欧盟电子货币机构监管指令述评

电子货币的发行与应用带来了许多重要的政策法律问题 ,为此 ,欧盟于 2 0 0 0年 9月 18日发布了两个有关电子货币机构监管的指令 :《关于电子货币机构业务开办、经营与审慎监管的 2 0 0 0 / 46 /EC指令》和《修改〈关于信用机构业务开办与经营的 2 0 0 0 / 12 /EC指令〉的 2 0 0 0 / 2 8/EC指令》 ,从而为电子货币机构的审慎监管确立了全面的管制框架。本文通过着重分析和论述前一指令的主要内容 ,进而对其在效力、功能等方面的特点和在法律领域所产生的重大意义进行了归纳和评述     

欧盟将航空业纳入排放交易体系的合法性分析

欧盟通过制定2008/101/EC指令将航空业纳入欧盟排放交易体系中,招来各国反对。欧洲法院在针对这一指令合法性诉讼的初步裁决中,否定了将《芝加哥公约》等国际公约以及国际习惯法作为判定该指令合法性的依据,通过《美欧开放天空协议》的数项规定肯定了该指令的合法性。由此可以得出启示,我国在该问题而应寻求多边合作解决模式,着手制定多方面的可供选择的应对办法。     

《2004/24/欧盟指令》有违GATT1994第20条b项

《2004/24/欧盟指令》是欧洲议会和理事会通过的规范传统植物药入市条件的一项强制性规定。由于它规定了较高的入市门槛,我国中成药基本上被挡在了欧盟市场之外。该指令违反了GATT1994有关国民待遇原则、"一般例外"等规定。为应对这一新型技术贸易壁垒,我们有必要建立新贸易保护主义措施的跟踪和研究机制。     

欧盟消费合同不公平条件指令评析

欧盟消费合同不公平条件指令是欧盟保护消费者经济利益的最重要立法之一 ,是欧盟深入成员国合同法腹地的第一项措施 ,并因而可以被视为合同法向“欧洲化”(Europeanisation)方向发展的一个重要步骤。指令的通过和实施开创了欧洲私法这一新的潜在的增长领域。本文即是对指令主要内容及其修订中的主要争论问题所做的评析。     

简评欧盟预防洗钱犯罪新指令

本文就 2 0 0 1年欧盟对 1 991年欧共体预防洗钱指令的修正案 (以下简称为欧盟预防洗钱新指令 )的出台背景、主要变化以及积极意义进行介绍和评论 ,期望对我国的反洗钱立法提供一种参考和借鉴的作用。     

略述欧洲统一大市场直接税协调的三个指令

1990年7月23日,欧共体12国财政部长会议正式签署了2项指令,通过了一个有关直接税的公约。第一个指令是90/434号指令,亦称之为《资本利得税指令》。第二个指令是90/435号指令,亦称之为《母子公司征税指令》。第三个指令是90/436号公约。上述这三项指令,前两项于1992年1月1日生效,后一项需完成缔约国国内的批准手续自成员国最后一个批准书存放起的三个月后生效。     

欧盟"版权指令"述评

1996年 1 2月 ,世界知识产权组织主持的外交会议缔结了《世界知识产权组织版权条约》(ＷＣＴ)和《世界知识产权组织表演和录音制品条约》(ＷＰＰＴ)。随后 ,欧共体即开始制定实施上述两个条约的指令。 1 997年 1 2月 1 0日 ,欧盟委员会 (也即欧共体委员会 )向欧盟议会和欧盟理事会提出了《关于协调信息社会中版权与相关权某些方面的指令建议》 ,简称“版权指令草案”。〔 1〕其中的“信息社会” ,在欧盟的相关词汇中就是指国际互联网。〔 2〕因此 ,这是一个有关网络环境中版权与相关权保护的指令草案。欧盟议会在详细审议了“版权指令草案”…     

欧盟对分时度假及相关产品的法律规制

欧盟主要通过《分时度假指令》和《不正当商业做法指令》对分时度假产业进行法律规制,《分时度假指令》赋予消费者对购买分时度假产品合同的撤销权,《不正当商业做法指令》则禁止销售商在销售分时度假产品及相关产品时的不正当商业做法。由于《分时度假指令》的适用范围过于狭窄,欧盟已提出了对其的修改建议。总结欧盟规制分时度假产业的经验,我国应对分时度假产业进行法律规制并结合行业自治。     

家电企业遭遇新“双刃剑”

要突破欧盟苛刻的技术性法规所造成的壁垒,我国必须尽快建立自己的关于电子产品的完备法律体系,赶在欧盟相关法规生效之前,完成电子产品的“无害化”进程近一段时间来,青岛海信电器股份有限公司的总经理王士磊除了忙于日常事务外,还投入精力来关注法律事务,即今年8月13日将在欧盟正式启动的关于电子垃圾的两项技术性法规——《关于废弃电气、电子设备的指令》(WEEE,简称《废弃指令》)和《关于限制在电气、电子设备中使用某些有害物质的指令》(ROHS,简称《限制指令》)。商务部条法司副司长尚明向《法人》表示,这两项技术性法规的启动,对于国内电了产品生产商来说,不一定是件坏事。尚明个人认为,法规会促进国内企业对技术研发的进一步投入和对生产     

最新欧盟消费者权益指令的解读与借鉴

2011年10月25日,欧盟颁布了编号为2011/83/EU的消费者权益保护的最新指令。该指令主要规定了经营者向消费者提供信息的义务,以及消费者撤销合同的权利,这些规定反映了欧盟消费者权益保护法上的信息透明、利益均衡和私权救济的立法精神。我国《消费者权益保护法》制定于1993年,到如今我国社会经济生活发生了很大变化,很多内容已经不能满足今天的消费者权益保护之需。欧盟最新的消费者权益保护指令对完善我国《消费者权益保护法》具有很好的借鉴意义。     

欧盟食品安全法律体系评析

欧盟经过近50年的改革和发展,逐步建立起完善而严谨的食品安全法律体系,《食品安全白皮书》以及第178／2002（EC）号法规即《食品基本法》是欧盟关于食品安全的基本法律,同时欧盟还制定有大量具体的食品安全法规及指令以及完整而详细的技术标准体系。欧盟对食品链实行从“农场到餐桌”的全程监管,欧洲食品安全管理局在食品安全监管中发挥着重要的作用。中国最近颁布实施了《食品安全法》及其实施条例,对于食品安全监管制度进行了改革,欧盟关于食品安全的法律体系、法律制度以及监管模式对于中国具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Directives in EU Legal Systems: Whose Norms Are They Anyway?

This article is concerned with whether the concept of a legal system—long a centrepiece of state‐based legal theories—is a useful conceptual tool in theorising the contemporary EU and its legal relations with its Member States. The focus lies particularly with EU directives, and with what the character and operation of this distinctive type of EU norm can tell us as regards the existence of and relations between legal systems in the EU. I argue for the view that the EU is comprised of distinct but interacting legal systems at EU and national level, and claim that the character and operation of directives supports this view. Throughout the discussion I try to bring the conceptual tools of analytical legal philosophy to bear on puzzles generated by EU law and its relations with national law, in order to show that a sound analysis of aspects of the EU can benefit from abstract legal philosophical reflection, and vice versa.     

Danger to public health: Medical devices,toxicity, virus and fraud

The recent scandals involving the sale and manufacture of defective medical devices such as the PIP breast implants and the De Puy Implants have resulted in the long-awaited modernisation of the Medical Device Directive. Taking cognizance of the increasing integration of medical devices and technology, as well as the importance of electronic information, the proposed EU Regulation on Medical Devices promises greater European control on Notifying Bodies and more transparency to ensure patient's safety. This paper discusses the current directives and proposed legislation as well as the liabilities of manufacturers and software vendors for product failure.     

The Question Concerning the Common Frame of Reference

The many directives on private consumer law enacted in the last three decades have met with considerable neglect and resistance amongst domestic judges, legislatures and scholars, bringing about less legal unity and more ‘legal fragmentation'—to say it in the words of the Commission. The Draft Common Frame of Reference is one more attempt, on the part of certain strands of European private law scholarship, at imposing a formal break on, and at overcoming, such fragmentation. Presented as a ‘comprehensive and self‐standing’ document, its ambition is to definitively implement the Commission‐generated, market‐orientated agenda of private law reform, so much resisted at the national level. The article argues that the EU legislative institutions should not go ahead with the plan of incorporating the Draft's content in EU law, by adopting a CFR. A CFR would confer an unprecedented degree of authority on a range of contested directive‐generated rules, from the test of fairness to the risk development defence in product liability. In creating a climate in which CFR‐based legalistic arguments promote unity over fragmentation, a CFR would emasculate public debate by implementing, under the spell of legal necessity, exactly those partisan, Commission‐initiated policies that have been, and still are, openly opposed in domestic legal circles. The Draft embodies a grammar of imposition that should be questioned.     

欧盟核安全立法的新发展及其对中国的启示

欧盟一直重视核安全立法,《建立欧洲原子能共同体条约》缔造了欧盟成员国和平利用核能的合作框架,它在一个集中的监控系统下保证了欧盟核能的供应安全。欧盟在2011年3月福岛第一核电站事故后,加快推进核安全方面法律和政策的制定进程,尤其在放射性废物和核废料安全、辐射防护基本安全方面都采取了最新的立法措施,确保欧盟核能在保证安全的基础上正常发展。我国应借鉴欧盟经验,坚持国际核安全标准,加强核废料和放射性废物安全管理立法,建立较为完善的核安全法律框架。     

Medical research on patients with dementia--the role of advance directives in European legal instruments

Current international legal instruments recognise the use of advance directives to carry on the will of the dementing research participant beyond the boundaries of her present legal capacity. Advance directives are gaining greater recognition in patient care than in medical research, where their legal status is still somewhat unclear. In particular, the three major international documents on medical research - the Council of Europe Convention on Biomedicine and Human Rights (ETS 164), its Additional Protocol on Biomedical Research (ETS 195), and Directive 2001/20/EC on Clinical Trials on Medicinal Products--give conflicting messages on the legal status of advance directives in medical research. This article examines the provisions in these documents and their national applications in Finland and the United Kingdom.     

European remedial coherence in the regulation of non-consensual disclosures of sexual images

The non-consensual dissemination of sexually explicit images or videos for no legitimate purpose represents a serious sexual violation by means of breaching an individual's ability to control their own sexual identity. This article argues that the only adequate legal response to this behaviour is targeted criminal regulation, and that action on a regional level is within the European Union's competence by virtue of Article 83(1) TFEU. The approaches of EU Member States to the phenomenon through targeted criminal law are examined in order to extract positive and negative elements of the respective regulatory systems. Drawing on the experiences of these States, as well as on existing EU criminal directives, a draft directive is included to illustrate what form a European regional system of criminal regulation may take.     

In Search of Better Quality of EU Regulations for Prompt Transposition: The Brussels Perspective

Abstract:  Better regulation cannot be achieved without serious attention to transposition. The quality of EU regulation is crucial to ensuring that Community law is promptly transposed into national law within the prescribed deadlines. But good quality transposition (clear, simple, and effective) goes beyond pre-legislative consultation processes and more frequent use of impact assessments as agreed in the 2003 Interinstitutional Agreement on Better Lawmaking. Presenting new data that covers the full population of all EU transport directives from 1995 to 2004—including the national implementing instruments of France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK—this study shows that elements of the EU directives delay transposition. The binding time limit for transposition, the EU directive's level of discretion, its level of detail, its nature and further characteristics of the directive's policy-making process are all factors. These determining factors are crucial to explaining why Member States miss deadlines when transposing EU Internal Market directives. Brussels' efforts to simplify and improve the regulatory environment have to go beyond more preventive action to strengthen the enforcement of EU legislation at the member-state level if they want to address the Internal Market constraining effects of Member States' non-compliance. This study argues that far-reaching decisions made in the European Commission's drafting and EU policy-making phase have the greatest effect on the European regulatory framework in which businesses operate and the free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital is at stake. Implementation should be part of the design.     

Energy Security and the Division of Competences between the European Community and its Member States

Abstract: Securing energy supply for Europe has been for decades at the forefront of the energy policies of individual European Community member countries. However, dealing with energy issues in general and securing energy supply in particular is a new phenomenon within the EU's regulatory framework. One important issue which has not yet been discussed by legal scholars and which has been questioned repeatedly by energy experts, is the question who is actually responsible to guarantee security of energy supply in Europe? Is it the European Community alone? Is it the Member States alone? Or is it both? This question cannot be answered without a detailed legal analysis of the EU law in general, and EU law on division of competences between the Community and the Member States in particular. This article seeks to highlight the complications of this area of law within the EU and expand it to cover the energy sector in order to determine who and under what circumstances is responsible for guaranteeing security of energy supply for the consumers within the EU borders.     

Video Advance Directives: A Turning Point for Advance Decision-Making? A Consideration of Their Roles and Implications for Law and Practice

Questions regarding making and implementing care preferences through advance directives have become increasingly significant as the greying population grows with rising numbers of people experiencing incapacity. Currently, there is no consensus in the format for making advance directives. Recent developments highlighted the use of recording technology as an option to counter the challenges of written forms. Services offering video and audio recording available for online and offline storage are emerging in the United States. These services presumably strengthen a person’s expression of care preferences for healthcare providers in making treatment decisions compared to written advance directives. This article examines the role video advance directives play in advance decision-making and their legal and practical implications to the existing framework. An appreciation of the legal challenges presented by this development facilitates an understanding of their use in contemporary advance directives and enables appropriate recommendations for implementing safeguards in their use.