被害情境下的被害人与个人预防

在犯罪被害人学出现之前,学者们对犯罪的研究主要集中于"犯罪人"身上.在加害与被害互动理论的推动下,越来越多的学者将目光转向在犯罪现象中与犯罪人有着某种互动关系的被害人身上,犯罪被害人学应运而生.没有被害就没有犯罪,在很多情况下,被害人自身所具有的被害性(尤其是特殊被害性)会加功于某种被害情境的营造,最终促进了被害的发生.被害预防是与犯罪预防优势互补的预防体系,从被害人的角度出发,通过减少被害性因素,使潜在的犯罪被害人和重复被害可能性的被害人免于被害或重复被害.     

简论被害预防

预防犯罪的研究十多年来有较快的发展,其主要研究方向集中在减少引起犯罪的原因和挽救、教育潜在的犯罪人方面。而对犯罪行为恶果的直接承受者——被害人的不良状态及被事预防则注意甚少。本文试作探索。被害预防的基本要求我们在分析具体犯罪发生过程中发现,在有预谋的犯罪中,一般来说,犯罪人在犯罪动机形成之后,犯罪行为实施之前,还耍选择犯罪对象、衡量作案条件,考虑逃避惩罚等。犯罪人寻找侵害对象,主要看对方是否处于不良状态。扒窃者往往先在公共场所物色扒窃对象,从他们的年龄、服饰、神态判断     

被害性与被害预防

被害预防是犯罪预防的重要一环,被害预防应该从被害性分析着手。被害性即指人身上所存在的足以导致犯罪侵害的一切特性,它与犯罪心理紧密相关。从犯罪人犯罪前的心理状态分析,犯罪人选择作案对象有一定规律,这种规律决定了被害性。被害人就其有无过错可分为两类,不同的类型具有不同的被害性,被害预防应从一般预防和特殊预防进行。     

老年被害要因的种类、性质和刑罚评价

老年被害要因的种类、性质和刑罚评价王建民一、老年被害要因的种类被害要因系指在被害人的言行举止及其周围环境中存在着诱发或催化加害人之加害动机和加害行为的事实和状态。被害人学研究表明，诸多犯罪不仅仅是加害人单方的自由意志活动的结果，往往是加害人与被害人明...     

金融风险与金融犯罪被害

本文将金融风险和被害人因素结合起来，借鉴被害人理论，社会学的风险社会理论，经济学的金融风险理论，结合收集到的关于金融犯罪被害的实事材料，通过分析金融风险转化为金融犯罪被害的三种模式对导致金融犯罪被害的风险因素进行分析，探讨金融犯罪被害风险问题。具体分析金融风险与金融犯罪被害的关系，金融风险是在何种机制下转化成金融犯罪被害事实，这个转化过程是怎样发展演化的，找出由金融风险转化为金融犯罪被害的关键。在特定被害情境下，金融风险通过风险载体与加害人发生联系，并被加害人加以利用，进而使金融风险发展成金融犯罪的被害要因，由潜在的被害可能性向现实的被害结果转化。探索隐含于金融活动中的各种风险与金融犯罪被害之间的关系，为正确认识金融风险，化解金融风险，也可为防范金融犯罪被害提供决策依据和指导建议。因此，探索金融领域的风险与金融犯罪被害之间的作用机制，消除金融风险的负面影响，进而减少金融犯罪被害问题是十分有意义的。     

被害预防——预防未成年人犯罪的新思路

长期以来我们只重视从犯罪人的角度去预防未成年人犯罪,忽视了被害人在预防未成年人犯罪中的重要作用。被害预防是社会和个体为免遭犯罪侵害、防止被害现象产生而采取的一切阻遏、减少被害可能性的对策总和。被害预防分为被害前、被害中以及被害后预防,必须把被害预防和犯罪预防结合起来,才能有效遏制日益增长的未成年人犯罪现象的发生。     

论合同诈骗犯罪的被害及预防

当前合同诈骗犯罪急剧上升，有其社会原因和犯罪人方面的原因，但也有被害人方面的原因。本文从被害人的被害性分析入手剖析被害人的责任、过错以及被害性，提出相应的被害预防对策。     

性犯罪女性被害趋向的实证研究

性犯罪中女性被害的实际状况和性犯罪的有效预防是犯罪学研究的重要课题。日常生活理论认为生活方式与犯罪被害具有关联性。访谈通过分析个案的被害热点、被害人日常行为选择、被害人日常生活联系等因素,发现被害女性日常生活行为选择的疏忽与日常生活状态的缺陷使其较为容易进入一种性犯罪的被害情景,因此性侵害被害预防,需要充分重视女性生活方式瑕疵导致的被害性。     

防控犯罪理念的转变:从犯罪预防到被害预防

正传统的犯罪预防理论主要致力于消除犯罪人因素,但世界范围内高涨的犯罪率证明这条道路艰难而且成效甚微。随着近年来出现的"重新发现被害人"的潮流,在刑事法领域考量被害人因素的动向日趋明显,从犯罪被害人的角度预防被害以控制犯罪,受到越来越多学者的关注。从被害人的角度预防被害,就是在研究被害的各种因素的基础上采取的以被害人为核心的防范犯罪被害的各种措施。实践中的很多案件中,被害人虽然未被视为犯罪产生的原因,但被害人方面的     

实证方法在犯罪被害人学研究中的意义

<正> 随着犯罪被害人学在世界范围的迅速发展,近几年来,我国也陆续有人介绍和探讨这方面的问题,但迄今为止,为数不多的学者们的研究仍然停留在介绍国外研究成果和进行一般性的理论探讨的起步阶段.如何加快我国犯罪被害大学研究的发展步伐,尽快推出符合我国实际的有较高学术价值的科研成果,这恐怕是每一位有志于研究这门学科的同志都在思考的问题.笔者认为:运用实证方法,大力开展对被害现象和被害人情况的调查研究,是当前我国犯罪被害人学迅速发展,并持久深入地进行下去的首要的前提条件。实证方法在犯罪被害人学的产生过程中就曾发挥了重要作用。学科的创始者们,正是在对犯罪现象和犯     

Using network sampling in crime victimization surveys

Since crime victimizations are statistically rare events, surveys to estimate rates of victimization are difficult and expensive. In this paper, we examine the advantages of network sampling over traditional methods for conducting crime victimization surveys. Network sampling links population households in specified ways, for reporting purposes, in order to increase the probabilities of locating households with particular characteristics. We conducted a reverse record check field experiment to test whether a telephone survey using network sampling is feasible to collect crime victimization data. Three types of crimes-burglary, robbery, and assault-were tested along with two types of networks-relatives and co-workers/close friends. This paper examines the extent to which victims report their victimization experiences in a general crime and victimization interview and the extent to which a randomly selected relative or close friend will report the same victimization incident in an identical interview. A number of multiplicity counting rules are compared in terms of reporting errors and a mean square error analysis.     

Where the wild things are: animal victimization in federal environmental crime cases

Although there has been a marked increase in studies of animal abuse from a variety of socio-legal and green criminological perspectives in the past two decades, we have a limited empirical understanding of the extent of animal victimization in environmental crime prosecutions in the United States. In order to better understand the nature and distribution of animal victimization in environmental crime prosecutions, we employ a content analysis of federal environmental crime cases, 2001–2011. Out of 972 cases, results show identifiable animal victimization plays a role in six percent of cases. Although animal victimization in environmental crime may be extensive, its role in environmental prosecutions appears secondary. We conclude with possibilities of expanding animal protection via wildlife and environmental law connections.     

Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and fear of personal crime: exploring their interrelationship as a function of risk estimation

Both trauma psychology and criminology have studied the psychological correlates of crime victimization. While the former discipline has primarily focused on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among crime victims, the latter has particularly studied the association between history of victimization and fear of crime. A major difference between both concepts is that PTSD is experienced in relation to previous victimization, while fear of crime does not necessarily follow from previous victimization and is primarily experienced in anticipation of possible future victimization. Despite their different orientations, both perspectives share one central tenet: they both argue that feelings of anxiety are accompanied by increased perceptions of risk for future victimization. Given this theoretical overlap, both types of anxiety may correlate with each other. The current study explored this topic in a sample of Dutch university students (N = 375) and found that PTSD symptom severity and fear of crime were significantly associated with each other, both in univariate and multivariate analyses. This association was stronger for participants who scored higher on perceived risk of personal crime victimization than for those who scored lower. Results were discussed in light of study limitations and directions for future research.     

Use of Protection Motivation Theory to Assess Fear of Crime in Rural Areas

Fear of crime has long been the purview of sociology, with attitudes more extensively researched in higher risk urban populations. A sample of 184 rural participants from 36 states in the USA responded to a questionnaire on experiences of crime victimization, and attitudes toward crime, using the multidimensional Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) model. For the entire sample, perceived noxiousness of crime and personal risk corresponded to a recent history of victimization. Yet, victimization did not appear to alter perceptions of efficacy of proposed response or self efficacy in response to crime. When sorted by gender, women did express differences in perceptions of efficacy based on experience. The findings argue for fear of crime as a multidimensional construct, with implications for both research and applied programs.     

Fear of Crime in Botswana: Impact of Gender,Victimization, and Incivility

The subject of fear of crime has generated a substantial body of empirical study within Western industrialized society. However, the current focus on comparative criminology inspires efforts to study fear of crime cross culturally. This study attempts to assess some of the widely accepted predictors and conclusions of fear of crime found in developed nations on the urbanized capital city of Botswana. More specifically, in this article, the author explores the relationships between gender, victimization, incivility, and fear of crime in Gaborone, Botswana. Findings suggest that gender, victimization, and, in part, the environment are all useful in explaining fear of crime in Gaborne. However, it appears that gender, more than victimization and incivility, is itself a genuinely powerful determinant of fear of crime.     

The dualism of business victimization and organized crime

Conclusions Businessmen victimized by organized crime are chosen based upon their economic condition and their involvement in activities of interest to organized criminal groups. The level of victimization is determined not only by the level of involvement of organized crime, but also by the victims' perceptions of how business should be operated. The responses of businessmen surveyed for this research reflect their association of business victimization with organized crime. Those surveyed, however, seriously underestimated the level of victimization of the population as a whole.     

A Commentary on Victimization Research and the Importance of Meaning Structures

This article examines the largely atheoretical tradition of victimization research and some of the unintended consequences of work in the area. In using a legalistic definition of crime, victimization research has failed to incorporate the public's definition of crime and victimization. While “street” and property crime have a decided impact upon people's lives, the consequences of real or alleged corporate and political crimes also affect people's concep-tions of their lives. The authors outline the beginnings of a theoretically apposite reinterpretation of perceptual victimlogy findings and related methodological concerns, and suggest ways that social scientists can become actively involved in the debunk-ing of the “crime wave” mentality perpetuated through the media by providing alternate interpretations of crime statistics.     

A two southern state comparison of the relationship between UCR crime rates and the anticipation of victimization

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between UCR crime rates and a surveyed population’s anticipation of victimization within the next year. Separate surveys were conducted within the states of Tennessee and Texas. In both surveys, self-reported questionnaires were mailed to a random sample of 2,000 individuals drawn from the population of persons holding valid driver’s licenses within that state. A comparison was made between six Part I (rape, robbery, assualt, burglary, theft, and vehicle theft) UCR crime rates of the two states and the expectation of imminent victimization, as shown by the statewide surveys. Several past studies have suggested that there is little relationship between the official incidence of crime and the perceived likelihood of victimization. However, this study presents evidence in support of a positive relationship between UCR crime rates and the anticipation of victimization. In addition, it was found that the greater the anticipation of victimization level the more likely the respondents were to utilize defensive security devices (target hardening).     

Few and far between: understanding the role of the victim in federal environmental crime prosecutions in the United States

Efforts to gather systematic data and undertake empirical studies on the extent of environmental crime, the magnitude of environmental victimization, and the punishment of environmental offenders in the United States remains elusive in the criminological literature. We take a novel approach to studying these gaps in the literature, by examining federal environmental crime prosecutions. While not all encompassing, this approach advances the literature by providing valuable insights into what types of human victimization occur, the role victims play in prosecutions, and how offenders are punished. What is the nature and extent of case-documented environmental victimization with regard to human victimization in the U.S. over the past decade? We address this question through a content analysis of the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) criminal investigation cases, 2001–11. Out of 972 total criminal cases, we find that only 3 % of cases involve acute or identifiable victimization. Environmental crime victims, unless immediately harmed, are not likely to play a major role in environmental crime cases; thereby limiting potential political and public attention to victims of environmental crime.     

Personal networks and crime victimization among Swedish youth

We combine routine activity theory, lifestyle-victimization theory, and a social network perspective to examine crime victimization. In particular, we study to what extent crime victimization is associated with having close contacts who have been victimized and/or who engage in risky lifestyles. We use the data (collected in 2014) of 1,051 native Swedes and 1,108 Iranian and Yugoslavian first- or second-generation immigrants in Sweden who were all born in 1990. They were asked to describe their personal characteristics, various behaviours, and past personal experiences with crime victimization, as well as those of the five persons with whom they most often spend their leisure time. Our findings support the network perspective: crime victimization is negatively associated with the number of close contacts an individual mentions but is substantially more likely for those who have many close contacts who have themselves been victimized. In terms of a risky lifestyle that may enhance the likelihood of being victimized, we found only that individuals who get drunk frequently were at somewhat higher risk of being victimized. To guard young individuals against crime victimization, it might thus be worthwhile to focus more on with whom they associate than on their potentially risky lifestyles or attitudes.