Touch DNA of Shed Skin Cells from the Deployed Airbag to Address Drunken Driving Crimes

In the criminal cases of driving under the influence （DUI）, DNA evidence can be collectedfrom the deployed airbag of the motor vehicle and submitted to the crime lab for touch DNA analysis.The evidence can be acquired when the skin cells are observed on the surface of the airbag in a trafficaccident. However, the low quantity or quality of the evidence collected from a crime scene preventsfurther identification analysis in many cases. In the current study, we reported a case of identifyingtouch DNA extraction from the shed skin cells from the deployed airbag of a motor vehicle. We man-aged to collect DNA evidence from the shed skin cells in an airbag using a proper approach of collec-tion and extraction. The 5.87 ng of extracted DNA was sufficient for genotyping and forensic identifica-tion, which helped to identify the driver of the car in collision with a pier in the street. In DUI casesand other traffic accidents, therefore, the amount of touch DNA extracted from the deployed airbag canbe sufficient for DNA marker genotyping and further analysis.     

Genetic Polymorphisms of 15 STR Loci in Gansu Hui Population

The short tandem repeat （STR） markers are widely used in human identification and paternity testing in the field of forensic geneticsm. Recent re- searches on polymorphic STRs have led to their applications to population genetics, forensic DNA database, human individual identification, paternity testing, genetic mapping, disease linkage analysis, archaeology and potential inference of the ethnic o- rigin of an individual.     

PROTECTION OF MALE SEXUAL RIGHTS IN THE CRIME OF RAPE

Crimes relevant to sexual offence in the current Criminal Law of the PRC, such as the crime of rape, the crime of forcible molestation and humiliation of women, the crime of indecency with a child, establish a relatively close net for protecting female sexual rights. However, the protection of male sexual rights is surprisingly neglected or disregarded. In current China, sexual offences against males （including sexual offence against a male by male and sexual offence against a male by female） are getting worse. Unfortunately, male victims of sexual offences cannot seek for legal remedy due to the lack of legal provisions. In theory, the Criminal Law needs to bring in the protection of male sexual rights. This thesis will focus on the issue relevant to sexual offences against males on the crime of rape. The authors will present increasing evidence of sexual offences against males and explore the reasons. We will analyze the necessity of amending the provisions of the crime of rape based on theoretical and practical research, and learn from the advantages of legislations of different times and places in China and other countries. We will conclude with suggestions for amending the current Criminal Law about the crime of rape in order to fill up the gap in legal protection of male sexual rights in China.     

Biometric technology and human rights

Biometrics contributes a new dimension to authentication and identification process of persons. Besides knowledge （passwords） and possession （smart cards）, biometrics provides new means of personal identification. Biometrics procedures are used to recognize or verify behavioral or physical characteristics of a person. Also biometry provides us with a user-friendly method for automatically identification and becoming a competitor for current identification systems, especially for electronic transactions. Cause of biometric increasing position in electronic transaction and security identification system we must to assure perfect information security tools to purpose stability such a systems. But before deploying any security tools or system, one should carefully examine the sensibility and added value of it, as we do in our daily work. However, there are ways to compromise a system based on biometric identification. This article focuses on the future and draw-after of biometric identification, specifically implication on tomorrow＇s network society.     

一种新型6色荧光25个STR基因座复合扩增体系研究（英文）

To develop and validate a novel 6-dye STR(short tandem repeat) 25-plex DNA typing system for forensic DNA profiling and databases. In this study, a novel STR 25-plex DNA typing system that includes 24 autosomal STRs(D1 S1656, D2 S1338, D2 S441, D3 S1358, D5 S818, D6 S1043, D7 S820, D8 S1179, D10 S1248, D12 S391, D13 S317, D16 S539, D18 S51, D19 S433, D21 S11, D22 S1045, CSF1 PO, FGA, Penta D, Penta E, TH01, TPOX, v WA, D11 S4463) and Amelogenin was developed. Validation studies demonstrated the sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility of our novel STR 25-plex DNA typing system. The sensitivity of the STR 25-plex DNA typing system was demonstrated by the ability to obtain complete profiles from as little as 0.125 ng of human DNA. Specificity testing was demonstrated by the lack of cross-reactivity to a variety of commonly encountered animal species and microbial pool. For stability testing, full profiles were obtained with humic acid concentration ≤60 ng/μL and hematin ≤600μM. For forensic evaluation, the selected 24 autosomal STRs followed the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Since 24 autosomal STRs were independent from one another, PM(Probability matching) was 3.5434×10~(-28), TDP(Total Probability of Discrimination Power) was 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 9999999 69863, and CEP(Cumulative probability of exclusion) was 0.999 99999 375. The new STR 25-plex typing system is sensitive, reproducible, and stable, therefore it is highly applicable for use in national DNA database and can help to facilitate international data sharing.     

Indonesian Financial Intelligence Unit＇s obstacles for revealing money laundering crime

To fight against money laundering crime, a number of specialized governmental agencies were created. In Indonesia, these agencies are commonly referred to as ＂financial intelligence units＂ or FlUs, Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan （PPATK） in Indonesia language. Indonesia＇s government declared statute No. 25 year 2002 in conjunction with Statute No. 25 Year 2003 about Money Laundering Crime. These statutes have arranged PPATK＇s definition and function. PPATK as an independent bridging body or institution between financial sectors （banks and other financial institutions） and law enforcement/judicial sectors has a task to analyze the report which must be submitted to the law enforcement officials （i.e., polices, prosecutors, and judges）. This report is used as the basis to determine whether analysis results can continue to the court. Actually, PPATK has been included in investigation sector and granted part of the police＇s power. Therefore, the main function of PPATK is to act as the first gate to reveal money laundering crimes＇ presumption. Based on the research result in 2008, the number of Suspicious Transaction Reports （STR） obtained by PPATK during 2004-2007 was 411. However, only 15 cases were succesfulty brought to the court due to public prosecutors considering money laundering as a proceed of crime which ought to be a ＂sui generis crime＂. This paper aims to elaborate obstacles PPATK faced and the low law enforcement rate （3.6 %） of money laundering crime in Indonesia.     

Progress of DNA-based Methods for Species Identification

Species identification of biological samples is widely used in such fields as forensic science and food industry. A variety of accurate and reliable methods have been developed in recent years. The cur...     

SAFE AND SECURE,HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE

By 2015, it is predicted that there will be 25 billion connected products and processes like smart phones, and tablets using eGovernment systems, eHealth systems and law enforcement agencies. This is of grave concern when setting against a projected world population of 7 billion. It illustrates the need for a safe and secure Future Internet （FI） capable of allowing all to communicate without interference from eybercriminals and malicious intruders. Examples of Internet security breaches including the possible misuse of PLC （Programmable Logic Controlled） nationally strategic systems by criminals having gained access via the Internet will be outlined. The development of secure Future Internet protocols （IPV7） in this area will be discussed. Crime and its prevention are multi-million euro industries that are developing rapidly. Biometrics can reduce crime rates by establishing secure banking transactions, improving passport control, enhancing eGovernment activity, increasing the detection and prevention of human trafficing, preventing illicit terrorist activity as well as the development and improvement of policing and forensic crime detection techniques. Case studies of recent developments in the USA where UCLA is collaborating with law enforcement agencies in Los Angeles （LA） using predictive analytic techniques to forecast crime activity will be presented. Linkeages between the use of biometrics and big open data bases in the EU that could mirror the activities in LA will be explored. The possibilities of obtaining funding from Horizon 2020 call to develop these themes, which will improve the safety of EU citizens. This will be outlined. Human and machine activity on the internet would be inherently more secure if biometric access protocols were adopted. This presentation will also give the results of recent research and developments of biometric security systems in the Social Welfare Public Services to combat fraud, waste and duplication. It will discuss current research in the application of bi     

Substance abuse and its risks leading to a crime： An empirical research based on investigations in university students in Istanbul

The main aim of this paper is to reveal the relationships between substance abuse and criminal conducts through examining the current situation of substance abuse among youth, their knowledge level of substance and their experiences involving in crimes. Data were collected from 312 university students in Istanbul by questionnaires which consist of three parts, 35 questions concerning alcohol use, drug use, cigarette use, and crime-involving experiences under the influence of alcohol or other substances. Results indicate that the university students use cigarette and alcohol mostly. They do not consider the risk of being a victim or an offender in a crime when they are under the influence of alcohol. In fact, the actual proportion of young people who indicated that they had ever been involved in a crime, while they were drunk, is quite small.     

CYBER CRIMES： THE INDIAN LEGAL SCENARIO

Crime is an act or omission, which is prohibited by the law. Cyber crime may be said to be an act which violates net etiquettes. Cyber crime is the latest and perhaps the most specialized and dynamic field in cyber laws. One of the greatest lacunae of this field is the absence of a set of comprehensive law anywhere in the world. Further the growth ratio of Internet and cyber law is not proportional, too. The idea of Internet was conceived in the early 60＇s while a code for its regulation was mooted in late 90 ＇s. This clearly brings about the reason for the complication of cyber crime. Any crime essentially consists of two elements namely, actus reus and mens rea. In the same way, cyber crime is also caused due to these two underlying factors--I. Actus Reus in cyber crimes; and II. Mens Rea in cyber crimes.     

Full Sibling Identification by IBS Scoring Method and Establishment of the Query Table of Its Critical ValueCSCD

Objective: To establish a query table of IBS critical value and identification power for the detection systems with different numbers of STR loci under different false judgment standards. Methods: Samples of 267 pairs of full siblings and 360 pairs of unrelated individuals were collected and 19 autosomal STR loci were genotyped by Goldeneye™ 20A system. The full siblings were determined using IBS scoring method according to the 'Regulation for biological full sibling testing'. The critical values and identification power for the detection systems with different numbers of STR loci under different false judgment standards were calculated by theoretical methods. Results: According to the formal IBS scoring criteria, the identification power of full siblings and unrelated individuals was 0.764 0 and the rate of false judgment was 0. The results of theoretical calculation were consistent with that of sample observation. The query table of IBS critical value for identification of full sibling detection systems with different numbers of STR loci was successfully established. Conclusion: The IBS scoring method defined by the regulation has high detection efficiency and low false judgment rate, which provides a relatively conservative result. The query table of IBS critical value for identification of full sibling detection systems with different numbers of STR loci provides an important reference data for the result judgment of full sibling testing and owns a considerable practical value. © 2017 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

Victim impact statements and the role of the South African criminologist

This article explores the developments in the plight of victims as well as the professional role of the South African criminologists in offering assistance to victims of crime by compiling victim impact statements on behalf of victims. The VIS has a significant contribution to make in a stage of the judicial process where acknowledgement of a victim takes place after a judgment or a guilty conviction. During the trial process a victim in legal terms does not exist. It is only at this final stage before sentencing that the court will view the complainant as a victim. It is imperative that the complainant＇s voice is heard as a victim-one who has suffered loss regardless of its shape and form. The all encompassing contribution of the VIS lies in its empowering nature due to the fact that it also can contribute to crime prevention by lowering the crime rate and reducing the cyclical nature of violence and crime.     

HOT BLOCKING

Hot blocking is a crime mapping method that highlights sections of road （or blocks） where the risk of crime is the highest. This paper demonstrates how hot blocking was used to support Operation Trafalgar; a police led operation intended to reduce crime rates in the west end of London in 2012. The case study below sets out how hot blocking was used to rapidly generate geographic intelligence suggesting where and when police should be deployed to reduce violent crime and disorder. Hot blocking is a relatively straightforward crime mapping method to replicate. The technical guidance provided in this paper demonstrates that hot blocking can be delivered with standard analytical software and in time limited scenarios. The results of hot blocking should, however,     

Method Development and Validation for Determining 1,3-Bu- tadiene in Human Blood by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spec- trometry and Head-Space Gas Chromatography

To develop a simple,validated method for identifying and quantifying 1,3-butadiene(BD) in human blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) and head-space gas chromatography(HS-GC).BD was identified by GC-MS and HS-GC,and quantified by HS-GC.The method showed that BD had a good linearity from 50 to 500μg/mL(r0.99).The limits of detection and quantification were 10 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL,respectively.Both the intra-day precision and inter-day precision were 6.08%,and the accuracy was 96.98%-103.81%.The method was applied to an actual case,and the concentration of BD in the case was 242 μg/mL in human blood.This simple method is found to be useful for the routine forensic analysis of acute exposure to BD.     

Establishment of 43-plex SNP Typing System and Its Forensic ApplicationCSCD

Objective: To evaluate the application of 43 -plex SNP typing system in forensic science. Methods: The typing of 43 SNP loci in 123 unrelated Han individuals from East China was detected by MALDI-TOF-MS. The application value of 43-plex SNP typing system was assessed according to the forensic parameters of population genetics. Results: All the 43 SNP loci of 123 individuals showed no significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05). Excepted rs1355366, rs2270529, rs10776839 and rs938283, there were 39 SNP loci had minor allele frequencies (MAF), which were greater than 0.25. Among the 25 loci MAFs, 24 ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, while 3 were close to 0.4. The DP, CDP, PIC, Ho, PEtrio and PEduo of the 43 SNP loci were 0.290 1-0.654 4, 1-9.8×10-11, 0.170 8-0.500 0, 0.155 7-0.593 5, 0.085 4-0.250 0 and 0.014 6-0.125 0, respectively. The CPEtrio and CPEduo were 0.999 986 and 0.992 436 1, respectively. Conclusion: The 43-plex SNP typing system in present study shows a high polymorphism, which can be an effective supplement and verification for traditional STR genetic markers. It also can be used with other commercial kits for the forensic paternity testing and individual identification. © 2018 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

Determination of triptolide and wilforlide A in biological samples by LC-MS/MSCSCD

Objective: To determinate triptolide and wilforlide A in biological samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method and to verify the method. Methods: After 0.4 mL blood, urine or 0.4 g hepatic tissues with internal standard were extracted by ethyl acetate, they were separated on a Allure PFP Propyl (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase of methanol-20 mmol/L ammonium acetate using gradient elution. For mass spectrometric detection, electrospray ionization (ESP) in positive mode was elected and the data was collected using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM). Results: The linearity was good (r>0.9950) and the limit of detection was 2 ng/mL or 2 ng/g for triptolide and wilforlide A. The recovery was 61.08%-102.98%. The intra-day and inter-day precision was less than 12.58% for each biological sample, and the accuracy was 90.61%-105.80%. Conclusion: This method is simple, convenient and good selective, and could be applied to analysis of triptolide and wilforlide A in different biological samples. And the method may provide technical support for forensic medicine identification, clinical diagnosis and treatment of tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. poisoning. © 2015 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

Small arm transfers and state complicity in international law： Challenging the limitations

Small arms have been frequently used in perpetration of human rights violations, and thus need to be subjected to legal scrutiny. This piece attempts to contribute this aim by making a legal analysis of the issue of state complicity in arm transfers. Drawing a frame of applicable laws, it highlights the importance of Article 16 of the ILC Draft Articles on State Responsibility where the notion of complicity in international law is typically designed. Moreover, this piece finds the scope of protection provided within this Article limited, and contends that the boundaries of liability for complicit acts must take into account the contemporary political, social, and economic settings for a wider understanding of complicity.     

Postmortem MSCT Diagnosis of Whiplash Injuries in a Traffic Accident: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

A 45-year-old male car driver died in a traffic accident of four cars rear-end collision on the highway.He was found to have died after a respiratory and cardiac arrest at the scene.No sign of skin injuries was observed from the external inspection.The autopsy was not permitted by the family members because of the local culture.Multislice computed tomography(MSCT)was applied to the current case,showing dislocation of C3~4cervical vertebrae withⅡdegree,C4vertebral plate fractures,and spinal stenosis.Post-mortem MSCT confirmed the diagnosis as whiplash injuries.MSCT was verified to be effective in showing the severity of whiplash injuries,thus providing certain objective evidence for medicolegal expertise.     

Genetic Polymorphism of Nine Non-CODIS STR Loci in Hu-nan Province-based Chinese Han Population

Objective To determine the allelic frequency distribution and genetic parameters of nine non-CODIS DNA index systems of the short tandem repeat （STR） loci （D2S1772, D6S1043, D7S3048, D8Sl132, DllS2368, D12S391, D13S325, D18S1364, and GATA198B05）. Methods A total of 353 blood samples were collected, extracted, amplified, and analyzed from unrelated healthy individuals of Han na- tionality in Hunan Province, China. Results One hundred and fourteen alleles were observed in the pop- ulation with corresponding allelic frequencies ranged from 0.001 0 to 0.323 0. For all the nine non-CODIS STR loci, the observed genotypic data showed no significant deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equi- librium. The Ho, He, PIC, DP, and PE of the studied non-CODIS STR loci ranged from 0.108 0 to 0.1950, 0.805 0 to 0.8920, 0.7700 to 0.8600, 0.9250 to 0.9660 and 0.6070 to 0.7800, respectively. Conclusion Nine non-CODIS STR loci have high degrees of polymorphisms, which may be useful in in- dividual forensic identification and parentage testing in forensic practice.