头面部软组织厚度的观测报告

选用30具成尸,在头面部设34个测量点(中线上14、侧面20),测了各点软组织的厚度;观测了眼在眶中的位置、眼裂的内外径、外耳厚、上下高、前后宽及纵轴斜向前下方的角度、口裂的宽度和上下唇的厚度、外鼻的上下长,鼻底的宽,鼻尖的高和鼻孔的口径等,为面貌复原、整容、头面部软组织损伤后的整形修复提供解剖学资料。     

应用超声波检测活体头面部软组织厚度的研究

应用CTS－5型超声波诊断仪对82例中国汉族不同年龄组（18－60岁）健康男，女性头面部软组织厚度进行测量和统计，力图为国人面貌复原提供更加客观和准确的基础数据。     

中国土家族人群头面部软组织厚度的测量

目的测量中国土家族人群头面部软组织厚度。方法156名中国湖南西部土家族成年男女(男80,女76),经拍摄头面部侧位X线片,选取正中矢状面5个部位上的10个点,测量其软组织厚度,并对所得数据进行统计学处理。结果中国土家族成年人群头面部10个点的软组织厚度测量值,男性在(3.46±0.09)mm~(9.11±0.14)mm范围,女性在(3.29±0.16)mm~(9.05±0.18)mm;除鼻下点外(男性9.06mm±0.15mm,女性9.02mm±0.19mm),男女性之间各点均有显著性差异,且下面部软组织厚度较上面部大。结论土家族成年男女性头面部软组织厚度存在着性别差异和年龄差异。     

二维与三维测量在面部软组织厚度研究中的应用

目的 使用不同方法测量面部软组织厚度(FSTT),为我国北方汉族成年人的颅骨面貌复原提供方法及数据支持。方法 收集123名北方汉族成年人（男性64名,女性59名）的颅面部薄层螺旋CT图像,进行三维重建并初步选取38个颅骨标志点;对所有受试者标志点的软组织厚度进行三维测量,随机选取其中50例进行二维测量;比较两种方法的测量结果是否存在显著差异,分析不同性别、年龄、BMI对面部软组织厚度的影响。结果 配对t检验显示,两种方法测量的数据相关性均> 0.7,30个标志点的差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;多因素方差分析（MANOVA）显示,有13个和35个标志点分别在不同性别和不同BMI间的差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）,仅6个标志点在不同年龄段间的差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论 不同测量方法会影响面部软组织厚度的测量结果,我国北方汉族成年人面部软组织厚度受性别和BMI影响较大,受年龄影响较小。     

四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度的数字X线测量

目的 测量四川汉族青少年（8—20岁）人群面部中线软组织厚度，探讨其生长发育变化规律，为法医人类学的面部重建提供的基础数据。方法 选取974例（男496，女478）头颅侧位数字X线片，分13个年龄段（8—20岁）。选择面部10个标志点的软组织厚度测量，并进行描述性统计学分析。结果 四川汉族青少年人群面部10个标志点的中线软组织平均厚度，在青少年阶段大多数测量标志点随年龄增长而增厚；男女性面部中线软组织厚度统计学分析存在性别差异（P〈0．05），在15岁之后差异增大，且LU点显著差异性在9-20岁之间均存在（P〈0．01）。结论 四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度有随年龄增长而增厚的档势．男女面部软组织厚度存在性别差异。     

四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度的数字X线测量

目的测量四川汉族青少年(8～20岁)人群面部中线软组织厚度,探讨其生长发育变化规律,为法医人类学的面部重建提供的基础数据。方法选取974例(男496,女478)头颅侧位数字X线片,分13个年龄段(8～20岁),选择面部10个标志点的软组织厚度测量,并进行描述性统计学分析。结果四川汉族青少年人群面部10个标志点的中线软组织平均厚度,在青少年阶段大多数测量标志点随年龄增长而增厚;男女性面部中线软组织厚度统计学分析存在性别差异(P<0.05),在15岁之后差异增大,且LLI点显著差异性在9～20岁之间均存在(P<0.01)。结论四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度有随年龄增长而增厚的趋势,男女面部软组织厚度存在性别差异。     

磁共振测量软组织内创道长度37例分析

<正>软组织创伤日常多见,是人体损伤鉴定中最常见的类型。本文旨在探讨利用磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)测量软组织创伤内创道长度的可行性,并对创道周围组织损伤情况进行评价,为法医学鉴定提供科学客观的依据。1案例资料1.1一般情况37例软组织锐器伤患者,其中男31人,女6人;平均30.4岁,最大61岁,最小14岁;受伤时间平均     

头面部损伤致嗅觉障碍的法医学鉴定

交通事故致头面部损伤的伤者,其嗅觉障碍在适用《交通事故及人身损害标准》评残时,暂不予以评定。这表明外伤性嗅觉障碍患者的合法权益未得到合理的维护,侵害了当事人的合法权益,有损司法鉴定宗旨。本文为了维护当事人合法权益,试从以下几个方面浅探外伤性嗅觉障碍在司法鉴定评残活动中的适用。     

MRI对骨挫伤的法医学诊断及鉴定分析

骨挫伤是指外伤所致骨髓出血、水肿和骨小梁的细微骨折,没有骨折线和骨变形。因此一般X线和CT不能显示挫伤骨的骨质异常,由于磁共振成像（Maguetic Resonance Imaging,MRI）技术的应用,使骨挫伤的诊断变得比较容易。     

人体损伤程度鉴定标准若干条文的理解与适用（第三讲 面部损伤）

1面部软组织损伤1.1面部软组织创《人体轻微伤的鉴定》第3.4条、《人体轻伤鉴定标准(试行)》第十四条,都是关于面部软组织创的规定。面部软组织创的性质、长度对于损伤程度的鉴定至关重要,因此有必要对于软组织创的检验进行规范。1.1.1面部软组织创的检验在观察创口时,应当着重     

Reproducibility of facial soft tissue thicknesses for craniofacial reconstruction using cone-beam CT images

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the soft tissue (ST) thicknesses at 31 landmarks using the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images obtained from 20 adult subjects. Four observers carried out ST thickness measurements using Skull Measure software, and the inter- and intra-observer error rates were evaluated. Only five of 31 landmarks showed significant differences in recorded ST thickness between the observers. When excluding inexperienced observers, only one landmark showed a significant difference between the observers. Regarding the intra-observer reproducibility, the ST thickness measurements at three landmarks showed low correlation coefficients. The results of this study indicate that CBCT images can be used to measure ST thickness with high reproducibility. However, some landmarks need to be redefined to reliably measure ST thickness on CBCT images.     

Facial soft tissue depths in craniofacial identification (part II): An analytical review of the published sub-adult data

Prior research indicates that while statistically significant differences exist between subcategories of the adult soft tissue depth data, magnitudes of difference are small and possess little practical meaning when measurement errors and variations between measurement methods are considered. These findings raise questions as to what variables may or may not hold meaning for the sub-adult data. Of primary interest is the effect of age, as these differences have the potential to surpass the magnitude of measurement error. Data from the five studies in the literature on sub-adults which describe values for single integer age groups were pooled and differences across the ages examined. From 1 to 18 years, most soft tissue depth measurements increased by less than 3 mm. These results suggest that dividing the data for children into more than two age groups is unlikely to hold many advantages. Data were therefore split into two groups with the division point corresponding to the mid-point of the observed trends and main data density (0-11 and 12-18 years; division point = 11.5 years). Published sub-adult data for seven further studies which reported broader age groups were pooled with the data above to produce the final tallied soft tissue depth tables. These tables hold the advantages of increased sample sizes (pogonion has greater than 1770 individuals for either age group) and increased levels of certainty (as random and opposing systematic errors specific to each independent study should average out when the data are combined).     

Facial soft tissue depths in craniofacial identification (part I): An analytical review of the published adult data

With the ever increasing production of average soft tissue depth studies, data are becoming increasingly complex, less standardized, and more unwieldy. So far, no overarching review has been attempted to determine: the validity of continued data collection; the usefulness of the existing data subcategorizations; or if a synthesis is possible to produce a manageable soft tissue depth library. While a principal components analysis would provide the best foundation for such an assessment, this type of investigation is not currently possible because of a lack of easily accessible raw data (first, many studies are narrow; second, raw data are infrequently published and/or stored and are not always shared by some authors). This paper provides an alternate means of investigation using an hierarchical approach to review and compare the effects of single variables on published mean values for adults whilst acknowledging measurement errors and within-group variation. The results revealed: (i) no clear secular trends at frequently investigated landmarks; (ii) wide variation in soft tissue depth measures between different measurement techniques irrespective of whether living persons or cadavers were considered; (iii) no clear clustering of non-Caucasoid data far from the Caucasoid means; and (iv) minor differences between males and females. Consequently, the data were pooled across studies using weighted means and standard deviations to cancel out random and opposing study-specific errors, and to produce a single soft tissue depth table with increased sample sizes (e.g., 6786 individuals at pogonion).     

广泛软组织挫伤后器官形态学的研究

目的探索法医病理学诊断广泛软组织挫伤、挤压综合征致死案例的形态学改变。方法采用大鼠广泛软组织挫伤模型和人体挤压综合征致死标本,对器官进行HE染色、肾肌红蛋白HSP免疫组化染色及电镜观察。 结果肾肌红蛋白的阳性率分别为60％、75％、95％;心肌、脑组织阳性染色率为90％;广泛软组织挫伤短期内死亡的大鼠肾电镜观察,可见多种组织细胞病理改变致使毛细血管腔狭窄、闭塞等。结论建立了较理想的大鼠广泛软组织挫伤形成的挤压综合征动物模型;为此类研究积累了具有一定实用价值的病理形态学资料。     

Comparability of radiographic and 3D-ultrasound measurements of facial midline tissue depths

As a second step in our three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound research on facial tissues, orthodontic patients with available lateral cephalographs (radiographs) allowing measurements of tissues along the midline of the face were recruited for ultrasound scanning. Comparison of three points on the upper lip (A-point), chin (B-point), and nose (nasion) produced differences of varying magnitude between radiographic and ultrasound measurements, with the B-point measurement being clearly affected by head orientation. Concordance was better for A-point and best for nasion. Although extension of two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound scanning of facial tissues to 3D scanning for forensic and surgical reconstructive purposes remains a worthy goal, it must be recognized that because of the differences in technique, measurements obtained from the different visualization modalities at present vary in their comparability.     

Cervical soft tissue emphysema in hanging--a prospective autopsy study

The underlying mechanism of cervical soft tissue emphysema (CSTE) in hanging remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of CSTE in cases of hanging. The sample included 83 deceased persons, average age 55.3 ± 17.9 years. CSTE was established in 44 cases. CSTE is presented as frothy air, soap bubble-like formations in superficial and/or deep connective tissue between the neck muscles up to the ligature mark, visible during gross neck examination, using special neck autopsy technique-preparation of the neck organs in layers. The interpretation of positive CSTE must be taken with caution: it could be an antemortem phenomenon possibly because of either Macklin Effect or direct or indirect trauma to the cervical airways, as well as an ante- or postmortem artifact.     

Age and sex related measurement of craniofacial soft tissue thickness and nasal profile in the Chinese population

The purpose of this study was to acquire accurate data of craniofacial soft tissue thickness (CFSTT) and nasal profile in Chinese people of Han population. A total of 31 anatomical landmarks and 4 nasal profile parameters were determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 425 subjects (233 males and 192 females). In the present study, the mean CFSTT values of male subjects exceeded those of female subjects at most anatomical landmarks except at seven (22.58%) and 6 out of the 7 landmarks were bilateral anatomical landmark points. The age-related and sex × age interactions were found to be statistically significant at all landmarks. Significant differences were found in the nasal profile data of males and females, and 15 out of 20 different groups had significant differences between sexes, and the mean values of nasal length, nasal height, nasal depth and nasal breadth in males were all greater than those in females. Furthermore, both CFSTT and nasal profile showed good correlation with age. The thickest CFSTT of male and female were found at the respective ages of 45-59 and 35-44, and the nasal profile becomes more constant after 24 years of age. CFSTT of the lower part of the face shows greater variation compared to the upper part, so special care needs to be applied when reconstructing the lower portion of the face. Our data on CFSTT and nasal profile for the Chinese Xi'an Han population is important in understanding craniofacial characteristics of the Chinese population and might be potentially helpful in forensic identification.