被害性与被害预防

被害预防是犯罪预防的重要一环,被害预防应该从被害性分析着手。被害性即指人身上所存在的足以导致犯罪侵害的一切特性,它与犯罪心理紧密相关。从犯罪人犯罪前的心理状态分析,犯罪人选择作案对象有一定规律,这种规律决定了被害性。被害人就其有无过错可分为两类,不同的类型具有不同的被害性,被害预防应从一般预防和特殊预防进行。     

论合同诈骗犯罪的被害及预防

当前合同诈骗犯罪急剧上升,有其社会原因和犯罪人方面的原因,但也有被害人方面的原因。本文从被害人的被害性分析入手剖析被害人的责任、过错以及被害性,提出相应的被害预防对策。     

犯罪被害人学视阈中的被害性问题研究

传统犯罪学研究遵从＂犯罪中心主义＂,作为犯罪对象的被害人长期未受重视。犯罪人、被害人和犯罪行为是犯罪学的核心要素,绝大部分犯罪中都存在犯罪人和被害人互动的现象,忽视被害人的犯罪学研究进路是片面的,不可能全面揭示犯罪原因及提出科学的犯罪预防对策。犯罪被害人通常在生理、心理、社会或行为等方面存在一些被害性因素,导致自己更容易成为犯罪的侵害对象。通过对这些被害性因素的分析,结合部分常见犯罪的案发特征,提出被害预防的有关思路和对策。     

被害预防——预防未成年人犯罪的新思路

长期以来我们只重视从犯罪人的角度去预防未成年人犯罪,忽视了被害人在预防未成年人犯罪中的重要作用。被害预防是社会和个体为免遭犯罪侵害、防止被害现象产生而采取的一切阻遏、减少被害可能性的对策总和。被害预防分为被害前、被害中以及被害后预防,必须把被害预防和犯罪预防结合起来,才能有效遏制日益增长的未成年人犯罪现象的发生。     

被害情境下的被害人与个人预防

在犯罪被害人学出现之前,学者们对犯罪的研究主要集中于"犯罪人"身上.在加害与被害互动理论的推动下,越来越多的学者将目光转向在犯罪现象中与犯罪人有着某种互动关系的被害人身上,犯罪被害人学应运而生.没有被害就没有犯罪,在很多情况下,被害人自身所具有的被害性(尤其是特殊被害性)会加功于某种被害情境的营造,最终促进了被害的发生.被害预防是与犯罪预防优势互补的预防体系,从被害人的角度出发,通过减少被害性因素,使潜在的犯罪被害人和重复被害可能性的被害人免于被害或重复被害.     

防控犯罪理念的转变:从犯罪预防到被害预防

正传统的犯罪预防理论主要致力于消除犯罪人因素,但世界范围内高涨的犯罪率证明这条道路艰难而且成效甚微。随着近年来出现的重新发现被害人的潮流,在刑事法领域考量被害人因素的动向日趋明显,从犯罪被害人的角度预防被害以控制犯罪,受到越来越多学者的关注。从被害人的角度预防被害,就是在研究被害的各种因素的基础上采取的以被害人为核心的防范犯罪被害的各种措施。实践中的很多案件中,被害人虽然未被视为犯罪产生的原因,但被害人方面的     

论绑架犯罪的被害预防

绑架犯罪是严重侵犯人身权利的暴力犯罪。犯罪分子不仅损害受害人的权益,而且破坏社会秩序、影响国家稳定j本文通过分析绑架犯罪被害人的共同特征,提出具体的被害预防措施。     

浅谈被害人的特征及被害预防

被害人一般具有被害性、互动性和可责性的特征。本文通过对被害人特征的研究,指出应当有意识地采取措施加强被害预防。     

浅论犯罪被害预防体系的构建

犯罪被害预防是犯罪预防的一种新思路。本文指出在传统犯罪预防于当今社会受挫的背景下,犯罪被害预防不仅必要且十分可行。犯罪被害预防是一个综合体系,可分为社会被害预防、社区被害预防以及个体被害预防三个体系层次。     

金融风险与金融犯罪被害

本文将金融风险和被害人因素结合起来,借鉴被害人理论,社会学的风险社会理论,经济学的金融风险理论,结合收集到的关于金融犯罪被害的实事材料,通过分析金融风险转化为金融犯罪被害的三种模式对导致金融犯罪被害的风险因素进行分析,探讨金融犯罪被害风险问题。具体分析金融风险与金融犯罪被害的关系,金融风险是在何种机制下转化成金融犯罪被害事实,这个转化过程是怎样发展演化的,找出由金融风险转化为金融犯罪被害的关键。在特定被害情境下,金融风险通过风险载体与加害人发生联系,并被加害人加以利用,进而使金融风险发展成金融犯罪的被害要因,由潜在的被害可能性向现实的被害结果转化。探索隐含于金融活动中的各种风险与金融犯罪被害之间的关系,为正确认识金融风险,化解金融风险,也可为防范金融犯罪被害提供决策依据和指导建议。因此,探索金融领域的风险与金融犯罪被害之间的作用机制,消除金融风险的负面影响,进而减少金融犯罪被害问题是十分有意义的。     

在校大学生犯罪的原因与预防

近年来,大学生犯罪率呈上升趋势。纠其原因,和大学生的生理特点、心理特点以及大学生所处的社会环境有着密切的关系。鉴于大学生犯罪原因的复杂性,对大学生犯罪应实施预防的系统工程。在这一系统工程中,包括预测系统、预防系统与控制系统。具体的措施为:从心理咨询工作的开展到校园文化的净化,从关注高校管理体制到增强大学生的法制教育,从深化高校的全面改革到治理高校的周边环境。     

新闻犯罪的预防与抗制

新闻犯罪是伴随信息社会的到来所必然出现的社会问题,它的产生是由新闻工作者新闻法制观念的淡薄、新闻媒介和新闻记者地位的错位、正确价值观念的沦丧三方面所致.新闻犯罪具有主体特征、主观特征、客体特征及客观特征,打击并有效控制此类犯罪的必要途径是完善刑事立法、发挥刑法威慑作用并辅以法律、职业道德培训.     

Secondary Victimization of Crime Victims by Criminal Proceedings

It is conceivable that criminal proceedings cause psychological harm to the crime victims involved, that is, cause secondary victimization. To investigate this hypothesis, negative and positive effects of criminal proceedings were investigated, as perceived by 137 victims of violent crimes who were involved in trials several years previously. Trial outcome and procedure variables were measured as potential causes of secondary victimization. Results show a high proportion of victims reporting overall negative effects. Powerful predictors were outcome satisfaction and procedural justice, but not subjective punishment severity, interactional justice, and psychological stress by criminal proceedings. The practical implications of the results pertain to whether victims should be advised to report the crime to the police or not, and to appropriate prevention and intervention measures of secondary victimization by criminal proceedings.     

White and Mexican Heritage Elders' Crime Victimization Perspectives

Abstract

Prior research on the fear of crime among the elderly has shown that elders are more afraid of being a victim of crime than are younger persons and that such fears may vary depending upon where people reside. This study compares the level of fear of criminal victimization of elders living in three adjacent southwestern communities. White elders live in an age-restricted community within two of the studied communities. The third community is not age-restricted, and the elders who reside there are primarily of Mexican heritage. This study found that Mexican heritage elders expressed more fears associated with crime and victimization than did white elders. In studying gender differences, this study found no significant differences between the expressed level of fear of crime between male and female respondents. Nonetheless, most elders will undertake a variety of reasonable measures to protect themselves when they are home or go out, a finding that is consistent with previous research that studied white elders.     

Fear of Crime among Gang and Non-Gang Offenders: Comparing the Effects of Perpetration,Victimization, and Neighborhood Factors

This is the first study to examine adult offenders’ fear of property, personal, and gang crime. We examine five research questions among 2,414 jail inmates, focusing on how afraid offenders are of crime. We compare current, ex-gang, and non-gang members. We ask if more experience with crime perpetration and victimization and more perceptions of social disorganization increase offenders’ fear of crime. Finally, we ask if the importance of these factors in predicting fear varies by gang status. Results show that offenders, generally, were not very afraid of crime. Although ex-gang and current gang members believed they were more likely to experience property, personal, and gang crime, they reported less fear than non-gang members. Crime perpetration did not influence offenders’ fear, but less experience with personal crime victimization predicted fear of personal and gang crime among non-gang members. The results also indicate that perceptions of social disorganization better explain fear among non-gang members than ex-gang and current gang members.     

A comparison of weighted and unweighted analyses in the national Crime Victimization Survey

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data tapes include several variables of weights that reflect how many households or persons are represented by a given data record. While these sampling weights are crucial for estimating overall victimization rates, they do not have as much of an effect on methodological models, because weights in the NCVS are used primarily in ratio estimation adjustments and to compensate for a relatively low nonresponse rate. The general use of weights is discussed, and several examples are given that indicate that although there may be some differences in the coefficients, the basic conclusions drawn from the models are the same with or without weights. It is recommended that weighted analyses in the NCVS be used primarily as a tool in model development.     

银行职务犯罪趋势与对策研究

在我国金融体制改革不断深入、金融市场逐步开放的特殊时期,银行系统职务犯罪严重危害到国家金融安全,已经成为制约金融改革发展乃至社会主义市场经济发展的重要因素.银行如何切实加强管理,了解和掌握银行职务犯罪的发案特点、发展趋势和诱发因素,积极预防职务犯罪,对于维护国家经济金融秩序,保障其自身健康发展,已显得尤为重要.     

Issues in Conducting Research on Crime Victimization

Abstract

There are many issues facing the non-Indian researcher who works with Native American subjects in Indian country. The impact of historical trauma, the history of Native American/United States government relations, and a history of exploitation are just some of the concerns facing non-Indian researchers. It is possible for non-Indian researchers to overcome tribal skepticism and resistance through the inclusion of tribal members in research design and implementation, cooperation with tribal research internal review boards, and respecting tribal values and beliefs. Native communities, as a result of past exploitation, may need reassurance that the research project will result in meaningful change or the development of resources in return for their participation.     

Estimates of Repeat Victimization Using the National Crime Victimization Survey

Many crime victims experience multiple victimizations over time. Estimating the rate of repeat victimization from a longitudinal survey, however, is difficult because individuals often have missing data for some of the interviews. We use data from the 1996–98 U.S. National Crime Victimization Survey to explore potential effects of missing data on estimated rates of repeat violent victimizations in individuals. We introduce two algorithms for estimating repeat victimization rates, using logistic models to impute values for individuals who have partial data. These models are applied to estimate rates of repeat victimization for all violent crimes, and separately for crimes of domestic violence. Estimates show substantial sensitivity to the form of the model used.