日本应对气候变化的法律机制及其对我国的启示

全球气候变化问题已经引起了人们广泛关注,日本在应对这一问题时起步较早,已经初步形成法律机制,而我国还停留在国际政治博弈层面,尚未列入立法议事日程。本文指出作为全球温室气体排放第二大国,我国应该着手研究相应法律对策并考虑制定相关法律,研究日本应对气候变化法律机制对我国意义重大。     

论《京都议定书》对国际政治和国际经济的潜在影响

《京都议定书》是国际社会在防止全球气候变暖的国际合作方面取得的一份具有里程碑意义的国际法文件。《京都议定书》对国际政治将产生如下影响:发展中国家,尤其是中国、印度等发展中大国承受着越来越大的减排压力;推动欧盟一体化的进程,并进一步提升欧盟的国际政治地位;发展中国家阵营内部呈现出进一步分化的趋势。《京都议定书》对国际经济的影响主要表现在:对各国总体的经济福利产生影响;《京都议定书》产生的“碳泄漏”问题可能使得缔约国在竞争力和产业结构调整等方面发生一系列变化;对国际资本流动产生影响;《京都议定书》将推动能源技术的进步,尤其是推动低碳技术和高能效技术的创新与扩散。     

从《京都议定书》生效带来的压力和挑战看中国气候变化立法

旨在遏制全球气候变暖的《联合国气候变化公约京都议定书》(以下简称《京都议定书》)已正式生效。作为《京都议定书》的缔约国之一,《京都议定书》的生效在一定程度上影响或将会影响我国环境立法尤其是气候立法。本文从《京都议定书》的主要内容出发,提出用立法来应对气候变化以及议定书生效对我国带来的挑战和压力。在此基础上,对我国现有的气候立法变化的体系进行了简要概述,并对完善我国现有气候变化法律提出了若干建议。     

21世纪绿色GDP与《联合国气候变化框架公约》京都议定书研究

21世纪是全球高科技、信息化的竞争时代。在竞争中,许多国家以GDP发展数字为衡量标准。笔者认为应该更确切的是以绿色GDP的增长数字为衡量标准。要实现《京都议定书》的承诺,必须是绿色GDP的发展。文章分析了制约GDP发展呈绿色的主要瓶颈、实现绿色GDP和《京都议定书》的主要政策和法律框架。     

应对气候变化的碳税立法框架研究

碳税是当前国际上应对气候变化问题的一项重要制度手段,一些发达国家已经启动了碳税的立法行动,并取得了明显效果.我国的碳税立法尚属空白,相关研究刚刚开始,缺乏系统性和框架性的研究.     

《京都议定书》生效周年述论

一年前的2005年2月16日《京都议定书》正式生效。该议定书设立了三个具有灵活性的机制,即排放额度贸易机制、共同履约机制以及清洁发展机制。然而,由于居世界温室气体排放量首位的美国拒不加入该议定书,其实施效力和发展前景遭到了质疑。中国作为发展中国家,在议定书生效后的第一阶段并未承担明确的控排义务,但这并不意味着中国可以完全置身事外,该议定书对于中国意味着巨大的挑战,同时也为中国的可持续发展带来了新的机遇,即可以通过其中的“清洁发展机制”促进中国国内大气污染防治技术和能力的提升。     

控制温室气体排放的国际法机制

控制温室气体排放的现有国际法机制促进了减排活动,但同时也存在着一些不足。因此要更有效地控制温室气体排放,必须完善现有国际法机制。     

气候变化控制法律政策——以《京都议定书》为视角

全球变暖这种气候变化的影响是全方面、多层次的,急需我们的特别关注。《京都议定书》是第一个国际性限制排放温室气体的法规,它标志着国际社会在应对日益严重的全球气候变化问题上,迈出了自救的第一步。纵使《京都议定书》的意义非凡,但是气候变化问题所牵涉领域的广泛性、利益的复杂性以及议定书自身的局限性为＂后京都时代＂的发展带来了重重困境,只有国际社会共同参与,承担起共同但有区别责任,才能为地球筑起生命的防线。     

《联合国反腐败公约》与我国反洗钱立法的完善

《联合国反腐败公约》从洗钱的犯罪构成角度对洗钱犯罪行为作出了规定。相比之下,我国现行《刑法》对洗钱罪的规定存在诸多的缺陷,从而使我国对洗钱犯罪及其上游犯罪的预防和打击的效果受到了影响。我国有必要针对洗钱犯罪呈现出的新特点,根据《公约》的规定完善我国关于洗钱犯罪的立法。     

合作与牵制:气候变化的国际法律机制及其应对

全球气候变化问题是当前的热点话题,各国在参与实施《联合国气候变化框架公约》及《东京议定书》中都在积极寻求制高点。因此在全球气候变化的控制和实施方面,国际社会体现出合作与牵制两种表现,牵制是在谈判中的牵制,谈判是相互牵制的谈判,这两种表现中,合作是目的,牵制是手段。发展中国家要在2012年之前做好充分准备具有一定的挑战性,需要处理好合作与牵制的关系,我国面临的问题具有一定的独特性,处理好控制全球气候变化方面的合作与牵制的关系,积极应对全球气候变化问题。     

The Climate Change Regime: An Enviro-Economic Problem and International Administrative Law in the Making

The climate change problem, or global warming, has gained a prominent place on the international political agenda, since the mid-1980s, when it first attracted political attention. The problem was initially perceived mainly as an environmental problem that could be resolved by technological solutions, its current perception, this essay argues, is best characterized as that of an enviro-economic problem. A perception that is exemplified by the ongoing negotiations for the development of economic mechanisms to tackle the problem. The climate change arena is a complex one, involving dichotomies between developed and developing countries, between fossil fuel producing and importing countries and between small island developing states and other states. This essay outlines the interests that play a role in the climate change negotiations and discusses the international climate change regime as contained in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol. It concludes that the climate change negotiations are complicated by the fact that the negotiators, in addition to developing new substantive rules for a complex problem, are involved in developing new systemic rules for the international legal system. These new systemic rules have more in common with rules of national systems of public or administrative law than with traditional rules of international law, which have many similarities with national systems of contract law.     

Challenges and Outcomes at the Ninth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

From 1 to 12 December 2003, the Ninth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention took place in Milan, Italy. This conference continued the laborious effort of developing an international climate regime by preparing for the Kyoto Protocol’s entry into force. Some two dozen decisions were adopted on a wide range of options for responding to climate change. This paper assesses the progress achieved at the conference on a number of issues. Among these were operational details for implementing forestry projects under the Convention’s Clean Development Mechanism, and guidelines for reporting on greenhouse gas emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and land-use change. Parties also decided on rules with respect to two funds, the Special Climate Change Fund and the Least Developed Country Fund. With respect to developing countries, Parties continued discussions on rules for building response capacity in light of the expected adverse effects of climate change and transferring environmentally sound technology. They also discussed how to incorporate scientific advice from the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change into the negotiations. Although Russia did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol prior to the conference, Milan demonstrated momentum and interest among Parties to support the climate regime. Nevertheless, it is doubtful whether the detailed discussions were able to contribute to preparing for the long term. To this end, this paper concludes that more discussion and leadership is required to bridge the North/South gap if a post-2012 climate regime is to stand.     

The Implementation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in a Non-Party State: Taiwan

This article introduces the implementation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change in a non-Party state: Taiwan. It examines the reasons why Taiwan as a non-Party decided to voluntarily comply with the FCCC. The institutional and legal settings for an effective implementation, as well as the implementation strategies put forward by the Taiwanese academics and manifested by the government will be discussed. Critique of the implementation strategies pursued by the government, and external and domestic obstacles for an effective implementation will be investigated as well.     

气候变化的国际法发展:从温室效应理论到《联合国气候变化框架公约》

本文考察了温室效应理论对缔结《联合国气候变化框架公约》的决定性影响 ,并对《联合国气候变化框架公约》的基本法律原则 (规则 )及其对国际环境立法的贡献进行了述评。     

《气候变化框架公约》履行的环境法解释与方案选择

《气候变化框架公约》及其议定书是人类应对气候变化所制定的总体规划和实施细则,但是,由于其和其他环境法公约一样具有环境法的"软法"特质,一些《气候变化框架公约》的履行机制出现了许多值得探究的边白。以"震慑型"方案还是"激励型"方案为主,需要从《气候变化框架公约》的履行理论切入,深入剖析,对此两种方案进行理论、实证博弈分析,得出《气候变化框架公约》履行方案的应有选择,为今后其他国际环境条约的履行提供相关指导。     

Introduction: exploring and explaining the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate

This introduction lays the groundwork for this Special Issue by providing an overview of the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP), and by introducing three main analytical themes. The first theme concerns the emergence and continuation of the APP. The contributions show that the emergence of the APP can be attributed to international factors, including the United States’ rejection of the Kyoto Protocol, and its search for an alternative arena for global climate governance, and other countries’ wish to maintain good relations with the US; as well as domestic factors, such as the presence of bureaucratic actors in favour of the Partnership, alignment with domestic priorities, and the potential for reaping economic benefits through participation. The second theme examines the nature of the Partnership, concluding that it falls on the very soft side of the hard–soft law continuum and that while being branded as a public–private partnership, governments remain in charge. Under the third theme, the influence which the APP exerts on the post-2012 United Nations (UN) climate change negotiations is scrutinised. The contributions show that at the very least, the APP is exerting some cognitive influence on the UN discussions through its promotion of a sectoral approach. The introduction concludes with outlining areas for future research.

The Future Climate Regime: A Regional Comparison of Proposals

This paper compares and clarifies differences revealed in proposals from different regions on a future multilateral climate regime, after the year 2012. More than 100 articles in English were collected, categorized according to the lead authors region, and then reviewed to identify the general tendencies of each region. Proposals on emission allocation rules were the most popular in Europe, while rules related to international emissions trading dominated proposals from the United States. Few articles came from other Annex I countries, but these generally provided only the most basic aspects of a future regime. Meanwhile, concerns for equity and the relevance of any new regime in terms of sustainable development were clear in proposals from non-Annex I countries. Differences among regions were considered to be a reflection of current circumstances in each authors region. The capacity and culture of authors in some regions were considered to be other possible factors in differences. The paper concludes that recognition of regional background that formulate respective preferences and concerns regarding a future climate regime will be important to help reach a multilateral agreement in future official negotiations.     

Biotic Carbon Sequestration and the Kyoto Protocol: The Construction of Global Knowledge by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

This paper explores the dynamics of the production of global knowledge by an international knowledge organization, in this case the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Based on previous notions of international boundary organizations, the idea of international knowledge organizations emphasizes the knowledge generation function of such organizations rather than their convening function. Using the case of controversial Kyoto Protocol biotic carbon sequestration policies, I argue that boundary work and uncertainty management are the essential dynamics in the successful construction of global knowledge by international knowledge organizations. This uncertainty management occurs in a manner broadly, although not completely, in conformance with the institutional preferences of powerful policy actors. Global knowledge can legitimate and help refine global policies, but the process of its construction must be iterative and transparent if it is to be credible for global environmental governance over the long-term.