法律职业共同体构建的心理基础

国家统一司法考试制度的建立和实施,不仅为改革和完善中国的法律职业制度提供了机遇,而且为重构法律人才及培养法律职业共同体提供了新的机遇和内在的动力。法律职业共同体的构建需要我们对它的内在特点、规律、作用及心理基础有清晰的认识,如此才能更好地引导和规划共同体的健康发展。本文拟对法律职业共同体构建的心理基础进行探讨,分析如何从心理上因势利导推动法律职业共同体的健康发展。     

努力建立科学、健全、完善的国家统一司法考试制度——就司法考试的几个问题访司法部张军副部长

改革开放的进一步深化,司法体制改革的逐步推进,对法律职业群体的素质提出了更高的要求。为了适应这一要求,2001年6月30日、12月29日立法机关分别对《法官法》、《检察官法》和《律师法》作了修改,明确规定国家对初任法官、初任检察官和取得律师资格实行统一的司法考试。至此,我国的国家统一司法考试制度正式建立。国家统一司法考试制度作为法律职业的统一准入制度,作为保障司法公正的一项基础性制度,其建立与实施,标志着以法官、检察官、律师为主体的法律职业人员将成为具有共同的法律知识水准、共同的法律素质的法律职业共同体。 国家统一司法考试制度自2001年建立并实施以来已顺利举行了两届考试。2002年有36万多人报名参加司法考试,合格率为7.7％;2003年第二次司法考试,报名近20万人,参     

中国法治的造型基因--简论国家司法考试制度的建立与法律人才培养模式的重塑

法律职业的特殊性决定了法律人才特有的培养模式,尽管在大学教育阶段两大法系国家法学教育的任务和性质有所不同,但如果从法律人才培养的全过程看,都具有共同的结构,都是由法律学科教育、法律职业教育、统一职业资格考试、法律职业培训和终身化的继续教育等主要内容组成。所以,我们应当从更加宏观的社会背景去观察司法考试制度在法律人才培养的系统工程中所处的地位和作用。在中国,统一司法考试制度的建立,从制度上解决了法学教育与法律职业长期脱节的问题。它不仅对法律职业的发展完善,而且对于法律人才培养模式的重塑都具有重要意义和积极作用。     

关于构建法律职业共同体的思考

国家统一司法考试制度的建立和实施 ,不仅为改革和完善中国的法律职业制度 ,而且为重构法律人才培养共同体 ,提供了新的机遇和内在的动力。而法律人才培养共同体的重构 ,从根本上讲 ,又为构建中国的法律职业共同体打下了基础 ,提供了保障。一、法律职业共同体的含义及形成如果把从事法律职业以及从事与法律职业相关的人员进行分类 ,可以归纳为三大类 :一是应用类法律人才 ,又称为法律实践者 ,主要指法官、律师、检察官以及立法人员、公证员等。二是学术类法律人才 ,又称法律研究者 ,主要指法学教授、法学研究人员等。三是法律辅助类技术应用…     

建立统一的国家司法考试制度与法律教育的改革

本文分析了我国当前法律教育中存在的主要问题,论述了建立统一的国家司法考试制度的必要性和可行性,指出司法考试制度是建立一元化的法律职业共同体的关键一步,有利于促进法律教育改革向纵深发展。     

统一司法资格考试：皈依司法职业共同体的通行证

２００１年６月３０日九届全国人大常委会第２２次会议分别通过了关于修改《法官法》和《检察官法》的决定，修改后的《法官法》和《检察官法》将自２００１年起实施均规定了司法考试制度，这意味着国家将对初任法官、检察官和取得律师资格实行统一的司法考试制度，全国人大常委会已授权由国务院司法行政部门负责实施统一的司法考试制度。据报道，首次统一司法考试将于２００２年初举行。诚然，统一司法考试堪称中国司法改革进程意义深远的一大制度创新。实行统一的国家司法考试制度，其显性意义主要在于通过建立法律职业的准入制度提高法律…     

试论德国司法考试与法学教育的协调统一

从现代法治国家的制度安排看,法学教育是培养法律人才的主要途径,司法考试是选拔法律人才的基本方式。各国法治国家因为法律体系和法律职业结构不同,司法考试制度和法学教育模式也不尽相同。但无论何种司考模式和法学教育制度,两者最终皆为法律职业指向,二者之间关系的协调对于培养法律人才有重要意义。     

日本法律职业人才教育制度评析

目前我国的法学教育方兴未艾，法律职业人员的考试、选拔、管理与监督制度也随着《律师法》、《法官法》、《检察官法》等骨干法律的颁布初步形成体系，但就法律人才的教育培养整体而言，仍存在不少不完善之处。本文将主要介绍一下笔者在日本学习期间所接触和了解到的日本法律教育与职业人才培养方面的情况，希望对中国进一步建立完善法律职业人才的教育培养制度有所借鉴。一、日本实行的法律职业考试制度在日本社会，国家法律职业《包括法官、检察官和律师》具有很高的社会地位和丰厚的收入。法律职业人员被认为是社会特殊精英阶层的成员，…     

统一司法考试二题

统一的法律职业资格考试的意义在于养成法官、检察官、律师三种职业之间内在共同性和职业共同体的意识及其统一整个国家范围内的法律准则。为实现这一制度的预期效果 ,司法考试的内容应重基本的法律理论与技术 ,并且有相当难度 ;报考者最低应有法律专业本科学历 ;考试方法既经济可行又能科学检测应考者的法律专业知识及应用能力 ;而且有必要建立考试之后的司法研修制度。     

国家司法考试怎么考、考什么、谁能考——从考试的视角思考对司法考试制度立法宗旨的执行

导 言 国家司法考试制度的确立对实施依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家的方略无疑具有划时代的意义，然而理清统一司法考试制度的立法宗旨和意义，进而找到实现其立法宗旨的科学高效的途径显得更为重要。因为，只有这样才能实现统一司法考试制度的立法初衰。实现统一司法考试制度立法宗旨的途径很多。诸如，高质量的法学教育、司法研修制度的确立、科学规范的司法考试等。笔者认为统一司法考试制度的立法宗旨在于职业法律者选拔的统一化和精英化，但其最终的宗旨就是实现职业法律者选拔的精英化并认为应以科学化和法制化的司法考试作为实现法…     

试述法律职业共同体的概念及特征

法律职业共同体问题,是法治理论与实践中“人”的因素问题,重视法律职业共同体理论研究,是我国实施依法治国方略,推进法治化进程的现实需要。本文以法律职业共同体为研究对象,循着职业、法律职业,共同体、法律职业共同体的研究路径,借鉴中外学者对法律职业共同体的研究成果,对法律职业共同体进行了初步探讨,以科学阐释法律职业共同体概念及特征,推动我国法律职业共同体建构为宗旨。     

Debate over the concept of the competent lawyer in Japan “What skills and attitudes does Japanese society expect from lawyers?”

It has been 2 years since legal education reform started in Japan. The Justice System Reform Council envisioned the 21st century lawyer as a lawyer who “not only has highly developed professional legal knowledge but also has acquired strong legal ethics based on wide cultural knowledge and rich humanity” (Recommendations of the Justice System Reform Council—For a Justice System to Support Japan in the 21st Century—(June 21, 2001)). Since then, all interested parties have been trying to specify the qualifications needed to be a competent lawyer: What lawyering skills and professional attitudes does Japanese society expect from lawyers; how can they be acquired; and how can they be examined or evaluated? In this paper, I first briefly describe the traditional legal training system and the traditional image of the lawyer in Japan. Second, I look at the history of legal training system reform; summarize images of the lawyer each that interested party envisions, and review the current status of the reform. Then, I explore the optimum way to reinforce the quality and quantity of the legal profession in Japan.     

Legal Aid,Social Workers,and the Redefinition of the Legal Profession in Chile, 1925–1960

This article examines the history of the Chilean Legal Aid Service (Servicio de Asistencia Judicial) from the 1920s until the 1960s. It argues that with the emergence of the “social question”—the concern for improving the lower classes' working and living conditions to promote the nation's modernization and prevent political radicalization—the Chilean legal profession committed to legal aid reform to escape a professional identity crisis. Legal aid allowed lawyers to claim they had a new “social function” advocating on behalf of the poor. However, within legal aid offices, lawyers interacted with female social workers who acted as gatekeepers, mediators, and translators between the lawyers and the poor. This gendered professional complementarity in legal aid offices helped lawyers to put limits on their new “social function”: it allowed them to maintain legal aid as a part‐time activity that did not challenge the structure of the legal system as a whole.     

英国法律职业人才培养模式对我国的启示

英国法律职业人才培养模式分为理论、职业、实习和继续职业教育四个阶段,其特点是虽无统一的法律教育体制和司法考试制度,各地区和各法律院校在法律人才培养过程中具有较大的自主性,但同时有相应的机制保证法律职业人才的同质性;法学教育注重法律的实践性和应用技能的培养,法学教育机构和法律职业管理机构在人才培养过程中相互协作,共同发挥作用。英国的法律职业人才培养模式有可供我们学习借鉴的优点和经验。     

The Legal Profession as a Social Process: A Theory on Lawyers and Globalization

This article proposes a processual theory of the legal profession. In contrast to the structural, interactional, and collective action approaches, this processual theory conceptualizes the legal profession as a social process that changes over space and time. The social process of the legal profession includes four components: (1) diagnostic struggles over professional expertise; (2) boundary work over professional jurisdictions; (3) migration across geographical areas and status hierarchies; and (4) exchange between professions and the state. Building on the processual theory and using China as a primary example, the author proposes a research agenda for studying lawyers and globalization that seeks to shift the focus of research from the legal elite to ordinary law practitioners, from global law firms to local law firms, and from advanced economies to emerging economies.     

Psychological Testimony and the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daubert</Emphasis> Standard

In the legal system, mental health professionals are now a primary source for expert information. Because potentially every psychologist might be drawn into a legal situation, competency requires accommodation of the nexus between the legal system and professional ethics and standards. Three particular Supreme Court cases create a framework for testifying about psychological information. This article reviews those three cases, defines the commitment to evidence-based (scientific) testimony, and explains how psychological ethics and standards should be accommodated. It reviews the major issues that psychologists face in Daubert admissibility challenges. Finally, it makes pertinent recommendations to help avoid the pitfall in dealing with court.     

论现代法学教育中的法律伦理教育

现代法律教育必同时是开发受教育者的道德情怀,砥砺受教育者的伦理能力的过程。法律伦理包括法律制度赖以形成的内在的伦理结构和法律制度得以良好运行的外在的法律职业行为伦理两部分。法律伦理教育的目的是培养受教育者的伦理问题意识和提升受教育者的伦理推理能力与伦理选择能力。这一目的的实现有赖于法学教育理念的变革和教育方式的更新。     

Professionalism under the Legal Services Act 2007

The Legal Services Act 2007 represents an ambitious attempt to reconcile consumerism and professionalism. The Act created a Legal Services Board to oversee the regulation of the legal services market in England and Wales. The Board was also placed under a duty to promote consumer interests and to encourage an independent, strong, diverse and effective legal profession and to promote professional principles. The article examines the actual and prospective impacts of the Act on the legal professions, professional work, the regulatory system, regulatory method, professional ethics and legal education. It identifies threats posed to traditional conceptions of legal professionalism by the new regime and suggests ways that they might be mitigated.     

Mechanisms and Consequences of Professional Marginality: The Case of Poverty Lawyers Revisited

A partial replication of Jack Katz's (1982 ) Poor People's Lawyers in Transition, this article explores the manifestations and consequences of professional marginality of legal aid lawyers. Based on thirty‐five interviews with poverty attorneys and interns in Chicago, the authors show that scarce material resources and unclear expectations continue to give rise to the marginalization of this segment of the legal profession. The authors analyzed ideological, task, status, and material dimensions of attorneys' professional marginality. With no access to reform litigation, central to the legal aid “culture of significance” in the 1970s, present‐day poverty lawyers seek new ways to cope with marginality. The authors argue that these lawyers' coping strategies have many negative consequences. Thus, over time, poverty lawyers' deep engagement with clients, ideals of empowerment, and social justice orientation give way to emotional detachment, complacency, and an emphasis on “making do” within the constraints of the system.