试论警察的审讯圈套

警察审讯犯罪嫌疑人的目的是查明案件的事实真相和获取诉讼证据。犯罪嫌疑人出于防御的本能和趋利避害的心理,总是想否认犯罪,逃避惩罚,因此,审讯不可避免地存在着激烈的对抗性,警察如果想用对待普通守法公民的态度和方法从有罪者中获得证明其有罪的信息,显然是十分困难的,因此,他必须使用一些技巧和策略。从我国的刑事审讯实践看,欺骗性方法也是被实际允许并不时使用的。这种方法在刑事侦查学上常被称为“审讯策略”,其实质是“利用对方的劣势和弱点进行的心战智斗”。     

Police interrogation practice in Slovenia

Interrogation techniques are well explored, but in Slovenia it has remained unknown what interrogation techniques are used and what the basic characteristics of suspect interrogations are. The Slovenian interrogation manual proposes some coercive interrogation techniques and neglects their weaknesses. The aim of the current study was to examine Slovenian police officers’ beliefs as to the basic characteristics of their interrogations and whether techniques proposed by the manual are used in practice to begin to provide some insight into what actually happens in such interrogations. A survey instrument was used to obtain self-report data from a sample of criminal investigators. From 86 completed questionnaires it was found that a typical interrogation of a suspect lasts around 90 minutes and is not recorded. Interviewers typically use three interrogation techniques namely (i) conducting interrogations in isolation; (ii) identifying contradictions in the suspect's story; and (iii) confronting the suspect with evidence. Findings suggest that some coercive interrogation techniques are used in practice (e.g. offering moral justifications, alluding to have evidence of guilt, good cop/bad cop routine, and minimization). The study is the first insight into the practices of Slovenian investigators when questioning suspects. Differences among general, white-collar and organized crime investigators are also discussed.     

论英国警察讯问较的发展

英国警察最初与普通公民一样，基本上不具有对犯罪嫌疑人的讯问权。司法判例以及20世纪前期发展的法官规则认可了事实上存在的警察讯问权并确立了基本的适用规则。由普通法调整的状况持续到20世纪80年代，制定法在规范警察讯问程序的同时也在一定程度上对公民的沉默权予以限制。警察讯问权总体上不断扩张，在这个过程中，普通法和制定法都努力保持警察侦查权与公民权利之间的平衡。     

Temporal discounting: the differential effect of proximal and distal consequences on confession decisions

Drawing on the psychological principle that proximal consequences influence behavior more strongly than distal consequences, the authors tested the hypothesis that criminal suspects exhibit a short-sightedness during police interrogation that increases their risk for confession. Consistent with this hypothesis, Experiment 1 showed that participants (N = 81) altered how frequently they admitted to criminal and unethical behaviors during an interview to avoid a proximal consequence even though doing so increased their risk of incurring a distal consequence. Experiment 2 (N = 143) yielded the same pattern, but with a procedure that reversed the order of the proximal and distal consequences, thereby ruling out the possibility that it was the unique characteristics of the consequences rather than their proximity that influenced the admission rate. The authors discuss the supported psychological process as a potential explanation for several well-established findings reported in the literature on confessions.     

Jail inmates’ perspectives on police interrogation

ABSTRACT

Few studies have examined police interrogation strategies from suspects’ perspectives, yet assessing suspects’ views about interviewer approaches could provide important insights regarding confession decision making. The current study is the first American survey to assess a diverse sample of adult jail inmates’ views on police interrogation tactics and approaches. The study explored US jail inmates’ (N?=?418) perspectives about how police should conduct interrogations. Potential dimensionality among 26 survey items pertaining to police tactics was examined using exploratory factor analysis. Group differences according to demographic and criminological variables were also explored. Four factors emerged, conceptualized as Dominance/Control, Humanity/Integrity, Sympathy/Perspective-Taking, and Rapport. Respondents most strongly endorsed Humanity/Integrity and Rapport strategies and were unsupportive of approaches involving Dominance/Control. Gender differences emerged for Dominance/Control and Humanity/Integrity, and Black respondents were more likely to value strategies related to Sympathy/Perspective-Taking. Suspects endorsed interrogation strategies characterized by respect, dignity, voice, and a commitment to the truth; they reported aversions to the false evidence ploy and approaches involving aggression. Overall, results from this incarcerated sample suggest that interviewees may be more responsive to rapport-building, non-adversarial strategies.     

Police interviewing techniques at two south london police stations

Abstract

This paper analyses the techniques used by police officers at two South London Police Stations: Orpington and Peckham. Audio tapes of 161 police interviews were analysed with regard to their duration, type of techniques employed, suspects' reactions, and the number of confessions obtained. The findings reveal that the great majority of the interviews are short, non-confrontational, and that exchanges are conducted with polite and compliant suspects. The Orpington suspects were significantly more ‘co-operative’ than their Peckham counterparts which may reflect quite different social and demographic conditions. In only a fifth of the cases did the police employ any challenging tactics to question the suspect's version of events. Overall, there were fewer coercive or manipulative tactics employed compared with earlier studies although the number of confessions or admissions obtained has remained relatively constant. Recommendations are made for police interview training to reflect these findings.     

Police interrogation

Abstract

We describe a study of more than 1000 interrogations by Metropolitan Police Officers. Obtaining a confession is found to be the paramount reason for interviewing a suspect. However, few suspects who did not initially confess changed their minds during the interview. 42% of suspects admitted their guilt—about the same number as obtained before tape recording of interviews was introduced. Strength of evidence and legal advice were the principal factors associated with confessing. The confession rate also varied according to which police station hosted the “interview”. An “accusatorial” style of questioning was associated with the possession of strong evidence against the suspect.     

新刑诉法影响下我国侦查讯问制度的探索和完善

人权保障已成为当今世界各国的共识,而犯罪嫌疑人的权利保障力度成了各国人权保障水平的标志。侦查阶段是刑事诉讼中人权保障最薄弱的一个环节,而侦查讯问中犯罪嫌疑人的权利更容易受到侵犯。对我国现行侦查讯问制度存在的问题及其原因进行分析,结合新刑事诉讼法修改的基本精神,建立和完善我国的侦查讯问制度,可以从根源上解决我国侦查讯问中犯罪嫌疑人的权利保障问题。     

High-Risk Interrogation: Using the “Mr. Big Technique” to Elicit Confessions

Kassin et al. (Police-Induced Confessions: Risk Factors and Recommendation, 2009) provide a detailed and thoughtful analysis of how police interrogation practices might elicit false confessions from innocent suspects. The purpose of this commentary is to provide a brief review of a relatively recent development in Canadian police investigation practice and discuss how this procedure may increase the likelihood of police-induced false confessions. The so-called “Mr. Big Technique” is a non-custodial interrogation tactic wherein suspects are drawn into a supposed criminal organization (actually an elaborate police sting) and subsequently told that to move up in the organization, they must confess to a crime. In this article, we describe this remarkable interrogation technique and discuss issues relevant to the potential induction of false confessions.     

关于建立侦查讯问中律师在场制度的尝试与思考

业已进行的讯问犯罪嫌疑人律师在场制度的试验表明:犯罪嫌疑人对此一般表示欢迎,他们在侦查中形成的口供比较稳定,此后没有翻供现象;而另一组没有律师参加讯问的犯罪嫌疑人,侦查终结后有的人进行翻供,并把原因归咎于侦查人员的不当讯问。同时,大多数侦查人员对试验表示理解和支持,并认为对侦查活动没有负面影响,反而有积极意义。试验还表明,建立讯问犯罪嫌疑人律师在场制度,并不需要“一刀切”,且我国目前及今后相当长一段时期也难以做到“一刀切”,因此,需要探索、建立替代性制度,如讯问时录音、录像制度。     

解析犯罪心理画像技术在侦查讯问中的应用

犯罪心理画像技术作为一项特殊的刑事侦查技术已经广泛应用于刑事侦查领域，并在侦查的各个阶段都发挥着重要的作用，尤其是在侦查讯问阶段可以帮助讯问人员对犯罪嫌疑人进行准确评估并为讯问方案的制定提供参考，可以帮助讯问人员准确了解嫌疑人的心理行为特征并进行针对性的审讯等，但是在应用过程中要注意克服影响犯罪心理画像准确性的主、客观因素。     

“适当成年人”讯问时在场制度研究——以未成年犯罪嫌疑人为中心

"适当成年人"讯问时在场制度是西方国家普遍规定的一项制度,旨在通过适当成年人在警察讯问时的在场来保证未成年犯罪嫌疑人免受警察的不当压迫,从而实现程序的公正。为保护未成年犯罪嫌疑人的权利,我国应当在目前司法解释的基础上全面确立该项制度。     

人权保障视野中讯问方法的合法运用

讯问犯罪嫌疑人作为收集证据的重要途径在其方法上受到人权保障原则的制约,讯问方法的运用因此不得不面临人权保障与发现案件事实真相的目标冲突。讯问合法性的实质标准在于保证犯罪嫌疑人供述的自愿性,但纯粹的、彻底的自愿供述不可能是讯问合法性的绝对标准。为兼顾人权保障与侦查效率,我们既要确立任何人不被强迫自证其罪的原则,也要鼓励犯罪嫌疑人如实供述,并允许运用可能对供述自愿性构成轻微损害的讯问方法。     

“I'm Innocent!”: Effects of Training on Judgments of Truth and Deception in the Interrogation Room

The present research examined the extent to which people can distinguish true and false denials made in a criminal interrogation, and tested the hypothesis that training in the use of verbal and nonverbal cues increases the accuracy of these judgments. In Phase One, 16 participants committed one of four mock crimes (breaking and entering, vandalism, shoplifting, a computer break-in) or a related but innocent act. Given incentives to deny involvement rather than confess, these suspects were then interrogated. In Phase Two, 40 observers were either trained in the analysis of verbal and nonverbal deception cues or not trained before viewing the videotaped interrogations and making their judgments. As in past studies conducted in nonforensic settings, observers were generally unable to distinguish between truthful and deceptive suspects. In addition, those who underwent training were less accurate than naive controls—though they were more confident and cited more reasons for their judgments. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of what is known about police interrogations, false confessions, and the wrongful conviction of innocent suspects.     

Gender, Police Arrest Decisions, and Notions of Chivalry

The extent of preferential treatment toward female offenders during arrest has been a neglected topic in research on female criminality. This article uses data collected in 1977 during police-suspect encounters with 785 males and females to explore the existence of chivalrous treatment of female offenders in the initial stages of criminal processing. These data indicate that chivalry exists at the stage of arrest for those women who display appropriate gender behaviors and characteristics. In general, the findings suggest that female suspects who deviate from stereotypic gender expectations lose the advantage that may be extended to female offenders. Specifically, older, white, female suspects are less likely to be arrested than their younger, black or hostile sisters. In addition, in the initial stage of criminal processing, female property offenders receive no leniency, and some evidence suggests that offenses against property weigh we heavily in arrest decisions for females than for males. Differences in the factors influencing police arrest decisions for male and female suspects are also examined.     

促使犯罪嫌疑人态度改变的讯问心理策略

讯问的心理实质是促使犯罪嫌疑人由拒供、谎供到真实供述的态度改变过程。影响犯罪嫌疑人态度改变的因素有认知性因素,情绪情感因素,情景因素,犯罪嫌疑人的人格特征。促使犯罪嫌疑人态度改变的心理策略有,正确利用恐惧唤醒,恰当使用单面或双面证据,合理利用首因与近因效应,有效组织不同层次的说服信息,建立与犯罪嫌疑人的可沟通的关系,设计讯问场所与营造讯问气氛。     

谈对犯罪嫌疑人的第一次讯问

对犯罪嫌疑人进行第一次讯问，在侦查讯问中起着举足轻重的作用。准确确定第一次讯问的目标和任务，可使讯问工作及以后的侦查工作少走或不走弯路。侦查人员在第一次讯问中，要认真研究案件材料，牢牢掌握讯问的主动权；深入调查、掌握犯罪嫌疑人心理，以便在讯问中有针对性地实施相应的心理对策；制定第一次讯问计划，使第一次讯问紧张而有序地进行；根据犯罪嫌疑人在第一次讯问中的不同表现实施相应的对策；对不同到案情形的犯罪嫌疑人，采取不同的讯问策略。     

检察机关非法证据排除工作机制的若干思考

目前学界对非法证据规则的研究兴趣多集中在其产生背景、价值、发展、构建等方面，鲜有对非法证据排除规则运用中检察监督问题加以研究探讨。本文从中国的宪政状况和实际国情出发，提出并论证建构一种“以检察机关排除为主、以审判机关排除为辅”程序，即主张确立检察机关在非法证据排除规则运用中的主要主体地位，并辅以相关的配套工作机制与措施，从而为确立中国特色的非法证据排除规则提供有力支撑。     

刑事侦讯的“两方组合”及其相互关系——基于西方刑事侦讯的分析

无论在大陆法国家还是英美法国家,从侦讯运作情况和具体环节来看,侦讯者都居于主导性和支配性地位,而应讯者尽管享有沉默权、律师帮助权等基本权利,也拥有相应的权利保障措施,但其仍处于被动和受支配的地位。在刑事侦讯中,两者不同的地位决定了两者不均衡与不对称的关系:第一,侦讯者与应讯者主体地位的不均衡;第二,侦讯者与应讯者权利(权力)和义务关系的不对称;第三,应讯者对刑事侦讯的心理服从;第四,侦讯者的角色所具有的道德优势。西方刑事侦讯两方组合及其相互关系的基本特征对我国刑事侦讯制度及侦查程序的改革具有借鉴意义。