公共事业民营化模式分析——基于杭州湾跨海大桥的实证研究

20世纪下半叶以来,旨在改善公共部门绩效,提高公共物品供给质量的民营化运动成为公共事业领域改革的重要取向。在我国,随着政府逐渐放宽民间资本进入公共事业领域的门槛,BOT、TOT与PFI等模式被广泛运用于公共事业民营化改革中。这些民营化模式在引入民间资本、提高管理效率的同时也暴露出一些问题。杭州湾跨海大桥作为目前国内首次在重点基础设施建设中引入BOT模式的先例,对于民营化模式的运作不无借鉴意义。     

建设中国特色的“新型”智库

正近年来,中国的智库建设方兴未艾,种种"智库"不断涌现。但当今中国的智库主要是政府智库、研究机构(全国社科院)智库、高校智库和民间智库;西方则主要是民间智库,或与政府和军方有密切利益合作关系的民间智库。中国的民间智库总体较弱,在借鉴西方经验的同时,如何形成中国特色的民间智库,如何形成中国特色的以"混合所有制"方式运作的社会化专业化智库,我认为是中国智库建设中的重要价值取向。     

泰国PPP法律制度分析及启示

正"一带一路"自2013年提出以来已取得丰硕成果,下一阶段的发展重心是基础设施等重大项目建设和产能合作。"一带一路"沿线多数国家基础设施建设需求大,但是仅依靠政府预算参与投资远无法满足,因此,运用PPP模式吸引、鼓励社会资本参与国家基础设施投资建设是一种较好的方式。中南半岛作为"一带一路"建设的重要战     

从“乌坎事件”透视社会资本在农村群体性事件中的运作逻辑

农村群体性事件指那些发生在农村地区的,由农民组织参与的,具有一定规模,并且对社会稳定造成一定程度负面影响的事件。通过对"乌坎事件"的解读,从民众和政府两个角度揭示社会资本在农村群体性事件中的运作逻辑,最后从社会资本的角度提出了对农村群体性事件防范的一些思考。     

社会事业的民间资本投入保障机制研究——以湖南省浏阳市为例

根据国务院《关于鼓励和引导民间投资健康发展的若干意见》中提出鼓励和引导民间资本进入社会事业领域的精神,结合浏阳市实际,完善社会事业的民间资本投入保障机制应更新发展理念,推行政府购买公共服务模式;制定发展规划,出台社会事业民间投资指南;完善政策体系,清除民间资本投入体制障碍;拓宽融合渠道,搭建民办社会事业融资平台。     

西部开发中基础设施建设应用私人主动融资方式的探索

西部大开发以公共基础设施建设为重点,而这些设施需要注入大量的资金。在政府资金严重短缺的情况下,对于缺乏商业价值,私人不愿投资,而从社会角度又需要的公共基础设施项目,采用私人主动融资PFI方式是一种较好的解决办法。     

公共文化体育设施应用PPP模式探讨

PPP模式作为一种新的管理模式已经在中国公共建设项目中得到广泛运用。公共文体设施项目虽然与基础设施建设同属公共建设项目,具有公共建设项目的共同特征,但依然存在其特殊性。公共文体设施项目可以借鉴基础设施建设引入PPP模式的经验,发挥比政府主导更加明显的优势。在利用PPP模式进行公共文体设施项目的建设运营过程中,可以采取建立稳定的伙伴关系、市场化运作和维护社会资本的市场主体地位等策略,保证项目社会效益与经济效益的有效实现。     

投资基础设施:民间资金大有可为

几年前,老百姓一般认为大型公益性基础设施的兴建是政府的事情,与自己无关。近几年,我国出现了民间资金包括国外私人资本和国内民间资金投入基础设施的新势头。 “八五”期间,国家明确了基础设施以国家为主,积极动员社会力量兴办的方针。“九五”计划又明确提出了一些加快基础设施建设的筹资政策,扩大了基础设施吸引民间资金的规模。 据最新统计,1995年,外商和港澳台(都包括政府和个人投资)     

“三没”困扰民资

<正> "新36条"颁布后,民间资本进入垄断行业的心态是:没实力不敢进,没权利不愿进,没席位进不去我国法律从未禁止民间资本进入垄断行业,但长期以来两者之间隔着一道"玻璃门",民企望而却步。国务院今年出台     

党的十八届三中全会《决定》看点解读(四)

<正>民营银行民营银行是由民营资本控股,并采用市场化机制来经营的银行。民营银行的核心特征是其具有有别于国有银行的公司治理结构,民营银行不仅在资本金来源上实现了民营化,而且完全实行市场化运作。在我国现阶段建立和发展民营银行对于启动民间资本,降低政府负担,化解金融风险,完善我国的金融机构体系,具有非常重要的意义。     

The risky business of public–private partnerships

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are now a common strand of third way government policy, with better efficiency promised from the private funding of public infrastructure through the transfer of risks to private parties. This paper aims to investigate, on an empirical basis, the realities of risk transfers in PPPs and compare this experience against both the rhetoric of project proponents and the formal contract conditions. The paper outlines some conceptual frameworks underpinning PPPs and establishes the notions of risk shifting and risk sharing. The range of typical risks encountered in infrastructure projects is specially considered, and differences to traditional project delivery arrangements are articulated. Some empirical experience on the transfer of risks under PPPs is then outlined through a case study. This analysis shows the extent to which risks were shifted to the private parties as planned, or whether risks remained with government. It is argued that while commercial risks were largely well managed, governance risks were not. It is critical to understand better the nature of risk transfers in PPPs in view of the large financial implications of these deals along with long contract terms.     

An Evaluation of Private Sector Provision of Public Infrastructure in Australian Local Government

Private sector provision of public infrastructure in Australia at all levels of government, including local government, has steadily increased over the past twenty years. Nevertheless, this method of providing public infrastructure remains controversial. This article seeks to provide a critical review of the arguments surrounding private sector provision of infrastructure in Australian local government. It examines both the case for private sector provision of municipal infrastructure in Australia and the major arguments advanced against this approach to infrastructure development. Given the conceptual argumentation and empirical evidence on private municipal infrastructure provision, it is argued that policy makers should employ a nuanced performance evaluation framework to assess the benefits and weaknesses of private provision on the basis of the specific type of infrastructure in question and the kind of services it provides rather than simply endorse carte blanche privatization.     

Policy Agendas for South Korea's Broadband Convergence Network Infrastructure Project

Broadband holds a critical position in the progress of economic and social indicators by connecting consumers, businesses, and governments. South Korea has consistently been the global leader in broadband deployment since 1999. In the last 10 years, the Korean government has pursued several strategies for its broadband policy. The purpose of this article was to explore South Korea's implementation of its Broadband Convergence Network (BcN) project with special emphasis on its objectives of achieving media convergence, ubiquitous connectivity, and coordination among network stakeholders. The study uses the theoretical framework of institutionalism to identify factors that help explain how the policy agenda for the BcN was implemented. The BcN is Korea's most recent high‐speed Internet infrastructure project and is envisioned as a conduit through which broadband services, applications, and content will flow to reflect a robust high‐speed Internet infrastructure. This broadband infrastructure project began in 2004 as a consortium that includes the government and private sector firms. This infrastructure was launched as a three‐phase project. The first phase of the BcN extended from 2004 through 2005, the second phase extended from 2006 through 2007, and the third phase extended from 2008 through 2010.     

Hybrid annuity model: Hamming risk allocations in Indian highway public–private partnerships

A new public–private partnership (PPP) model, that is, hybrid annuity model (HAM) was introduced in 2016, to revive investments in the Indian highway infrastructure and to remedy the troubled relationship between the public and private sectors. This model marked a significant policy departure in the management of long‐ and short‐term public interest, which is inherent to public utilities and service delivery. Through a dispassionate lens, this paper critically examines the extent to which HAM has fulfilled its stated objectives. The analysis of project award data provides mixed empirical evidence of HAM's early success. As a positive policy imperative, HAM has been able to attract private participation in highway infrastructure by readjustment of risk allocations, and hence, it is a welcome step forward in improving public affairs. Worryingly though, HAM also brought about extensive de‐risking of the private sector, with evidence of rendering risk retention, that is, “skin‐in‐the‐game” by the less significant private infrastructure investors, and thereby adversely impacting development priorities. We find that HAM has taken the reengagement of private sector two steps back in management of PPP affairs. Recognizing that a true performance assessment is unlikely at this early stage of HAM introduction, the paper adopts a more analytical stance in identifying possible pitfalls based upon the telltale signs presented by project bidding and award data. This study offers fresh insight and course correction on the role of government and other stakeholders in this newly introduced PPP template.     

Identification of critical success factors for public–private partnership projects

Public–private partnership (PPP) is one of the popular mechanisms for the development of infrastructure worldwide; governments across the globe are engaged in discovering a range of PPP policies and strategies for growth of infrastructure. The growth of infrastructure is imperative of the sustainable development of an economy. Therefore, it is pertinent to identify key success factors for the development of infrastructure through PPP model. The current paper aims to explore significant factors for successful execution and completion of PPP projects in infrastructure. A total of 517 employees who had hand‐on experience on PPP projects located in India were interviewed through a structured questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis yielded 14 components as a significant factor for the success of PPP in infrastructure. This study highlights that the development of infrastructure would be rapid through PPP if government considers these factors in the implementation phase.     

National Varieties of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs): A Comparative Analysis of PPP-Supporting Units in 19 European Countries

Most countries that have adopted the public–private partnership (PPP) model as a means of implementing infrastructure projects have launched dedicated supporting units to guide policy development and stimulate project implementation. This paper draws on the theoretical notion of PPP-enabling fields to carry out a comparative analysis of the roles and functions of PPP-supporting units across 19 European countries with varying PPP experiences. We distinguish four categories of national support of PPPs, from skeptical systems of zero support to full-fledged PPP systems. Furthermore, we take initial steps to analyze the possible link between national differences in institutionalized PPP support and the amount of implemented PPP projects. Finally, pathways for further research on PPP-supporting units are discussed.     

Policy actions for developing the infrastructure sector: Learnings from the Indian experience

The infrastructure sector is one of the major pillars for economic growth and development of a country. The responsibility to develop this crucial sector is shifting away from the public to the private sector. After the economic liberalization in 1991, India opened the infrastructure sector, among many others, to private domestic and foreign investment. The shortage of electricity, the poor state of roads, and limited telecom access necessitated a stream of persistent reforms, which were expected to play a significant role in the infrastructure sector's growth. Although some subsectors witnessed success, others continued to face hurdles. The paper highlights the role of infrastructure in socio-economic development through global literature. It also presents a story of infrastructure development in India since the inception of economic liberalization. It highlights various challenges that discourage private sector investments, thus providing a rationale for policy initiatives by the government. The paper also presents critical issues highlighted by multiple government committees over nearly three decades and identifies residual issues that merit attention. The outcomes of the paper are relevant in the context of developing and emerging economies.     

Government Support Programs and Private Investments in PPP Markets

ABSTRACT:

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have become an important tool for investing in and developing public infrastructure and services. However, many developing countries have failed to attract sufficient private investment from the PPP market. This article uses data from 4,484 PPP projects across 130 developing countries to investigate if and how distinct types of government support can attract more private investment. Results showed that capital, revenue, and in-kind subsidies directly provided from governments attract more private capital, while indirect supports through government guarantee policies do not. The institutional quality of a country enhances the positive relationship between direct government support and private PPP investments. Further, risk allocation plays a mediating role between government supports and private investment.     

民营经济发展过程中的公共政策创新——温州地方政府政策的演变与分析

地方政府作为正式制度供给的主体之一,在民营经济发展过程中起着特殊而又重要的作用。以温州民营经济发展为背景,实证描述和分析了地方政府政策在突破旧制度约束过程中所呈现出的显著跃迁性的特征。温州地方政府适时的政策创新,促使民营企业的非正式制度创新逐步转变为正式制度安排,为民营企业从非法走向合法奠定了坚实的基础。温州地方政府在公共政策设计过程中,既符合了温州民营企业的利益和制度知识,又符合了政策者的既得利益和意识目标,政策供给兼备了社会可行性和组织可行性,从而使得政策效能得到了充分的发挥。     

When public principals give up control over private agents: The new independence of ICANN in internet governance

In 2016, the United States (US) government relinquished its long‐standing delegation contract with the Internet Corporation for Assignment of Names and Numbers (ICANN), a private organization that governs the technical infrastructure of the internet. This presents a puzzle as the US not only gave up a power resource, but also relinquished the possibility, as a public principal, to hold the private agent ICANN accountable. I argue that public principals have incentives to leave control in the hands of private stakeholders when a delegation contract is exposed to external pressure by powerful outside states and the probability of extensive policy changes by the privatized agent is limited. The analysis shows that the unilateral US control over ICANN was strongly challenged by other states and private actors. Instead of granting a greater role to rising powers in internet governance, the US gave up its unilateral influence after internal reforms limited the risk that an independent ICANN could deviate too far from former policies.