泰西水法》,但他未必通读过李之藻编的《天学初函》。纳兰对西方实用的科技制作以及天文历法持赞叹与肯定态度,而对天主教为传播教义攻击佛道的做法则有所不满。纳兰的西学知识一定程度上反映了西学于清初在东方传播、影响的广度和深度,而他对“西学东渐”的态度在清初一般士人中亦具有一定的代表性。     

Lobbying and lending by banks around the financial crisis by

Despite the unprecedented levels of liquidity provided by the Federal Reserve to banks during the 2007–2008 financial crisis, lending by banks slowed dramatically during and after that global episode. In this study, we propose that, given capital constraints, the lobbying expenditures by banks to combat Dodd-Frank might have crowded out lending activity. A variety of univariate and multivariate tests show that while lending by banks fell significantly around the financial crisis, lobbying rose dramatically. Our results also show that bank lobbying and lending are imperfect substitutes during non-crisis periods. Such substitutability likely is explained by the value perceived in the political connections gained through lobbying, such as the ability to influence regulation, preferential treatment on supervisory or enforcement decisions, and protection against adverse shocks in the form of government bailouts.

     

Deficit by Design

This paper focuses on the distinguishing concern of the discourse of democratic deficit: namely, that there appear to be some striking discrepancies between democratic norms and institutional practice. I argue in this paper that the problem of democratic deficit is in fact the normal condition of the institutions of representative government. Indeed, early arguments in favour of representative government insist that it departs from and is superior to democracy itself. If representative government provides the predominant modern understanding of democracy, then democratic deficit is an integral part of its design.     

Regulation by litigation

We believe that careful application of the logic of economics and public choice shines important light on regulation through litigation and can explain at least partly why regulators choose the litigation route, when they choose it, and how the choice may or may not achieve broad goals of efficiency and fairness. We present three case studies: heavy‐duty diesel engines, silica and asbestos, and the tobacco industry's Master Settlement Agreement (MSA).     

Voting by proxy

I introduce voting by proxy for constructing and operating legislatures, and then compare it to direct representation, plurality, and single transferable vote (STV), which voting by proxy most closely resembles. When each voter uses voting by proxy to select his proxy among given legislators and elections are costless, voting by proxy maximizes the legislature's representation of the voting population. When each voter uses preferential voting by proxy, selecting a proxy during the vote count as well as a proxy in the legislature, and some ancillary rules are followed, I find that voting by proxy dominates STV and offers favorable tradeoffs against plurality. It improves representation and constituent service; eliminates gerrymandering; improves voter turnout; ranks the legislature's representatives by the proxies they hold rather than seniority; creates tighter representative-constituent links that lead to better informed voters, reducing the influence of special interests; and eliminates primary and runoff elections. Extra costs associated with its relative complexity or better representation can be made small.     

Regulation by generalization

Both criminal and regulatory laws have traditionally been skeptical of what Jeremy Bentham referred to as evidentiary offenses – the prohibition (or regulation) of some activity not because it is wrong, but because it probabilistically (but not universally) indicates that a real wrong has occurred. From Bentham to the present, courts and theorists have worried about this form of regulation, believing that certainly in the criminal law context, but even with respect to regulation, it is wrong to impose sanctions on a “Where there’s smoke there’s fire” theory of governmental intervention. Yet, although this kind punishment by proxy continues to be held in disrepute both in courts and in the published work, we argue that this distaste is unwarranted. Regulating – even through the criminal law – by regulating intrinsically innocent activities that probabilistically, but not inexorably, indicate not‐so‐innocent activities is no different from the vast number of other probabilistic elements that pervade the regulatory process. Once we recognize the frequency with which we accept probabilistic but not certain burdens of proof, probabilistic but not certain substantive rules, and probabilistic but not certain pieces of evidence, we can see that defining offenses and regulatory targets in terms of non‐wrongful behavior that is evidence of wrongful behavior is neither surprising nor inadvisable.     

Financial Reporting by Australian Nonprofit Organisations: Dilemmas Posed by Government Funders

Nonprofit organisations comprise a growing and important sector of the Australian economy. This sector is being used by governments to an increasing extent for the delivery of services. The most common manner in which nonprofit organisations are funded by government is through the provision of grants, contracts or service agreements. Nonprofits discharge their accountability for these funds through reporting guidelines issued by the government funders. This article examines the financial accountability requirements of government funders, in one jurisdiction in Australia to support the central argument that the emphasis on ‘upward and external’ accountabilities serve as a functional and control tool on the sector. This emphasis detracts from the development of the ‘downward and internal’ mechanisms of accountability which are the essential building blocks for the strategic development of the capacity of the sector to respond to calls for greater accountability.