网络授权使用与合理使用的冲突与竞合

在网络时代,著作权授权使用制度正在逐渐成为著作权利用的主要形式,权利人能够利用授权使用合同规避著作权法中合理使用的适用,这意味着传统著作权法建立起的利益平衡机制被打破。但授权使用制度在网络时代能够实现诸多传统著作权法无法实现的保护功能,而且促生了新的著作权交易模式。因此,应该肯定网络授权使用的合理性,同时重新建构与之相配的合理使用制度。     

论商标先用权中的“商标”与“使用”

商标先用权的立法确认及其在司法实践中的适用,既体现了“使用”的价值得到了立法者和司法者的认可, “使用”在商标权取得过程中的地位藉此得到了明确,也充分弥补了我国商标注册制的缺陷与不足.但由于我国《商标法》相关规定的局限性,商标先用权在适用过程中仍然可能出现困难.为此,应当将对“商标”的保护延伸至“商业标识”,并强调商标的实际使用及其在先性而非其影响力,同时应当正确理解商标在先使用的主观状态.     

Women Police Officers and the Use of Coercion

Abstract

Despite numerous advances in the last thirty years, women police officers continue to face acceptance issues in a male-dominated occupation. Qualitative accounts of policewomen have noted that many of the integration barriers stem from traditional assumptions about police work, much of which revolves around the cultural mandate to display one's coercive authority over citizens. Female officers are often perceived as unwilling (or lacking in ability) to use coercion when encountering citizens. Unfortunately, little empirical evidence is available to support this claim, as gender studies that specifically examine the use of coercion have tended to focus on excessive force. Using data collected as part of a systematic social observation study in Indianapolis, Indiana, and St. Petersburg, Florida, this research examines both verbal and physical coercion that policewomen use in day-to-day encounters with citizens. The results of this study challenge one of the most fundamental stereotypes levied against women police officers. Contrary to traditional assumptions, female police officers (compared to their male counterparts) are not reluctant to use coercive force, and examinations of both verbal and physical force reveal few differences in not only the prevalence of each behavior, but also in the commonly associated explanatory factors. The article concludes with the implications of these     

罚没收入使用制度研究

我国在罚没收入的使用方面缺乏统一的规定,这与我们对罚没收入的性质缺乏准确的把握有直接关系。罚没收入是基于他人违法而给财政增加的收入,它不宜用于公权力机关的经费和福利;它作为公权力主体制止违法而带来的副产品,还应该用于制止违法和预防违法,以及用于对因他人违法而得不到充分救济的公民;它作为解决因社会深层矛盾而产生的违法问题的措施的副产品,还应该使用于对产生违法现象的根源治理上。     

数字图书馆背景下的版权与合理使用论要

随着网络的发展 ,数字图书馆将成为信息高速公路的重要组成部分 ,数字作品将成为作品的主要传播和使用方式。这些都对既存的版权制度及合理使用制度构成了严峻的挑战。基于数字传输与纸介质印刷作为作品载体的功能等同性 ,版权制度与合理使用制度在网络环境下仍具有存在的基础。由于对数字作品的版权问题存在较大分歧 ,鉴于图书馆的公益性 ,应当首先明确图书馆对数字作品的合理使用。在网络环境下 ,版权集体管理制度具有更大的生存空间 ,应当尽快发展和完善。     

论对尸体的合法利用和保护

尸体就其法律性质而言,并不是普通的物。尸体上存在着延续的身体权利益,这种利益因受到法律的保护而成为身体法益。保护合法利用和制止非法侵害是保护尸体的两个方面。为加强监管利用尸体和器官的行为,应尽快制定《器官移植法》等相关法律,健全保护尸体的法律规范。     

The Use of the Biblical Oath and Its Development

The use of the oath in Jewish law reflects the religious nature of this system of law: in case a litigant cannot receive justice from the human judges s/he is entitled to call on God by swearing an oath. I begin this survey of the use of oaths in Jewish law with a discussion of the nature of “swearing an oath” based on biblical stories and biblical rules that regulate the use of oaths outside court. I then focus on the use of the oath in court; I survey the domain of circumstances in which an oath is accepted by Jewish law as evidence according to the Bible, the Mishna, Gemara, and codifications. Finally, I exemplify how the oath is used in practice in the 20th century by one case from Rabbi Saul Ibn Dannan’s responsa book “Hagam Shaul”.     

和平利用海洋与海上军事行动

和平利用海洋是1982年《联合国海洋法公约》的主题。《公约》通过限定海洋活动形式、规定海洋争端解决方法以及倡导加强国际合作的方式促进海洋的和平利用。和平利用海洋并不意味着禁止一切海上军事行动,但也确实对海上军事行动构成一定的限制。为实现海洋的和平利用,各国的海上军事行动应符合《联合国宪章》、《公约》和其他国际法规则的规定。此外,加强海上军事互信与安全合作也是解决有关国家海上“安全困境”,维护海洋和平的重要途径。     

Assessing the Relationship between Immigration Status and Drug Use

The immigration–crime connection has been the basis for numerous immigration policy decisions. However, there are theoretical arguments and empirical evidence both for and against the positive relationship between immigration and crime. Moreover, much of this research has failed to focus specifically on illegal immigrants. The current study examines drug use patterns among 3,050 recently booked arrestees in Maricopa County, Arizona, from April 2007 to September 2008. Using logistic regression, the authors isolate the effects of immigration status on several types of drug use while controlling for relevant individual and situational characteristics. Findings show that illegal immigrants are generally less likely to use drugs when compared to US citizens, with the exception of powder cocaine use. The paper concludes with a discussion of the study's implications for the larger body of research on immigration and crime, as well for immigration and enforcement policy and practice.     

Substance Use and Abused Women's Utilization of the Police

There is extensive research that addresses the role of police in responding to domestic violence calls. However, there has been relatively little attention to the factors that impel women to call the police during an incident of abuse. This paper investigates the role of alcohol and drugs in influencing women's utilization of the police for misdemeanor-level incidents of abuse, and is based on interview data from 419 abused women. Results indicate that women are significantly more likely to call the police when male partners use both alcohol and drugs, and when they are frequently drunk. Offender drunkenness, rather than the quantity or frequency of alcohol consumption, has a significant escalation effect on police utilization by victims of abuse.     

Corporate Financial Performance and the Use of Takeover Defenses

This paper tests the hypothesis that the threat of a contested takeover improves corporate performance. This is done by a cross-sectional analysis of listed Danish firms with and without effective takeover defenses. Takeover defenses adopted by Danish firms mainly consist of dual class voting rights often in combination with foundation ownership. Using simultaneous equation estimation to deal with the problem of causation, the results show that unprotected firms do not outperform protected firms. This suggests that management in unprotected firms are disciplined by other corporate governance mechanisms than the market for corporate control, including the legal protection of shareholders.     

On Subsoil and Subsoil Use

ABSTRACT

This issue contains the English language translation of the first 15 chapters of the Kazakhstani Code on Subsoil and Subsoil use, that has entered in force at the end of June 2018. This Code is designed to simplify regulation of mining, hydrocarbons and uranium industries, to increase attractiveness of them for investors and to allow open access to geological data.     

Use and Abuse of the Internet in Fraud and Money Laundering

The Internet provides an ideal opportunity for defrauding those who are less technologically advanced or who are enthralled by the technology. Yet the frauds and other financial crime which are perpetrated on the Internet are, in principle, no different from those which have been committed over time. The advantages to the criminal of the Internet as against most other media are that there is an opportunity to make vast numbers of cold calls at a cost which borders on the free, the opportunity to create credibility by the use of legitimate imagery from reputable sources and to secure the proceeds of the crime not only anonymously but also in jurisdictions where the pursuit of the offender is difficult. There is also the fact that the prospective victims have been conditioned to believe that which appears on a computer screen: the suspension of incredulity and caution is deeply engendered. For that most pure of financial crimes, money laundering, there is the advantage of ease of communication, the simplicity of setting up schemes, with ready access to otherwise remote geographical and legislative locations. Yet there is another issue which does raise serious concerns, but which is not generally regarded as an offence: the provision of information and advice where there is an element of transfer pricing, with the consequent avoidance of taxes. The challenge is to bring about a system of regulation which enables free exchange of information whilst limiting the opportunity to trick people who are already conditioned to believe what they see on a computer monitor. The Internet does not create new frauds nor new money laundering schemes. It is merely a facilitator that has a high level of credibility. And it creates opportunity for the export at low prices of high value added services to the detriment of local economies, for the first time making onshore facilities fully available via offshore centres, with the consequence that it will become increasingly difficult tell the good from the bad.     

试论行政裁判文书的事实认定和法律适用

关于行政裁判文书,最高法院除制定了在1993年实施的试行样式外,一直没有制订统一的样式.开展行政审判十多年来,对行政裁判文书的改革尝试没有停止过,其间,虽然摸索出一些经验,也有一些好的做法,但总的说来,还是不尽人意.笔者认为,应该转变观念,摆脱旧模式的定势思维,要根据行政诉讼合法性审查和被告负举证责任原则的特殊要求,才能制订出一套符合行政案件要求的裁判文书样式.本文限于篇幅,只对行政案件一审判决书进行探讨,且着重探讨事实认定和法律适用两个方面.     

Examining the Use of Disciplinary Segregation within and across Prisons

Prison officials have historically been afforded considerable discretion to administer sanctions designed to maintain order and security within a prison. Such discretion can generate disparate treatment of offender groups, but few studies have investigated whether sanction disparities exist within prisons, despite considerable research on sanctioning decisions made by other criminal justice actors. We use data collected from a nationally representative sample of inmates housed in state operated confinement facilities to examine potential influences of prison officials’ decisions to impose one type of sanction—disciplinary segregation. Multi-level analyses reveal that both legally relevant criteria such as prior misconduct history and extralegal factors such as age and holding a prison job affected whether an inmate was placed in disciplinary segregation for a rule violation. Also, prisons in which a greater proportion of the inmate population is involved in prison work and prisons with a higher density of inmates classified minimum-security use disciplinary segregation less frequently.