第三条道路:社会民主主义还是社会自由主义?

随着1997年英国工党赢得大选并上台执政,所谓的"第三条道路"曾风靡一时.虽然英国学者吉登斯把工党的胜利和第三条道路的提出看作是社会民主主义复兴的标志,但事实上,由于资本主义生产方式的改变,由于内部社会结构和国际条件的变化,英国工党已经完全背离了传统的社会民主主义.由于仅仅局限于在现存制度框架内的修修补补,所谓的"第三条道路"事实上充其量只能算作是一种"社会自由主义".     

新时期英国工党执政经验教训及启示

1997—2010年,英国工党创造了其历史上最长的连续执政纪录。这一纪录的创立与工党价值观念的调整、组织制度的变革、执政策略的选择息息相关。而2010年工党败选,既有政治钟摆的作用、对手的冲击等原因,但更重要的在于其自身的问题及政策的失误。总结工党执政期间的经验与教训,对中国共产党加强党的建设、提高执政能力有着重要的启示意义。     

荷兰2002年大选评析

本文对荷兰2002年5月大选的竞选过程及其结果做了初步分析,认为由于欧洲右翼化政治转向和国内突发事件特别是新极右翼政治家佛图被暗杀的共同影响,新极右翼政治议题和政党主导了本次大选.像其它许多欧盟国家一样,已连续两届执政的工党联盟政府尽管取得了相当不错的经济政绩却成为最大的输家,而温和保守的基督教民主党领导的中右联盟成了选民的政治选择.     

金诺克改革与英国新工党

1994年布莱尔担任英国工党领袖,对工党进行全方位改革,并将之称为"新工党".但新工党包含的内容并不完全是新的,很多改革在工党前领袖金诺克①时期就已完成.本文通过对金诺克改革的分析,表明所谓"新工党"同金诺克时期的"旧工党"之间虽有差异,但更多的是一种继承延续而不是一种分离甚至对立,因而不能简单地以"新"或"旧"对两者进行界定.     

法国社会党:"新阶级联盟"的主张与实践

法国社会党成立于1905年.战后以来,该党一直是法社会中的重要政治力量,20世纪80年代初至90年代中期曾长期执政.1997年6月,该党在丢失政权4年后,又在立法选举中获胜,再次上台执政.此后,该党为适应时代和形势的变化,锐意变革,探索新的发展道路.在纲领政策调整方面,该党提出的引人瞩目的主张是建立包括中产阶级、平民阶层和"被社会排斥者"在内的"新阶级联盟".     

北欧政党政治左翼化态势及其前景

2021年9月,挪威工党在本国议会大选中成为第一大党,由其领衔的中左翼联盟在选举中以较大优势胜出.此次大选终结了以保守党为主的中右翼政党联盟连续8年的执政,挪威成为北欧地区继瑞典、芬兰、丹麦之后第四个由中左翼政党执政的国家.在欧洲各国民粹政党迅速壮大、欧洲社会民粹化大行其道的背景下,北欧四国集体"左转".此轮中左翼政党上台执政得益于国际环境和北欧国家内部条件的变化,其重新执政伴随着一些新的时代特征,也面临着新形势下的新挑战.     

"瑞典模式"——可资借鉴,但不要神化和照搬

如何看待"瑞典模式" 对"瑞典模式"("民主社会主义"道路的一个典范)的研究,并非从今日始,已有近30年的历史了.特别是20世纪90年代初,中国实行社会主义市场经济之后,中国共产党同欧洲各国社会党、社会民主党和工党(以下简称为社会党)进行频繁的政党交流.     

从“科尔宾现象”看英国工党的变革与面临的挑战

左翼议员杰里米·科尔宾在2015年以"黑马"姿态当选英国工党领袖,又于2016年以明显优势战胜竞争者。两场选举标志着"后第三条道路"时期工党的左转,折射出政党精英与普通选民的分歧,也是工党调整方向、网络传播效应和选举制度变革的结果。科尔宾如欲弥合党内分歧,整合工党力量,把党员支持转化为工党选票,争取工党重新上台,还需要解决党内高层认同不高、理论创新能力不足、民调结果持续落后等诸多难题。     

英国工党何时东山再起?

在资本与劳动的矛盾与斗争中,英国工党始终站在劳动一方。虽然由于全球化的加快和知识经济的兴起,作为工党选民基础的传统蓝领工人阶级在人数上已经大大减少,英国工党的战略与策略都不得不进行调整,但它仍然还是占人口绝大多数的劳动者的政治代表,有着深厚的社会基础。因此,在老牌、典型资本主义的英国,工党虽然不可能始终占据主导地位,但由于工党既无力也无意推翻英国资本主义制度,而只是对它修修补补,所以英国工党随时都可能重新执政。     

英国工党与工会关系的政治分析

随着2010年5月的大选失利和9月选出新领袖,英国工党进入埃德·米利班德时期.为了重新赢得执政地位,工党开始了政策反思与调整的历程.其中,工党与工会特殊的制度化联系,成为最为重要的影响因素. 英国工党与工会的传统关系与调整 与西欧大多数社会民主主义政党的建立不同,英国工党起源于工会运动.同时,由于工会是工党力量的主要输送者和财政的主要供给者,固而工党的政策主张与思想理念长期受到工会的控制,以工会政治臂膀的形象出现于英国政坛.     

Power and transformational and transactional leadership in public and private organizations

Ten public and 35 private organizations located in Central New York State participated in a university- sponsored research project to study the effects of organizational characteristics upon types of leadership (transformational/transactional) and power demonstrated by supervisors. Public sector organizations in which managers had low control over rewards were compared to private sector organizations in which managers had high control over rewards.

Followers perceived public sector supervisors as more inspirational by their followers and they used more active management-by-exception behavior than those in private organizations. Private sector supervisors had more reward, legitimate and coercive power than supervisors in public sector organizations.     

Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract

Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.     

Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed

This article discusses two inter-related issues. Firstly, the factors lying behind Russia's fervent belief that its Novorossiya (New Russia) project, aimed to bring back to Russia eight oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhhya, Odesa, Mykolayiv, and Kherson in eastern and southern Ukraine and launched during the 2014 “Russian Spring,” would be successful. Russian identity misunderstood, and continues to misunderstand, Ukraine and Ukrainians through stereotypes and myths of Ukraine as an “artificial state” and Ukraine's Russian speakers as “fraternal brothers” and Russians and Ukrainians as “one people” (odin narod). Secondly, why Ukrainian national identity was different than these Russian stereotypes and myths and how this led to the failure of the Novorossiya project. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians came face to face with the reality of Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriotism and their low support for the Russkij Mir (Russian World). The article compares Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians with how Ukrainians see themselves to explain the roots of the 2014 crisis, “Russian Spring,” and failure of Russian President Vladimir Putin's Novorossiya project.     

Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago

This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians’ lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.     

现代化与未成年人犯罪

未成人犯罪随着现代化的发展而发展，这可以说是一种国际现象。在现代化进程中，我国未成年人犯罪大量增多的原因在于：未成年人生理、心理发展不平衡，家庭教育存在缺失，学校教育存在不足，社会上存在着很多消极因素。在现代化进程中，必须采取有效对策，控制未成年人犯罪增多，才能保障未成年人健康成长。     

Country size and economic growth and development

This paper attempts to provide limited empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship between country size and rates of economic growth and levels of economic development, and on the possible effects of trade concentration and dependence on trade on this relationship. It suggests that there is no discernible association between country size and economic development, nor between country size and economic growth, and that neither the dependence on trade of small countries nor their commodity and geographic export concentration are necessarily important factors in economic growth and economic development.     

Government and Corruption: Scylla and Charybdis

Using public sector employment and corruption perception data for 72 countries across the world, this article demonstrates that despite common notion countries with “smaller” governments do not tend to have lower corruption. Under general assumptions, one can demonstrate that there is an optimal size of public sector employment corresponding to the highest capital intensity. The model has several implications: lower optimal sizes of governments for labor intensive countries and higher sizes for capital intensive ones, possibility to reduce corruption paying a cost of suboptimal output, and a higher “price” of an oversized government for labor intensive countries.     

“两抢”犯罪的趋势与防控

根据最近16年的统计数据，我国“两抢”犯罪总体呈上升态势，且出现多方面的特点。当前，影响“两抢”犯罪变化趋势的因素主要有：社会管理机制完善的程度、社会成员之间收入的差距、“两抢”犯罪主体特点、社会成员的防范意识以及公安机关的防控机制等。预防“两抢”犯罪需要整个社会尤其是公安机关的共同努力。