Substance abuse and its risks leading to a crime： An empirical research based on investigations in university students in Istanbul

The main aim of this paper is to reveal the relationships between substance abuse and criminal conducts through examining the current situation of substance abuse among youth, their knowledge level of substance and their experiences involving in crimes. Data were collected from 312 university students in Istanbul by questionnaires which consist of three parts, 35 questions concerning alcohol use, drug use, cigarette use, and crime-involving experiences under the influence of alcohol or other substances. Results indicate that the university students use cigarette and alcohol mostly. They do not consider the risk of being a victim or an offender in a crime when they are under the influence of alcohol. In fact, the actual proportion of young people who indicated that they had ever been involved in a crime, while they were drunk, is quite small.     

SERVICE UTILIZATION AND SATISFACTION WITH SERVICE PROVIDERS IN VICTIMS OF RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT

The aim of the present study was to investigate service utilization and satisfaction with service delivery among victims of rape and sexual assault. The victims completed a questionnaire comprising questions about whether they felt they received the appropriate help following an assault and whether they were met with positive staff attitudes within the public treatment system. The victims completed the questionnaire at three different time points： one month, three months and six months following an assault. Results showed that a high number of victims were satisfied with the support and treatment they received from psychologist and other part of the public help system. However, a high number of victims also reported receiving insufficient help from the social service and the police. Results are discussed in terms of consequences for victim recovery and the importance of receiving feedback from the victims in order to improve public service provision for victims of rape and sexual assault.     

THE PRESS AND THE JUDICIARY： COURT AND JUDICIAL REPORTS IN THE PREss IN ENGLAND AND WALES

Western scholars have argued that image making and image management are a preoccupation of the judiciary. Images of the judiciary may take a variety of forms and be produced for kinds of audiences. One form of judicial image making and image management is live performances in the courtroom and other court settings. Another is the written judgment where the preoccupation is the style of the written text. Press and other mass media reports of judicial activity are another. The audience for judicial images is equally diverse, from fellow judges, lawyers in the courts and the wider legal community, the litigants before the courts to the executive, legislature and the public both in the courtroom and beyond. The image of the judiciary that is available to the public has a particular significance in Western rule of law democracies. As a general rule courts and the judiciary are required to operate in public and their activities must be open to public scrutiny. A recent policy manifestation of this goal is debated about confidence in the justice system and initiatives designed to improve confidence. In the majority of cases public scrutiny of judicial activity and public confidence in the judiciary relies upon the media. Objective and accurate press and media reports play a key role in shaping public understanding of the judiciary and generating or undermining confidence in that institution. Reports in regional and national newspapers have long been an important source of information, shaping public knowledge and facilitating public scrutiny of the justice system. In the UK, there is almost no scholarship on these representations past or present. The result is little known about the representation of the courts and the judiciary in press reports. Little is known about what the diligent reader of these reports can learn about judicial activity. The aim of this article is to take a first step towards changing that state of affairs. It uses a data set made up of 205 contemporary domestic newspaper reports of court and judi     

Attitude of managers towards fundamental values within the police

In order to extend understanding of moral and ethics points of view of police managers in Slovenian police, this paper identifies the attitude of police managers towards fundamental values within the police and relations amongst the police organization, the external public and the internal public through a critical analysis of the hierarchical principles and fundamental values. Result indicates that police managers have a critical attitude towards dishonesty in their working environment. The police managers selected family as the most important factor （78.3%） that has the most impact on values in Slovene society. This position does not differ from the position of Slovenes. Police manager＇s attitude towards traditional values is strengthened through their personal development.     

SPORTS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND ITS REGULATION IN INDONESIA （STUDIES IN THE PROVINCE OF LAMPUNG）

The aims of this paper are to explain about the potency of sports tourism in Province of Lampung and the role of local government to manage it. Geographically, Province of Lampung has the potential exercise of this type, i.e., surfing on the West Coast which faced with the Indonesian Ocean. Sports＇ diving is currently developed in the Kiluan Bay in Pesawaran District. Research questions of this paper are.＂ How is the relationship with the organization of sports events tourism and economic potential？ And how is the role of local government in the implementation of the sport in their region？ This paper uses the literature study methods, so that the data obtained is secondary data. Literatures related to this paper include the official report and the study of literature related to sports and tourism. Conclusions of this paper are.＂ （1） Organizing sports tourism will increase local revenues, especially from the economic sector transaction turnover. An example of this is that the hotel occupancy rate increased with the sporting event. At the macro level, sports tourism impact multiplayer effect, i.e. for people who can catch the tourist potential opportunities, such as selling food （culinary）, and local souvenirs,＂ and （2） Local governments have a role in the development of sports tourism and tourist destinations, with plans in the local regulation. Local governments also play a role in building transport and communications infrastructure in the region as a tourist destination attraction. Tourism promotion should also be enhanced to introduce a tourist destination to the tourists.     

HOT BLOCKING

Hot blocking is a crime mapping method that highlights sections of road （or blocks） where the risk of crime is the highest. This paper demonstrates how hot blocking was used to support Operation Trafalgar; a police led operation intended to reduce crime rates in the west end of London in 2012. The case study below sets out how hot blocking was used to rapidly generate geographic intelligence suggesting where and when police should be deployed to reduce violent crime and disorder. Hot blocking is a relatively straightforward crime mapping method to replicate. The technical guidance provided in this paper demonstrates that hot blocking can be delivered with standard analytical software and in time limited scenarios. The results of hot blocking should, however,     

CONSTITUTIONAL COURT＇S JUDGEMENTS INFLUENCE ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

In all democratic states, constitutional courts, which are traditionally empowered to invalidate or to annul unconstitutional statutes, have the role of interpreting and applying the Constitution to preserve its supremacy and to ensure the prevalence of fundamental rights. In this sense, they were traditionally considered as ＂negative legislators,＂ unable to substitute for the legislators or to enact legislative provisions that could not be deduced from the Constitution. During the past decade, the role of constitutional courts has dramatically changed, as their role is no longer limited to declaring the unconstitutionality of statutes or annulling them. Today, constitutional courts condition their decisions on the presumption of constitutionality of statutes, opting to interpret them according to or in harmony with the Constitution to preserve them, instead of deciding their annulment or declaring them unconstitutional. More frequently, constitutional courts, instead of dealing with existing legislation, assume the role of assistants or auxiliaries to the legislator, creating provisions they deduce from the Constitution when controlling the absence of legislation or legislative omissions. In some cases, they act as ＂positive legislators ＂, issuing temporary or provisional rules to be applied pending the enactment of legislation.     

Foster children＇s right to family： A description and analysis of the legislative approach in Sweden

This paper emphasizes the foster children＇s right to family life and investigates whether change of custody and guardianship to foster parents is a successful option to achieve this right. Using CRC as the base for my definition of the right to family I will include the right to continuity, well-being and a family environment in the understanding of the term ＂right to family＂ in this article. These rights may, primarily, be fulfilled by the child＇s parents, and, if necessary for the best interest of the child, be complemented or substituted by foster or adoption parents. The analysis of different solutions concerning state interventions will base on Swedish law. In Sweden, a child in need of help or assistance as a result of abuse, neglect, or other inappropriate behavior in the home setting may be helped by the Social Welfare Committee-voluntarily or by a court order-in the child＇s home or a foster home. Other alternatives contain judicial involvement by changing custody and guardianship or making a decision for adoption. Since many years ago, the most commonly used alternative for children needing long term placements outside their homes in Sweden has become foster care. This development of many long-term placements has been criticized for not fulfilling the needs of the children, especially their needs for family continuity, stability and well-being. As a consequence, an amendment to the Social Services Act 200l was enacted in 2003 which states that the Social Services Committee shall consider the ＂permanence＂ of foster care by changing custody and guardianship to the foster parents three years later since a child starts in foster care, and every six months thereafter, as long as the child remains in the foster parents＇ care. Assuming that the foster parents are fit and willing to become custodians and guardians, and the child views the foster home as his or her home, the District Court can decide to change the custody and the guardianship to the foster parents. The assessment is to be based solely on the best interest of the child, and not on the fitness or wishes of the original custodian. However, can changing the custody and guardianship assist foster children＇s right to family？ This paper elaborates on this question by describing a legal reform in Sweden.     

THE LEGITIMACY OF RACE AS VARIABLE IN THE DELIBERATIONS OF INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS

This paper investigates the issue of race as a variable in research ethics and the extent to which it is morally appropriate to regard the race of research subjects as a relevant factor for research outcomes. The author analyses the challenges posed to deliberation in Institutional Review Boards （IRB ＇s） on this matter. The first part of the paper consists of a conceptual analysis of the notion of deliberation, drawing on the work of Elster, Habermas, Rawls, Gambetta and others. Special attention is paid to the dialogical structure of deliberation and the complexities attached to the notion of race, as a social construct. Arguments in favour and against the proposal that race is a valid variable in biomedical research are systematically distinguished. The author comes to the conclusion, based on an extensive literature review, that race sometimes has to be taken into consideration, subject to clearly stated qualifications. In conclusion it is argued that deliberation, especially about such a controversial notion such as race should not be expected to yield definitive truths. The most we can expect is a series of （hopefully） progressive settlements that represent provisional beacons of insight on which we can draw in future conversations. Race represents a field of tension and contestation that will inevitably continue to permeate interpersonal contact and social relations for the foreseeable future.     

澳大利亚联邦法院对专家证据的采纳

I. Introduction
The opinion evidence of experts is an exception to the general rule that witnesses can only give evidence of that which they have seen or heard and may not give evidence of inferences which arise from their observations and from that which they have heard.     

STATE＇S CONTROL AND TENURE ARRANGEMENT OVER FIXED OBJECTS DUTCH CITIZENS PRIVATE PROPERTY FOR THE WELFARE OF THE PEOPLE： THE CASE OF INDONESIA

Indonesia had been colonized by Dutch Government for more than 300 years. Posterior to Indonesia independent proclamation on August 17, 1945 there was a number of State＇s legal problems found and one of them is the control and tenure arrangement of private property that left by Dutch citizens in the country of Indonesia. Specific purpose of the paper is to criticize the existence of Act Number 3 PRP Year 1960 regarding the Tenure Arrangements Fixed Objects Dutch Citizens Private Property that has reflected a sense of unjust, uncertainty and inexpedience for the greatest number of Indonesian people. It is because the Act of 1960 defines inconsistency between Article 4, paragraph （2） with general explanations Article 1 Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 223 of 1961. It also set the terms of priorities to obtain fixed objects belonging to individual citizens Dutch not in accordance with the principle of equality before the law. Legal implications arising from control and tenure arrangements of objects and equipment owned by a Dutch individual are a problem that occurs in the received ground objects P3MB. To implement the control arrangements of objects and equipment owned by a Dutch individual that reflects a sense of fairness, certainty and benefit to society by applying the concept of 3 in 1 in the Land Acquisition： Acquisition of land objects P3MB for laws subject.     

WHY A COMMITMENT TO A RIGHT TO LIBERTY AND PROPERTY DOES NOT PRECLUDE REDISTRIBUTION THROUGH TAXATION AND WELFARE PROGRAMS： SCRUTINIZING NOZICK＇ S ENTITLEMENT THEORY OF JUSTICE

This paper critically examines Robert Nozick＇s theory of right and property with its corollary critique of redistributive taxation and welfare programs, as presented in his seminal book, Anarchy, State, and Utopia （hereinafter ASU）. In opposition to Nozick, this paper argues that a commitment to a right to liberty and property does not preclude, in and of itself, the acceptance of redistribution through taxation and welfare programs. Indeed, the thesis attempts to show that Nozick＇s ASU version of libertarianism itself requires, and is grounded in, a commitment to the value of welfare programs funded through redistributive taxation. More specifically, the paper contends that in accepting the Lockean proviso, with its concomitant egalitarian premises into his theory, and in making the plausibility of his argument rest on the proviso, Nozick has already infected his own libertarian views with just the same sort of redistributivism and welfarism he vehemently impugns. Consequently, the paper concludes that Nozick＇s contention against redistribution via taxation and welfare programs is ultimately self-refuting, if not hypocritical. The bulk of the paper will be devoted to showing why welfare liberals should not be intimidated or dismayed by Nozick＇s theory of property right. Rather, welfare liberals should regard Nozick as a theoretical ally, since Nozick＇s libertarian entitlement theory comes perilously close to transmogrifying into the ＂welfare state ＂.     

CHALLENGES OF DEVELOPMENT IN BURUNDI： A CASE STUDY OF PROTECTION OF REFUGEES AND IDPS IN POST-CONFLICT RECONCILIATION AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE

Violations of human rights and genocide in Burundi are among the most contentious issues which continue to attract the attention of academic discourse. This paper is concerned with the question of human rights violations in Burundi from a historical and comparative perspective. It seeks to trace the root causes of Burundi＇s sullied human rights record over 52 years since independence from Belgium in 1962, the role of the military in human rights violations, including mass killings of civilians and extra-judicial executions of political opponents and the fact that the post- conflict constitutional architecture has not succeeded in establishing accountability and responsibility for these violations; in providing truth, justice and reparations to the victims and in putting an end to the culture of impunity which seems to be entrenched in Burundian society. Moreover, by analyzing critically the results from interviewing 113 Burundians and 16 non-Burundians, this paper argues that there will be no political stability enduring peace without addressing these issues in a comprehensive manner.     

The two conceptual dififculties of specialized evidence

I am distinctively honored to be asked to deliver this address. My admiration for many of the people in this room is overlfowing. Among the Chinese are those who are, literally, responsible for facilitating the long march of China to the rule of law.1 This is no easy task, given the insanity of the Anti-Rightist Movement and the Cultural Revolution that together destroyed any semblance of a rational legal system and as a by-product extirpated, again literally, legal knowledge from China; law schools were closed and books were burned. Over the last few years, I have also come to deeply admire the efforts of the Swiss forensic scientists to establish their various ifelds on sound conceptual and empirical foundations and who are struggling with the very topic of this address, the conceptual difficulties specialized evidence poses for the legal resolution of disputes. The European Network of Forensic Science Institutes' Guideline for Evaluative Reporting in Forensic Science is both a clear statement of these difficulties and offers very helpful recommendations that if implemented would ameliorate some of them.     

BREACH OF HUMAN RIGHTS BY NIGERIAN POLICE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF ITS FUNCTIONS＂ NEED FOR A REFORM

Nigerian Police is charged with the responsibility of upholding the law and ensuring order is kept within the polity. It is however observed that the police in carrying out its functions constantly abuses the rights of the citizens which are considered as natural rights and very fundamental to every human existence. This study aims at examining the roles of the police in Nigeria and the various ways and the rights of citizens are being encroached upon by the said police. The legal standards prescribed for the operations of Nigerian police are measured against the international standards as a parameter in order to determine the weak points of the Nigerian standards. Suggestions are therefore made on how Nigerian police can be more humane in carrying out its functions.     

Comparing civil law and common law systems for mergers and acquisitions An economic analysis

＂From the economic point of view, common law is more efficient than civil law.＂ Is this recent statement published in an economic report valid for mergers and acquisitions （M＆A）？ The main objective of this paper is to compare the legal performance of M＆A in France and in the United States. The purpose is to quantify the impact of both legal systems on the long-term performance of M＆A transactions. To carry out this research, a specific methodology was developed and the results of which are evaluated. Two legal structures for M＆A transactions were retained： the purchase of shares （share deal）, and the purchase of assets （asset deal）. Each of these acquisition structures was then subdivided into eleven steps composing the process, for example from preliminary information, letter of intent, due diligence, stock or asset purchase agreement, closing, to litigation with formal summons. Performance was then measured by taking into account time, cost, and satisfaction factors. The time factor was broken down into person-days and the number of days, weeks, or months required to complete each step. French and U.S. respondents were asked to fill out a questionnaire with reference to a specific acquisition project. A typical question was for instance： What is your estimate of working days to complete this step （person-days）？ Radar charts were used to compare the mean of each performance factor. In order to check for correlations among the performance factors, an inter-factors analysis （regression） was carried out. The research findings are presented in this paper. Results show that a share deal in France is generally cheaper and participants indicate a significantly greater amount of satisfaction than in the U.S. However, for the time factor, the results vary. The conclusion is that the application of the civil code rather than common law does not reveal substantial differences as far as M＆A transactions are concerned. One reason is that in both France and the U.S. these transactions are carried out following standard procedures in compliance with common contractual practices.     

The impact of economic theories on the law in market relations

The impact of economic theories on legal development, thinking and practice is undeniable. This is particularly true for neo-classical and institutional economics. Neo-classical economics are based on model assumptions of human behaviour such as pursuit of personal advantage, individualistic goals, complete information and at the same time law obedience which are the foundations of the functioning of the market mechanisms. The assumption leads to an almost mystical belief in the self-regulatory power of the market and a strong disdain and disapproval of the State. The concepts of a minimal State and de-regulation of all social relations follow from there. This article argues that model assumptions are valid scientific tools, as long as they are not taken to reflect the real world which is populated by real people that are not necessarily behaving like homines oeconomici. Preaching de-regulation and the dismissal of the State can prove simplistic and even dangerous and may lead to financial and economic crises like the ones witnessed in recent years. Institutional economics part from these empirical findings. They do not question individualism and the pursuit of egoistic objectives of market-participants, but they insist on inherent risks of this mechanism which stems from opportunistic behaviour, lack of information and transparency and the limits of trust. Property economists deduct from there that sustainable and dynamic economic development is unthinkable without well defined property title, the distinction of property and possession and credit securities. These institutions cannot be self-regulatory but need a clear legal frame, in other words rules established by a State. Transaction costs economists understand the danger of opportunistic behaviour and a corresponding systemic lack of trust in the negotiation, conclusion and execution of contracts. They underline the necessity of institutions which are capable of limiting these dangers and thus reducing transaction costs. Institutions may be customs, informal arrangements and formal law. At the end two examples are presented-real estate transactions and post-patriarchal family relations-to test the utility of these considerations.     

SWEDISH DISARMAMENT POLICY AND WEAPONS EXPORTS,INVESTIGATED FROM A LARGE TECHNICAL SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE

Disarmament policy is an established field in international relations. From the perspective of Swedish foreign policy, earlier an intense attention was given to this field, but it has now lost priority. This paper seeks to systematize some determinants in this development. One important factor is the increasing role of weapons exports--in terms of jobs, export income and technical development. The technical element is of decisive importance in combination with international law and international organizations. The analysis is based on concepts and theories from the research tradition Large Technical Systems.