国际法院的咨询管辖与现代国际法的发展

咨询管辖是国际法院的两大管辖权之一.本文通过比较常设国际法院,回顾了半个世纪以来国际法院咨询管辖的运用;透过一系列典型案例的分析,着重阐述了国际法院咨询意见在国际组织的法律人格、会员国的接纳条件和程序、多边条约保留的规则、民族自决权和国际行政法等方面对现代国际法的发展所作出的贡献;在综合研究各种改革建议的基础上,认为授予联合国秘书长咨询请求权是扩大国际法院咨询管辖的最佳选择.     

国家管辖豁免与强行法的关系初探——从德国诉意大利案分析

2012年2月3日,国际法院作出了德国诉意大利关于国家司法管辖豁免的判决,判决中对国家管辖豁免与强行法的关系的问题进行了论述,国际法院认为违反强行法不影响国家享有的管辖豁免权。国际法院的这一论断主要基于两者属于不同的规则体系,即国家管辖豁免属于程序规则,而强行法为实体规则。然而本文认为强行法本身处于国际法渊源中的最高位阶,应当优先于国家管辖豁免原则进行适用。     

对国际刑法中普遍管辖权的认识——以刚果诉比利时逮捕令案为切入点

刚果诉比利时逮捕令案是国际法院受理的涉及普遍管辖权以及对普遍管辖权的外交特权和豁免的案件。国际法院判决对"程序豁免"和"实体豁免"、刑事管辖豁免与个人刑事责任豁免的比较分析,反应出的实质问题为,普遍管辖权与外交豁免存在冲突;外交豁免的价值高于普遍管辖,外交豁免构成对普遍管辖的限制;外交豁免对普遍管辖的限制,并未否定普遍管辖本身。     

谈充分利用国际法院的咨询管辖权

联合国国际法院的咨询管辖权可以发挥不次于其诉讼管辖职能的作用。根据《联合国宪章》（以下简称《宪章》）第９６条和《国际法院规约》第６５条第１项的规定,联合国大会和安理会可以请求国际法院就任何法律问题发表咨询意见。经联合国大会授权,联合国其他机关或专门机构,也可以请求国际法院就其工作范围内的任何法律问题提出咨询意见。国际法院对于这种请求,得发表咨询意见。但在实践中,联合国大会、安理会及经大会授权的联合国其他机关和专门机构对国际法院的咨询职能的利用却是有限的。因此,有学者认为“国际法院的咨询权是一个未…     

冲突与协调:安理会与国际法院的关系新论

《联合国宪章》对安理会与国际法院的职责作出了明确规定,由于两个机构在组成与性质方面的差异,在处理共同管辖的国际争端时,两个机构的解决方式有时存在分歧,而且安理会决议与国际法院裁判对《联合国宪章》条文的解释也存在矛盾。因此,在《联合国宪章》的框架内重新构建安理会与国际法院的关系,有迫切的需要。在产生共同管辖时,国际法院应当适当照顾安理会决议的意见,同时,为制约安理会日益扩大的权力,应当肯定国际法院对安理会决议的司法审查权。     

国际法院咨询管辖中“法律问题”的界定

一引言——问题的提出根据《联合国宪章》第96条和《国际法院规约》第65条,国际法院具有咨询管辖权。同时,根据这两条,国际法院的咨询管辖权又是受到限制的,即其管辖范围必须限于法律问题。然而,《宪章》和《规约》都没有对法律问题作出任何界定,这导致国际法院在处理咨询案件时不得不屡次在这个问题上为自己能行使或者应当行使管辖     

国际强行法与国家豁免权的冲突及其解决——以德国诉意大利案为视角

德国在国际法院诉意大利一案已有定论,2012年2月3日国际法院认定即使是德国作出违反国际法的行为,仍然不能够剥夺其应享有的国家豁免权。在司法实践中国际强行法规则屡屡让步于国家豁免权,这也使得国际法学界更加关注国家豁免权与国际强行法之间的关系。为了协调二者的关系,可以考虑将国家管辖豁免权加以限制,将违反国际强行法规则的行为作为国家管辖豁免权的一种例外。就执行豁免而言,还需更为谨慎地处理其与国际强行法的关系。     

“任择条款”保留问题探析

联合国国际法院规约第３６条第２款,又称任择条款（ｏｐｔｉｏｎａｌｃｌａｕｓｅ）,是国际法院取得对规约当事国之间一定法律争端强制管辖的依据。据该条规定,当事国可随时声明就条约的解释、国际法任何问题、违反国际义务之任何事实及其应予赔偿之性质及范围等事项,对于接受同样义务的任何其他国家,承认法院的管辖为当然而具有强制性。但事实上,国际法院依任择条款行使强制管辖权时往往受到很大限制,除了任择条款本身固有的折衷性与妥协性是一大原因之外,接受该条款的国家中又有过半作出了内容、形式各异的保留（ｒｅｓｅｒｖａｔ…     

联合国国际法院作用之辨析

联合国国际法院作用之辨析徐杰国际法院是迄今为止国际社会适用法律方式和平解决国际争端的主要机构。５０年来，国际法院通过其司法活动，在和平解决国际争端、适用和发展国际法方面发挥了一定的作用。然而，作为联合国的主要司法机构，它所取得的成就与其担负的职责相比...     

国际刑事法院管辖权的性质

《罗马规约》规定的国际刑事法院管辖权 ,既不同于国家刑事管辖权 ,也不同于国际特设刑事法庭和国际法院的管辖权。准确了解国际刑事法院的司法职能及其运行机制 ,以及国际刑事法院管辖权与国家刑事管辖权的关系 ,需要从管辖职能、管辖目的和管辖范围等角度 ,对国际刑事法院管辖权所具有的复合性、补充性、有限性等基本特征进行分析 ,并对国际刑事法院管辖权隐含的延展性作相应的探讨。     

Shifting Interpretation in International Court of Justice’s Decision in the Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America: A Deliberate Step?

Iran and the United States (US) have resorted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on five occasions to settle their disputes. The latest dispute was initiated by Iran and pertains to US’s decision of withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement and re-imposition of sanctions on Iran, including its nationals and companies. In this brief critique, the authors have analysed the preliminary objections and the ICJ’s approach in deciding the dispute. The authors have noticed that the ICJ digressed from its earlier decisions which involved the Treaty of Amity 1955 between Iran and the US. It is also to be noted that the ICJ has not substantiated its deviation with analytical observation. Also, it is opined that although the international adjudication lacks a system of precedent, it is the sacrosanct duty of the ICJ to establish a coherent jurisprudence in the interest of justice, which the ICJ has consciously neglected to achieve in this present dispute.

     

全球金融危机下中国农产品贸易面临的挑战及法律对策

WTO的农业规则短期内难以改变。全球金融危机给国际农产品贸易带来了较大影响。我国应建立既符合WTO农业协议又能灵活保护国内农业的关税体系,在拆除与WTO农业协议相悖的非关税措施的基础上建立合理的非关税保护体系;有必要参照WTO农业协议并借鉴国际上的先进立法,进一步完善《农业法》并适当地制定配套法律法规;应活用"黄色"政策和"蓝箱"政策,并用足"微量允许标准"和"特殊和差别待遇",充分运用"绿箱"政策;应注重运用既能保护我国农业,又不受WTO农业协议限制的其他出口支持措施,并从立法与执法上加强对动植物卫生与检疫措施的运用。     

Programmed instruction and its implications in the teaching of law

“Health” is a disciplinarily imperialistic and conceptually amorphous term; as such, it defies a unifying, coherent and universal definition. These characteristics of health present enormous problems for a curriculum developer trying to chart the outlines and contents of the subject. A sure way out is to reflect carefully on Gardner's suggestion regarding the tension between depth and coverage and to make the definition of health a part of any module on health care law. In addition, the experiences of other common jurisdictions present Nigeria with a choice between a single module approach and multiple module approach to health care law.     

保释制度的诉讼价值分析

诉讼价值是诉讼制度的灵魂所在;从程序正义、实体正义以及诉讼效率价值三个角度来看,保释制度既有科学合理的一面,也有其不完善的一面;但保释制度作为一项确认、保障被追诉人人身自由的制度仍然是值得肯定和借鉴的.我国有必要借鉴国外的做法并结合我国实际,在现行取保候审制度的基础上确立科学规范的保释制度.     

Barriers to practice by foreign lawyers in Asia – exploring the role of lawyers in society

This paper examines the barriers to legal practice by foreign lawyers in selected Asian jurisdictions, where the boundaries between local lawyers and foreign lawyers are drawn, and why barriers exist. It suggests that many jurisdictions in Asia still consider lawyers to be members of a special profession and are resistant to treating and regulating lawyers as ‘service providers’. In addition, although protectionism is a significant factor behind the barriers to practice by foreign lawyers in many jurisdictions, other factors are relevant, including traditional attitudes towards the role of lawyers based on their traditional role as advocates in a litigious context.     

加入WTO后“过渡期”经济特区金融法律制度的创新

经济特区应该充分利用自身的授权立法优势,率先构建符合 WTO 规则的金融法律制度体系,为国内金融市场的发展作出有益的探索。     

Divergent Approaches to Determining Responsibility for Genocide: The Darfur Commission of Inquiry and the ICJ's Judgment in the Genocide Case

Internationally sanctioned assessments of genocide are relativelyuncommon, and since genocide is usually assessed in the contextof an individual's criminal prosecution, assessments of stateresponsibility for genocide are even rarer. Yet two such analyseshave recently been completed: the International Commission ofInquiry on Darfur's Report and the International Court of Justice'sJudgment on genocide in Bosnia. On a key issue, the methodologyfor determining whether a state is responsible for genocide,they diverged. Whereas the Darfur Commission determined whetherthe ‘central government’ of Sudan pursued a statepolicy or plan for genocide in Darfur, the ICJ stressed thata state commits genocide through the acts of its officials,holding that if a state organ or a person or group whose actsare legally attributable to the state, engages in genocide,then the international responsibility of that state is incurred.This article critically examines the different methodologicalapproaches taken by these two bodies in light of internationaljurisprudence. It argues that the Darfur Commission erred infocusing its genocide inquiry on whether high-level officialsin Sudan's government possessed genocidal intent, rather thanon the perpetrators of the underlying criminal acts. In addition,it argues that, whether the Commission's goal was to determinestate responsibility or individual criminal responsibility,its approach was at variance with international law as elucidatedin the UN ad hoc tribunals and as subsequently confirmed bythe ICJ in the Genocide Case. In that regard, the ICJ Judgmentreestablishes two sound methodological principles: the existenceof a state plan or policy, although probative of intent, isnot an implicit element of genocide; and determining state intent(however that may be defined) is not a part of determining stateresponsibility for genocide.     

Notes on the International Court of Justice (Part 2): Reform Proposals Regarding the International Court of Justice--A Preliminary Report for the International Law Association Study Group on United Nations Reform

Written for the International Law Association Study Group onUN Reform, this Preliminary Report reviews the more significantreform proposals regarding the International Court of Justice(ICJ) and makes some suggestions for further consideration suchas the appropriateness of an ICJ Bar and a Model Code of Conductfor practice before the ICJ, the role of the ICJ and its heavycaseload, and possible coalitions to promote the ICJ.     

Reforming the United Nations: What About the International Court of Justice?

In September 2005, the UN General Assembly adopted an ambitiouslist of reforms of the UN structure, mandate and agenda. Ifimplemented, it is going to be the most radical reform of theUN to date. Yet, the International Court of Justice, the principaljudicial organ of the organization, has been largely ignored.This Report suggests that States should take advantage of thereform-mood at the UN to consider also some essential reformsof the ICJ. These include: Should the Security Council be enlarged,then UN member States should consider expanding the membershipof the ICJ, too; judges should not be allowed to be re-electedand their tenure should be increased to 12 years; age limitsshould be introduced; the number of female candidates to beelected should be increased; intergovernmental organizationsshould have capacity to be a party in contentious proceedings;the new Human Rights Council and certain international courtsand tribunals should be given the power to request advisoryopinions.     

论诱惑侦查的正当性及其法律规制

诱惑侦查作为一种特殊的侦查手段,在某些案件的侦破中发挥着不可替代的作用;同时,由于其自身的特点,它又是一柄双刃剑,一旦运用不当,就会侵犯人权、背离刑事诉讼的最终目标。只有从立法上对其进行正确的界定和合理的规制,才能趋利避害,真正实现其应有的价值。